Chapter One: Introduction :
Basic Concepts in Research
Dawit Chernet
September 16, 2025
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Meaning of Research
Outline:
1 Meaning of Research
2 Objectives of Research
3 Types of Research.
4 Research approaches
5 Significance of Research
6 Research methods versus Methodology
7 Research and Scientific MMethods
8 Research Process
9 Criteria of Good Research
We are going to see these three in some detail.
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1.1 Meaning of Research
Derived from ’re’ (again) and ’search’ (to find). It means a
repeated effort to discover knowledge.
There are different definitions of research. Some of these definitions
are given below.
Research is a careful inquiry or examination in seeking facts or
principles; a systematic and objective search for
knowledge.[Cliffford Woody]
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic. It is essentially a process of
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to answer
questions.[C. R. Kothari]
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Meaning of Research
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of
controlled observations that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories.[John W. Best]
Research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of
data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and
services[American Marketing Association (AMA)]
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Meaning of Research
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING
ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.
SYSTEMATIC: because there is a definite set of procedures
and steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the
research process which are always done in order to get the most
accurate results.
ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going
about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a
spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.
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Meaning of Research
FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is
the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is
successful when we need answers. Sometimes the answer is no,
but it is still an answer.
QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question,
then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant,
useful, and important questions. Without a question, research
has no focus, drive, or purpose.
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Objectives of Research
1.2: Objectives of Research
Research is undertaken with specific aims that guide its process and
outcomes. The objectives of research provide direction, define the
purpose of inquiry, and clarify what the researcher seeks to achieve.
Broadly(not limited to), the objectives of research can be summarized
as follows
Exploration of new facts: Research aims to discover new facts
or truths that contribute to the expansion of knowledge.
Description of phenomena: Research provides an accurate
description of events, situations, or phenomena as they exist.
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Objectives of Research
Explanation of relationships: Research explains causal
relationships between variables and identifies why and how events
occur.
Prediction of outcomes: Research enables forecasting of future
events or behaviors based on analyzed trends and established
relationships.
Problem-solving and decision-making: Research provides
solutions to practical problems, helping policymakers, educators,
and businesses in decision-making.
Theory building and contribution to knowledge: Research
contributes to the development, verification, and refinement of
theories that form the foundation of scientific knowledge.
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Types of Research
1.3: Types of Research
Research can be classified in various ways depending on its purpose,
approach, methods, and the nature of the data involved. These
classifications help researchers select appropriate strategies to address
their questions effectively. The major types of research are outlined as
follows:
(a.) Based on Nature of Purpose
I Basic (Pure) Research : Seeks to expand knowledge without
immediate application.
I Applied Research : Focuses on solving practical problems and
improving practices.
I Action Research : Conducted to bring about immediate change or
improvement in practice.
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(b.) Based on Nature of Data
I Qualitative Research : Deals with non-numeric data (opinions,
experiences, narratives).
I Quantitative Research : Involves numeric data, measurement, and
statistical analysis.
I Mixed-Methods Research: Combines qualitative and quantitative
approaches. It provides comprehensive analysis.
(c.) Based on Research Method
I Descriptive Research: Describes current situations, characteristics,
or functions.
I Analytical Research: Uses facts or data already available to analyze
relationships. Analyzes to make critical evaluations.
I Experimental Research: Studies cause-and-effect relationships
through controlled experiments.
I Exploratory Research: Conducted to explore an area where little
information is available.
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(d.) Based on Time Dimension :
I Cross-sectional Research: Conducted at one point in time.
I Longitudinal Research: Conducted over a period of time to track
changes or trends.
(e.) Based on Approach:
I Deductive Research: Starts from theory/hypothesis and tests it with
data.
I Inductive Research: Begins with observations and develops
generalizations or theories.
(f.) Based on Control of Variables:
I Field Research: Conducted in natural settings without much control.
I Laboratory Research: Conducted in controlled environments for
accuracy.
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Research Approaches
1.4 Research Approaches
Research approaches refer to the strategies or plans that guide the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data in a study. Selecting an
appropriate research approach ensures that the research objectives are
effectively addressed and the findings are reliable and valid. The main
research approaches are outlined below:
(a.) Quantitative Approach
I Based on measurement, numbers, and statistical analysis.
