Mathematics Revision Notes: Trigonometry
Comprehensive Master Sheet — Ratios, Identities, Values & Formulas
1. Basic Trigonometric Ratios (Right-Angled Triangle)
For a right-angled triangle with acute angle θ, Perpendicular (P), Base (B), and Hypotenuse (H):
Ratio Formula Reciprocal Ratio Formula
sine (sin θ) P/H cosecant (cosec θ) H / P = 1 / sin θ
cosine (cos θ) B/H secant (sec θ) H / B = 1 / cos θ
tangent (tan θ) P / B = sin θ / cos θ cotangent (cot θ) B / P = cos θ / sin θ = 1 / tan θ
2. Standard Trigonometric Values Table
θ (Degrees) 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
θ (Radians) 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2
sin θ 0 1/2 1 / √2 √3 / 2 1
cos θ 1 √3 / 2 1 / √2 1/2 0
tan θ 0 1 / √3 1 √3 Undefined
cosec θ Undefined 2 √2 2 / √3 1
sec θ 1 2 / √3 √2 2 Undefined
cot θ Undefined √3 1 1 / √3 0
3. Fundamental Pythagorean Identities
1. Main Identity: sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 ⇒ sin² θ = 1 − cos² θ | cos² θ = 1 − sin² θ
2. Secant Identity: 1 + tan² θ = sec² θ ⇒ sec² θ − tan² θ = 1 | tan² θ = sec² θ − 1
3. Cosecant Identity: 1 + cot² θ = cosec² θ ⇒ cosec² θ − cot² θ = 1 | cot² θ = cosec² θ − 1
4. Complementary Angles & ASTC Quadrant Rules
Complementary Angles (90° − θ) ASTC Rule (All Silver Tea Cups)
• sin(90° − θ) = cos θ • Q1 (0° to 90°): All ratios are Positive.
• cos(90° − θ) = sin θ • Q2 (90° to 180°): Sin and Cosec are Positive.
• tan(90° − θ) = cot θ • Q3 (180° to 270°): Tan and Cot are Positive.
• cot(90° − θ) = tan θ • Q4 (270° to 360°): Cos and Sec are Positive.
• sec(90° − θ) = cosec θ
• cosec(90° − θ) = sec θ
5. Compound Angle Formulas
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B | sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B | cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan(A + B) = (tan A + tan B) / (1 − tan A tan B) | tan(A − B) = (tan A − tan B) / (1 + tan A tan B)
6. Double & Half Angle Formulas
• Double Angle for Sine: sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = (2 tan A) / (1 + tan² A)
• Double Angle for Cosine: cos 2A = cos² A − sin² A = 2 cos² A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin² A = (1 − tan² A) / (1 + tan² A)
• Double Angle for Tangent: tan 2A = (2 tan A) / (1 − tan² A)
• Useful Half-Angle Transforms: 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos² A | 1 − cos 2A = 2 sin² A
Mathematics Revision Notes • Topic: Trigonometry