Classes 7200, 7300, 7400

MARCH, 1995

Medium Voltage Transformers

Specification Guide
 Medium Voltage
Transformers
Table of Contents
PAD-MOUNTED SUBSTATION
Page 5 Page 13

PAD-MOUNTED ................................ 5 PAD-MOUNTED transformers, SUBSTATION liquid-filled transformers

Description ..................................... 5 liquid-filled and dry-type, are best are ideal for use in light to medium
Applicable Standards ..................... 5 suited for commercial applications industrial applications.
Specifications—Pad-mounted in public access areas and where
Liquid-Filled Transformers ............. 6 underground service is required.
Design Life
Specifications—VPI Pad-mounted
Dry-Type Transformers .................. 8 ■ 20 years*—standard rectangular
Design Life
Liquid-Filled Application ............... 10 construction optimizes the dielectric
■ 20 years*— compact, low profile value of the insulating fluid.
design and rectangular construction
provide years of service.
LIQUID-FILLED, SUBSTATION ....... 13 Environmental Information
Description ................................... 13
Environmental Information
■ Sealed tank construction
Applicable Standards ................... 13
■ Sealed tank construction on fluid-filled
■ Suitable for some poor environments
Specifications ............................... 14
Application ................................... 16 units ■ Special waste disposal considerations
■ Special waste disposal considerations for fluid-filled units
for fluid-filled units
POWER-DRY ..................................... 21 Ratings
Description ................................... 21
Ratings ■ 225–10,000 kVA (fan cooling allows
Applicable Standards ................... 21 higher kVA ratings)
■ 75– 5,000 kVA
Specifications ............................... 22
■ 2.5 to 46 kV primary ■ 2.5 to 46 kV primary
Application ................................... 24
■ 120°C insulation temperature limit ■ 120°C insulation temperature limit

UNI-CAST .......................................... 27 Cost of Ownership Cost of Ownership

Description ................................... 27 ■ Low initial costs
■ Low initial costs
Applicable Standards ................... 27
■ Some cost associated with ■ Some cost associated with
Specifications ............................... 28 maintenance to ensure proper
maintenance to ensure proper
Application ................................... 30 fluid levels on liquid-filled units fluid levels
■ Virtually no maintenance on
dry-type units
POWER-CAST .................................. 33
Description ................................... 33
Applicable Standards ................... 33
Specifications—Cast Coil
Substation Transformer ............... 34
Application ................................... 36

* Design life is a function of operating conditions and maintenance. This does not constitute any expressed or
implied warranty.

2
 POWER-DRY™ UNI-CAST™ POWER-CAST ®
Page 21 Page 27 Page 33

POWER-DRY dry-type transformers UNI-CAST transformers combine POWER-CAST transformers provide

meet requirements for commercial the best of cast-coil construction with the rugged durability needed for harsh
applications such as multiple-floor power-dry engineering. UNI-CAST environments where chemical fumes,
buildings and rooftop installations. transformers are best suited for light dust, or vibration may be present in
to medium industries such as food industries such as automotive, shipping,
and beverage, high-technology, and rapid transit.
Design Life pharmaceuticals, and pulp and paper.
■ 20 years*— compact, barrel-wound
rectangular construction for long Design Life
service life. Circular windings Design Life ■ 40 years*— cast-coil construction
provide higher BIL ratings. ■ 30 years*— cast-coil primary winding coupled with standard copper
construction provides long-lasting windings provides long-lasting
durability. Circular windings infused durability. Cast primary and
Environmental Information with epoxy improve short circuit secondary windings are designed
■ Intended for relatively clean strength. with superior mechanical
environments reinforcement throughout the full
■ No fluids translates to low fire risks length of the coils.
Environmental Information
■ No special waste disposal ■ Intended for relatively clean
considerations Environmental Information
environments, but can be used in
■ Excellent replacement for PCB-filled some harsher environments ■ Intended for the harshest
and gas-filled transformers environments where long-term
■ No fluids translates to low fire risks
dependability is a must.
■ No special waste disposal
Ratings considerations ■ No fluids translates to low fire risks
■ 67–1333 kVA single-phase ■ Excellent replacement for PCB-filled ■ No special waste disposal
transformers considerations
225 – 5000 kVA three-phase (fan
cooling allows higher kVA ratings)
■ Excellent replacement for PCB-filled
transformers
■ 2.5 to 25 kV primary Ratings
■ 220°C insulation temperature limit ■ 500–3,000 kVA (fan cooling allows
higher kVA ratings) Ratings
■ 2.5 to 35 kV primary ■ 500–10,000 kVA (fan cooling allows
Cost of Ownership ■ 185°C insulation temperature limit higher kVA ratings)
■ Low initial costs ■ 2.5 to 46 kV primary
■ Virtually no maintenance 185°C insulation temperature limit
Cost of Ownership
■ Moderate cost when long life
expectancy is considered Cost of Ownership
■ Virtually no maintenance ■ Investment in reliability lowers the
overall cost over its long life span
■ Virtually no maintenance

* Design life is a function of operating conditions and maintenance. This does not constitute any expressed or implied warranty.