I Focuses on testing hypotheses, examining relationships, and
establishing patterns.
I Example: Survey research, experiments.
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Research Approaches
(b.) Qualitative Approach:
I Focuses on understanding meanings, experiences, and social
phenomena.
I Uses non-numeric data such as interviews, observations, and text
analysis.
I Example: Case studies, ethnography.
(c.) Mixed Methods Approach:
I Integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
I Provides a more comprehensive understanding of research problems.
I Example: A study that uses surveys (quantitative) and interviews
(qualitative).
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Research Approaches
(d.) Deductive Approach:
I Starts with a theory or hypothesis and tests it with data.
I Moves from the general to the specific.
I Example: Testing an economic model using real-world data.
(f.) Inductive Approach:
I Begins with observations and develops generalizations or theories.
I Moves from the specific to the general.
I Example: Observing classroom behavior to build a theory of student
motivation.
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Significance of Research
1.5 Significance of research
Research is significant because it contributes to knowledge, solves
practical problems, and informs decision-making. Its importance can
be seen in several ways:
(i.) Expansion of Knowledge: Research generates new facts,
concepts, and theories that advance science and understanding in
various fields.
(ii.) Problem Solving : It provides solutions to real-world problems
in areas such as health, education, industry, and social
development.
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Significance of Research
(iii.) Decision Making and Policy Formulation: Research offers
evidence-based information that helps policymakers,
organizations, and individuals make informed decisions.
(iv.) Innovation and Technological Advancement: Through
research, new technologies, processes, and products are
developed, improving efficiency and quality of life.
(v.) Professional and Academic Development: Engaging in
research enhances analytical, critical thinking, and
problem-solving skills, fostering professional growth.
(vi.) Social and Economic Development: Applied research
addresses societal issues, contributes to economic progress, and
improves standards of living.
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Research Methods vs Methodology
1.6 Research Methods and Research Methodology:
In research, it is essential to distinguish between the tools used to
gather and analyze data and the underlying principles that guide
their selection.
Research methods refer to the specific techniques employed to
conduct a study, while research methodology provides the
theoretical framework and rationale for choosing and applying
these methods.
Understanding both is crucial for conducting systematic and
reliable research.
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Research Methods vs Methodology
(a.) Research Methods:
I Definition:
Research methods are the techniques or procedures used by researchers
to collect, analyze, and interpret data. They are the tools of research.
I Examples of Research Methods:
F Survey Method: collecting information through questionnaires or
interviews.
F Experimental Method: testing hypotheses under controlled conditions.
F Observation Method : recording behaviors or events as they occur
naturally.
F Case Study Method : in-depth study of an individual, group, or
situation.
I Key Point: Methods focus on the ”how” of research - how data is
collected, measured, and analyzed.
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Research Methods vs Methodology
(b.) Research Methodology:
I Definition:
Research methodology is the science of studying how research is done
scientifically. It is the theoretical framework that guides the selection
and application of research methods.
I Components of Research Methodology:
F Formulating research problems and objectives.
F Selecting appropriate research approaches (qualitative, quantitative, or
mixed).
F Choosing suitable research methods and techniques.
F Planning data collection, analysis, and interpretation strategies.
F Ensuring validity, reliability, and ethical standards.
I Key Point: Methodology focuses on the ”why”- why a particular
method is chosen and why it is appropriate for the study.
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Research Methods vs Methodology
Difference between Research Methods and Methodology
Aspect Research Methods Research Methodology
Tools and techniques Study of principles
Definition used to collect and and rationale behind
analyze data the methods
Focus How to do research Why certain methods are used
Nature Practical Theoretical
Selection of approach,
Surveys, experiments,
Examples research design,
observation
data analysis strategy
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Research and The Scientific Method
1.7 Research and the Scientific Method
Research and the scientific method are closely linked, as both
emphasize systematic inquiry and logical reasoning.
While research is the broader process of generating and verifying
knowledge, the scientific method provides a structured framework
of observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, and analysis
that ensures reliability and objectivity in research.
