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Unit 2-Net

The document provides an overview of dynamic routing protocols, categorizing them into distance vector, link-state, hybrid, and path vector types. It details specific protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and BGP, highlighting their features, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, it covers VLANs, inter-VLAN routing, STP, RSTP, layer 3 switching, and VTP, emphasizing their roles in network management and performance.

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2 views7 pages

Unit 2-Net

The document provides an overview of dynamic routing protocols, categorizing them into distance vector, link-state, hybrid, and path vector types. It details specific protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and BGP, highlighting their features, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, it covers VLANs, inter-VLAN routing, STP, RSTP, layer 3 switching, and VTP, emphasizing their roles in network management and performance.

Uploaded by

meetsk9585
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Overview of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Dynamic routing protocols automatically learn, update, and maintain routing information
without manual configuration.

2.1 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Dynamic routing protocols are classified into:

 Distance Vector Protocols

 Link-State Protocols

 Hybrid Protocols

 Path Vector Protocols

2.2 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

Type: Distance Vector


Algorithm: Bellman-Ford
Metric: Hop Count
Maximum Hop Count: 15 (16 = unreachable)

Features

 Simple to configure

 Suitable for small networks

 Sends updates every 30 seconds

Limitations

 Slow convergence

 Limited scalability

 High bandwidth usage due to periodic updates

Versions

 RIPv1: Classful, no subnet mask

 RIPv2: Classless, supports VLSM and authentication

2.3 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)


Type: Link-State
Algorithm: Dijkstra (SPF)
Metric: Cost (based on bandwidth)

Features

 Fast convergence

 Supports large networks

 Uses areas for scalability

 Sends updates only when topology changes

Key Concepts

 Router ID

 LSA (Link-State Advertisement)

 Area 0 (Backbone Area)

 DR/BDR (Designated Router / Backup Designated Router)

Advantages

 Loop-free routing

 Efficient bandwidth usage

 Supports VLSM and CIDR

2.4 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Type: Hybrid (Cisco proprietary)


Algorithm: DUAL
Metrics: Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load (default: bandwidth + delay)

Features

 Very fast convergence

 Supports unequal-cost load balancing

 Low CPU and bandwidth usage

Key Terms

 Successor

 Feasible Successor
 Feasible Distance

 Reported Distance

2.5 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Type: Path Vector


Used For: Internet routing between Autonomous Systems (AS)

Features

 Highly scalable

 Policy-based routing

 Uses TCP (Port 179)

Key Attributes

 AS Path

 Next Hop

 Local Preference

 MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator)

Types

 iBGP: Within same AS

 eBGP: Between different AS

3. Routing Protocol Configuration Basics

Basic configuration steps for routing protocols include:

1. Enable routing protocol

2. Define network statements

3. Verify routing tables

4. Monitor protocol operation

Examples (Cisco Style)

router ospf 1

network [Link] [Link] area 0


router rip

version 2

network [Link]

4. Convergence and Routing Metrics

4.1 Convergence

Convergence is the time taken by routers to reach a consistent view of the network after a
topology change.

Fast Convergence Is Important Because

 Reduces packet loss

 Improves network stability

 Enhances user experience

Fastest Convergence: EIGRP, OSPF


Slowest Convergence: RIP

4.2 Routing Metrics

Metrics are values used to select the best path.

Protocol Metric Used

RIP Hop Count

OSPF Cost

EIGRP Bandwidth + Delay

BGP Path Attributes

5. VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks)

A VLAN is a logical segmentation of a network that divides a physical LAN into multiple
broadcast domains.

Benefits

 Reduced broadcast traffic

 Improved security
 Better network management

Types of VLANs

 Default VLAN

 Data VLAN

 Management VLAN

 Native VLAN

 Voice VLAN

6. Inter-VLAN Routing

Inter-VLAN routing allows communication between different VLANs.

Methods

1. Router-on-a-Stick

2. Layer 3 Switch (SVI)

Router-on-a-Stick

 Single router interface

 Uses sub-interfaces

 Requires trunk link

Layer 3 Switch (SVI)

 Faster than router-based routing

 Uses Switch Virtual Interfaces

7. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)

STP prevents Layer 2 loops in switched networks.

How STP Works

 Blocks redundant paths

 Creates a loop-free topology

STP States

 Blocking
 Listening

 Learning

 Forwarding

Problems Solved by STP

 Broadcast storms

 MAC table instability

 Duplicate frames

8. RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)

RSTP is an improved version of STP.

Advantages Over STP

 Faster convergence (seconds instead of minutes)

 Simplified port states

Port States in RSTP

 Discarding

 Learning

 Forwarding

9. Layer 3 Switching

Layer 3 switches perform routing and switching functions.

Features

 High-speed routing

 Supports dynamic routing protocols

 Uses hardware-based forwarding

Advantages

 Faster than routers

 Ideal for enterprise LANs

 Efficient Inter-VLAN routing


10. VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)

VTP is a Cisco protocol that manages VLAN information across multiple switches.

VTP Modes

 Server

 Client

 Transparent

VTP Benefits

 Centralized VLAN management

 Consistency across network

VTP Risks

 Incorrect configuration can delete VLANs

 Requires careful domain management

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