MATH-404 LECTURE NOTES CONTENT

ROW SPACE, COLUMN SPACE & NULL SPACE

1. ROW SPACE

The Row Space of a matrix A is the set of all linear combinations of the row vectors of A. It is a subspace of Rⁿ.

If A is m×n matrix, Row Space ⊆ Rⁿ

Example:

1 2 3
A= 4 5 6
7 8 9

Row vectors are:

• R₁ = [1, 2, 3]
• R₂ = [4, 5, 6]
• R₃ = [7, 8, 9]

Apply Row Reduction (REF):

1 2 3
R₂ − 4R₁, R₃ − 7R₁ → 0 -3 -6
0 -6 -12

1 2 3
−1/3 R₂ → 0 1 2
0 -6 -12

1 2 3
R₃ + 6R₂ → 0 1 2
0 0 0

Non-zero rows are basis of Row Space:

Row Space=span{[1,2,3], [0,1,2]}

dim(Row Space) = 2 (rank = 2)

1
2. COLUMN SPACE

Definition:

The Column Space of a matrix A is the set of all linear combinations of the column vectors of A. It is a subspace of
Rᵐ.

If A is m×n matrix, Column Space ⊆ Rᵐ

Steps

1. Do row reduction to get REF

2. Find pivot columns (columns with leading entry) in REF

3. Go back to original matrix

4. Pick those same pivot column numbers from original

5. Those are your basis vectors of Column Space

Example:

1 2 3
A= 4 5 6
7 8 9

Apply Row Reduction (REF):

1 2 3
R₂ − 4R₁, R₃ − 7R₁ → 0 -3 -6
0 -6 -12

1 2 3
−1/3 R₂ → 0 1 2
0 -6 -12

1 2 3
R₃ + 6R₂ → 0 1 2
0 0 0

So Column 1 and Column 2 are pivot columns.

Step 2: Take Pivot Columns from ORIGINAL Matrix

Always take columns from original matrix, NOT from REF!

2
 1 2
Pivot Column 1 (original) = 4 Pivot Column 2 (original) = 5
7 8

Basis of Column Space

1 2
=
{ 4 , 5 }
7 8

dim(Column Space) = rank = 2

What is Null Space?

Find all vectors x = (x₁, x₂, x₃) such that Ax = 0

Step 1: Write Augmented Matrix [A|0]

1 2 3 0
A= 4 5 6 0
7 8 9 0

Apply Row Reduction (REF):

1 2 3 0
R₂ − 4R₁, R₃ − 7R₁ → 0 -3 -6 0
0 -6 -12 0

1 2 3 0
−1/3 R₂ → 0 1 2 0
0 -6 -12 0

1 2 3 0
R₃ + 6R₂ → 0 1 2 0
0 0 0 0

x₁ + 2x₂ + 3x₃ = 0 -------------- (1)

x₂ + 2x₃ = 0 ------------------- (2)

Let x₃ = t

So Eq (2) x₂ = −2t

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and Eq (1) x₁ = t

x₁ t 1
x₂ = −2t =t -2
x₃ t 1

Basis of Null space

{ -2 }
1

Dim (Null space) = Nullity = 1

RANK-NULLITY THEOREM VERIFICATION

Rank (A) + nullity (A) = n = No of columns

2+1=3

Nullity

The dimension of the Null Space of A is called Nullity of matrix.

DIAGONALIZATION OF MATRICES

A n×n matrix A is said to be diagonalization if it is similar to a diagonal matrix.

A matrix is diagonalizable if there exist an invertible matrix P such that P⁻¹AP is diagonal matrix.

The matrix P is said to diagonalizable A.