3
Notice Words and figures in brackets are alternatives; select only one.

Metric Conversion • Inches (in) x 25.4 = millimeters (mm).

Factors • Square inches (sq in; in2) x 645.16 = square millimeters (mm2).
• Cubic inches (cu in; in 3) x 16.387 = cubic centimeters (cc; cm 3).
• Feet (ft) x 0.305 = meters (m).
• Pound inches (lb in) x 0.113 = Newton meters (N•m).
• Pounds per square inch (psi) x 0.068 = atmospheres (atm).

4
 Pad-Mounted Transformers

FPO

Description Three-phase, pad-mounted transformers, for use on underground power distribution systems,
meet modern design requirements for flexibility, and provide a visually pleasing installation.
Construction allows installation in locations accessible to the general public without the need for
protective fencing or vaults. These units are ideally suited for apartment buildings, schools,
hospitals, shopping centers, commercial buildings, or industrial sites. Standard liquid-filled sizes
range from 75 –5,000 kVA with primary ratings from 2,400V to 46,000V. For dry-type units,
standard sizes range from 225 –750 kVA with primary rating from 2,400V to 15,000V. These
designs meet all applicable industry standards of ANSI, NEMA, CSA, and IEEE.

Applicable A. ANSI C37.47—Specifications for Distribution Fuse Disconnecting Switches, Fuse Supports,
Standards and Current-Limiting Fuses.
B. IEEE C57.12.00—Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers (ANSI).
C. IEEE C57.12.01—Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Transformers.
D. ANSI C57.12.22—Requirements for Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled,
Three-Phase Distribution Transformers with High Voltage Bushings; 2,500 kVA and
Smaller: High Voltage, 34,500 GrdY/19,920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 480 Volts and
Below—Requirements.

E. ANSI C57.12.26—Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type,

Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers for use with Separable Insulated High
Voltage Connectors: High Voltage, 34,500 GrdY/19,920 Volts and Below; 2,500 kVA and
Smaller.

F. ANSI C57.12.28—Switchgear and Transformers, Pad-Mounted Equipment—Enclosure

Integrity.

G. ANSI C57.12.50—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribution Transformers,

1–500 kVA Single-Phase and 15–500 kVA Three-Phase, with High Voltage
601–34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 120 – 600 Volts.

H. IEEE C57.12.51—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA

and Larger Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601–34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 208Y/120 –
4,160 Volts.

5
Pad-Mounted Transformers

Applicable I. IEEE C57.12.90—Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution Power, and
Standards (cont.) Regulating Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power
Transformers (ANSI).

J. IEEE C57.12.91—Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

K. IEEE C57.13—Requirements for Instrument Transformers.

L. ANSI/IEEE 386—Separable Insulated Connector Systems for Power Distribution Systems

Above 600V.

M. ASTM D877—Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
Disk Electrodes.

N. NEMA AB1—Molded Case Circuit Breakers.

O. CAN/CSA-C88-M90 —Electrical Power Systems and Equipment.

Specifications— A. The transformer(s) shall be compartment type, self-cooled, for mounting on a pad and shall
Pad-Mounted comply with the latest applicable standards.
Liquid-Filled
B. The average temperature rise of the windings, measured by the resistance method, shall be
Transformers [55˚C] [65˚C] when the transformer is operated at rated kVA output in a 40˚C ambient. The
transformer shall be capable of being operated at rated load in a 30˚C average, 40˚C maximum
ambient, as defined by ANSI C57.12.00 without loss of service life expectancy.

C. Coolant and insulating fluid shall be [inhibited mineral oil.] [high fire point hydrocarbon]
[dimethyl polysiloxane 561™ silicone transformer fluid by Dow Corning].

D. The high and low voltage compartments shall be located side by side, separated by a steel
barrier. When facing the transformer, the low voltage compartments shall be on the right.
Terminal compartments shall be full height, air-filled, with individual doors. The high voltage
door fastenings shall not be accessible until the low voltage door has been opened.