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Research and The Scientific Method
a. The Scientific Method
Definition
The scientific method is a structured, logical approach to
discovering how things in the universe work. It emphasizes
observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
Steps in the Scientific Method:
1 Identifying and defining the problem.
2 Reviewing existing literature and forming a hypothesis.
3 Designing experiments or data collection methods.
4 Collecting and analyzing data.
5 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions.
6 Verifying findings and reporting results.
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Research and The Scientific Method
b. Relationship Between Research and the Scientific Method
Research often uses the scientific method as its guiding
framework.
The scientific method ensures that research is objective,
systematic, and replicable.
Not all research is strictly scientific (e.g., historical or
philosophical research), but the scientific method is central in
natural and social sciences.
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Research and The Scientific Method
c. Importance
Provides a logical, step-by-step process for inquiry.
Ensures findings are reliable, valid, and free from bias.
Promotes development of theories and knowledge that can be
tested and applied.
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1.8 The Research Process
The research process is a systematic and step-by-step procedure
followed by researchers to ensure that investigations are
well-organized, logical, and reliable.
It provides a structured pathway from identifying a problem to
drawing conclusions.
Every research has the following general steps
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(a.) Identification of the Research Problem
I The first step is to identify a clear, researchable problem or question.
I A good research problem should be specific, feasible, and significant.
(b.) Review of Literature
I Examining previous studies, theories, and findings related to the
problem.
I Helps to avoid duplication, refine the problem, and build a theoretical
framework.
(c.) Formulation of Hypotheses or Objectives
I A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction to be tested.
I In some studies, specific objectives or research questions replace formal
hypotheses.
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(d.) Research Design
I The plan or blueprint of the research.
I Includes decisions about the approach (qualitative, quantitative, or
mixed), data sources, sampling methods, and tools for data collection.
(e.) Data Collection
I Gathering relevant information using appropriate methods such as
surveys, experiments, observations, or interviews.
I Accuracy and reliability of instruments are crucial.
(f.) Data Analysis and Interpretation
I Organizing and analyzing the data using statistical or qualitative
techniques.
I Interpretation involves drawing meaning from the results in light of the
research problem.
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(g.) Testing Hypotheses / Answering Research Questions
I Comparing results against the hypothesis or objectives.
I Confirms, modifies, or rejects existing theories.
(h.) Presentation of Results
I Communicating findings through reports, theses, or publications.
I Must be clear, concise, and supported by evidence.
(i.) Conclusions and Recommendations
I Summarizing findings and their implications.
I Suggesting future research or practical applications.
(j.) Verification and Generalization
I Results should be replicable by other researchers.
I Findings can be generalized if they are valid and reliable.
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1.9 Criteria of Good Research
Good research must meet certain standards to ensure its quality,
reliability, and usefulness. Scholars such as C. R. Kothari (2004),
Kerlinger (1986), and Creswell (2014) highlight several essential
criteria:
Here are some criteria to be considered.
1. Clarity of Purpose
I A good research study begins with a clearly defined problem,
objectives, and research questions.
I The scope should be neither too broad nor too narrow.
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2. Appropriateness of Methodology
I The research design, methods, and techniques must be suitable for
addressing the problem.
I Methods should be scientifically valid and systematically applied.
3. Objectivity
I Research should be free from personal bias or subjectivity.
I Findings must be based on facts, evidence, and logical reasoning
rather than opinions.
4. Validity and Reliability
I Validity: The research truly measures what it intends to measure.
I Reliability: The results are consistent and can be replicated under
similar conditions.
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5. Generalizability
I Findings should be applicable beyond the immediate sample or context,
within reasonable limits.
I This enhances the usefulness of research to a wider population.
6. Precision and Accuracy
I Data collection and analysis should be accurate, precise, and
systematic, leaving little room for errors.
7. Ethical Considerations
I Good research respects participants rights, ensures confidentiality, and
follows ethical standards of honesty and integrity.
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8. Contribution to Knowledge
I The research should add value by providing new insights, confirming
theories, or offering practical solutions to problems.
9. Logical Presentation
I A good research report is well-organized, clearly written, and supported
by evidence, making it easy for others to understand and evaluate.
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