E. The following accessories shall be provided as standard on all transformers:

1. Nameplate in low voltage compartment, 1" upper filter press and filling plug, [1” drain
plug] [1” drain valve with sampling device].
2. Drain plug provided on 75–500 kVA. Drain valve provided on units rated 750 kVA and
above.
3. (Lightning arrester mounting provisions in live front units only.) Tap changer, for
de-energized operation only, which is externally operable and padlockable. The front of
both compartments shall be removable to allow the transformer to be rolled or skidded
into position over conduit stubs. ANSI tank grounding provisions shall be furnished in
both compartments.

F. The transformer(s) shall be rated [________] kVA self cooled (OA). Primary voltage
________ [delta] [wye]. Secondary voltage ________ [delta] [wye], [3-wire] [4-wire],
60 Hz with two 2-1/2% full capacity above normal and two 2-1/2% below normal taps.
Impedance shall be [________%] [manufacturer’s standard impedance], ±7-1/2%.
Basic impulse level of the primary winding shall be [________kV] [as specified in ANSI
C57.12.00 for comparable kV class].

G. The transformer shall be of sealed-tank construction or sufficient strength to withstand

a pressure of 7 psi without permanent distortion. The cover shall be welded and the fastenings
tamper-resistant. The transformer shall remain effectively sealed for a top oil temperature
range of –5˚C to 105˚C. When required, cooling panels will be provided on the back and sides
of the tank. Lifting eyes and packing pads will be provided.

6
 Pad-Mounted Transformers

Specifications— H. Coils shall be wound with [copper] [aluminum] conductors.

Pad-Mounted
Liquid-Filled I. Core and coil assembly shall be the five-legged wound core type, using high grade,
Transformers grain-oriented silicon steel laminations carefully annealed after fabrication to restore high
magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux is to be kept well below the saturation point.
(cont.)
J. Transformers connected wye-wye shall be built with five-legged core-type design to avoid
the tank heating problems sometimes associated with wye-wye connections.

K. The high voltage terminations and equipment shall be [live front and conform to ANSI
C57.12.22] [dead front and conform to ANSI C57.12.26].

L. Live front bushings shall be porcelain with [clamp-type connector] [blade terminals
incorporating a 2-hole drilling pattern]. Bushings shall be externally clamped and front
removable.

M. Dead front bushings shall be either universal wells or one-piece integrated for use with
separable connectors. Bushings shall be externally clamped and front removable.

N. The low voltage bushings shall be molded epoxy, and provided with blade-type spade
terminals with NEMA standard hole spacing arranged for vertical take-off. The low voltage
neutral shall be an insulated bushing, grounded to the tank by a removable ground strap.

O. Wye-wye transformers shall have the high and low voltage neutrals internally tied, with
a removable strap.

P. Provide a load break, gang operated, liquid immersed switch that is externally operable from
the high voltage compartment through the use of a distribution hot-stick.

Q. Switch to be [2-position “OFF-ON” type for use on a radial feed-system] [3-position for use
on an alternate feed system with feed-from-the-left, feed-from-the-right, or off] [4-position
“sectionalizing” type for use on an extended radial or loop-feed system with feed-from-the-
left, feed-from-the-right, isolated-from-either-side, or through-feed to both sides] [2-position
switches to be used as “sectionalizing” switches on extended radial or loop-feed systems with
feed-from-the-left, feed-from-the-right, isolated-from-either-side, or through-feed-to-both-
sides].

R. Liquid-immersed switch to be rated at: [200A] [300A] [600A].

S. Select one of the following options for fusible protection:

1. Provide internal oil immersed cartridge fuses sized at [________amperes] [approximately
three times the full-load primary current].
2. Provide Bay-O-Net ® oil immersed fuses that are externally replaceable with a hot-stick
without opening the transformer tank.
3. Provide Bay-O-Net oil immersed fuses in series with oil immersed current-limiting fuses.
Bay-O-Net fuses are to be externally replaceable with a hot-stick without opening the
transformer tank.
4. Provide Bay-O-Net oil immersed current limiting fuses that are externally replaceable
with a hot-stick without opening the transformer tank.
5. Provide dry-well canister mounted current limiting fuses that are externally replaceable
with a distribution hot-stick without opening the transformer tank.
6. Provide McGraw-Edision type NX Arc Strangler ® fuses or switchblades in series with NX
fuses mounted for cold-sequence connection of incoming radial feed line.

T. Surge Protection—Provide three ________kV distribution class lightning arresters for surge
protection. Arresters are to be mounted in the high voltage compartment.

7
Pad-Mounted Transformers

Specifications— U. Accessories
Pad-Mounted 1. 1” drain valve with sampling device, 75–500 kVA only standard on units above 500 kVA.
Liquid-Filled 2. Dial type thermometer.
Transformers 3. Magnetic liquid-level gauge.
4. Pressure vacuum gauge.
(cont.) 5. Pressure relief valve.
6. Automatic pressure relief device (self resealing with indicator).
7. Mounting provisions for low voltage current transformers and potential transformers.
8. Busway opening into the low voltage compartment to accommodate Square D I-LINE ®
Busway.
9. Molded case circuit breaker in the low voltage compartment rated _______ amperes—
2000 amperes maximum rating.
10. Sudden pressure relay.
11. Key interlock to high voltage door.
12. kWH meter socket with hinge cover externally mounted on the side of the low voltage
compartment.

V. Testing—Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of ANSI C57.12.90 and
shall include, as a minimum, the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No-Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. QA Impulse Test

A. The transformer(s) shall be compartment type, self-cooled, for mounting on a pad and shall
Specifications— comply with the latest applicable standards.
VPI Pad-Mounted
Dry-Type B. Transformer coils shall be of the continuous wound construction and impregnated utilizing the
Transformers VPI process. The coils shall be preheated and subjected to a dry vacuum of no less than 29.7”
of mercury. Precatalyzed resin shall be introduced into the coil with vacuum maintained during
the process. The coils shall then be subjected to a pressure of 75 psi for a suitable length of
time to provide complete impregnation of the coils with no voids or air pockets which can
create hot spots or cause corona formation. The coils shall then be cured in ovens forming
non-hydroscopic coils with a minimum 2 mils coating over Nomex ® insulated conductors.
The coils shall be wound with [aluminum] [copper] conductors.

C. All transformers shall have a maximum temperature rise of [150°C] [115°C] [80°C] above a
40°C maximum ambient.

D. Primary taps shall be full capacity, with a minimum of two 2-1/2% above and below rated
voltage.

E. kVA sizes, voltages, and taps shall be as shown on the electrical plans or on the transformer
schedule.

F. The basic impulse levels (BIL) shall be a minimum of [60 kV for the 15 kV class] [optional
95 kV BIL available] [30 kV for the 5 kV class] [20 kV for the 2.5 kV class] [10 kV for the
1.2 kV class]. Primary and secondary BIL shall be ______ kV and _________ kV respectively.

G. All coils shall be constructed of high grade, grain oriented, non-aging silicon steel with high
magnetic permeability and low hysteresis and eddy current losses. Magnetic flux densities are
to be kept well below the saturation point. Core laminations shall be miter cut at the core

8
 Pad-Mounted Transformers

Specifications— corners to reduce hot spots, core loss, excitation current, and sound level. The laminations
VPI Pad-Mounted shall be clamped together utilizing insulated bolts through the core laminations to provide
Dry-Type proper pressure throughout the length of the core.
Transformers
H. Provision shall be made to completely isolate the core and coil from the enclosure. There shall
(cont.) be no metal-to-metal contact. Rubber vibration isolation pads shall be installed by the
manufacturer between the core and coil and the enclosure base. The core shall be visibly
grounded to the ground bus or ground pad by means of a flexible grounding conductor sized in
accordance with applicable NEC standards.

I. Dry-type transformers shall be mounted in a heavy gauge sheet steel enclosure consisting of
three isolated sections, high voltage compartment, low voltage compartment, and transformer
compartment on a common base to form an integral load center. The enclosure is to be of
NEMA Type 3R rated rain-resistant construction. Indoor enclosures with weathershields are
not acceptable.

J. The high voltage termination section shall contain spade type terminals with standard NEMA
type hole patterns. (Available options include main breaker and I-LINE® panelboard with or
without main breaker.)

K. The low voltage termination section shall contain spade type terminals with standard NEMA
type hole patterns. (Available options include hook-stick operated and individual-pole load
break fused disconnects with current limiting fuses.)

L. The enclosure base is to be constructed of structural steel members to permit rolling

or skidding in any direction. The base shall also be provided with lifting devices and jacking
pads designed to be flush with the enclosure.

M. Access to the transformer section is to be through a removable panel equipped with padlock
hasps to prevent entry by unauthorized personnel when padlocks are installed. Entrance to the
high voltage compartment shall not be possible until the low voltage compartment door
is open and interlocking screws are released. The low voltage compartment shall have 3-point
latching and padlocking provisions.

N. Any parts of the enclosure that do not have padlocking provisions shall be secured with either
tamper-resistant hardware or carriage bolts with nuts inside the enclosure to prevent removal
by unauthorized personnel.

O. The entire enclosure shall be finished utilizing a continuous process consisting of degreasing,
cleaning, and phosphatizing, followed by electrostatic deposition of a polymer polyester
powder coating and baking cycle to provide uniform, weather-resistant coating of all edges
and surfaces. The coating shall be UL recognized for outdoor use. The coating color shall be
green.

P. Metal-oxide, gapless-type distribution class lightning arresters shall be installed by the

manufacturer on the high voltage side of the transformer to provide additional protection
against high voltage lightning or switching surges.

Q. Transformers are to be manufactured and tested in accordance with IEEE standards C57.12.01,
C57.12.91, C57.12.50, and C57.12.51, and shall include, as a minimum, the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. QA Impulse Test

9
Pad-Mounted Transformers

Liquid-Filled Application* Standard Combinations of High and Low Voltages For Given kVA Range
High Voltage Class Low Voltage Rating kVA Range
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,000 kVA
2.5 kV 480Y/277V 75–2,000 kVA
480V 75–2,000 kVA
600Y347V 75–2,000 kVA
600V 75–2,000 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,500 kVA
5.0 kV 480Y/277V 75–3,000 kVA
480V 75–3,000 kVA
600Y/347V 75–3,000 kVA
600V 75–3,000 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 75–5,000 kVA
8.7 kV 480V 75 –5,000 kVA
600Y/347V 75–5,000 kVA
600V 75–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 225–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 75–5,000 kVA
15.0 kV 480V 75–5,000 kVA
600Y/347V 75–5,000 kVA
600V 75–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 225–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 75–5,000 kVA
25.0 kV 480V 75–5,000 kVA
600Y/347V 75–5,000 kVA
600V 75–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 225–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 225–5,000 kVA
34.5 kV 480V 225–5,000 kVA
600Y/347V 225–5,000 kVA
600V 225–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 225–5,000 kVA
The above combinations are based on standard designs. Other than standard designs may place further restrictions on the
availability of voltage and kVA combinations. Consult factory for final determination.

Basic Insulations Levels (BIL)

Standard BILs Optional BILs
kV
BIL Induced Applied BIL Induced Applied
Class
(kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV) (kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV)
1.2 30 10 45 15
2.5 45 15 60 19
5.0 60 19 75 26
Twice Twice
7.2 60 19 75 26
Normal Normal
8.7 75 Voltage 26 95 Voltage 34
15.0 95 34 110 34
25.0 125 40 150 50
35.0 150 50 200 70

Sound Levels
kVA Self Cooled kVA Self Cooled
Rating Rating (dB) Rating Rating (dB)
75 kVA 51 1000 kVA 58
112.5 kVA 55 1500 kVA 60
150 kVA 55 2000 kVA 61
225 kVA 55 2500 kVA 62
300 kVA 55 3000 kVA 63
500 kVA 56 3750 kVA 64
750 kVA 58 5000 kVA 66
*See page 21 for POWER-DRY dry-type transformer application.

10
 Pad-Mounted Transformers

Liquid-Filled Typical Performance Data High Voltage–15 kV Class, Low Voltage–600V Class
Application No Full Total Efficiency
kVA Load Load Losses Maximum
(cont.) Losses Losses Efficiency
112% 100% 75% 50% 25%
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
75 450 985 1435 98.03 98.12 98.25 98.18 97.34 98.26 @67.69% Load
112 620 1,350 1970 98.19 98.27 98.38 98.32 97.55 98.39 @67.77% Load
150 775 2,430 3,205 97.77 97.91 98.13 98.19 97.59 98.20 @56.47% Load
225 800 3,280 4,085 98.09 98.22 98.46 98.58 98.24 98.63 @49.39% Load
300 975 4,120 5,095 98.20 98.33 98.56 98.68 98.38 98.68 @48.65% Load
500 1,330 5,550 6,880 98.64 98.64 98.83 98.92 98.68 98.92 @48.95% Load
750 1,840 9,300 11,040 98.43 98.55 98.77 98.91 98.73 98.91 @44.72% Load
1,000 2,000 12,025 14,025 98.60 98.62 98.84 99.01 98.91 99.03 @40.78% Load
1,500 2,880 15,700 18,580 98.67 98.78 98.97 99.10 98.98 99.11 @42.83% Load
2,000 3,550 21,750 25,300 98.64 98.75 98.96 99.11 99.03 99.13 @40.40% Load
2,500 4,400 23,750 28,150 98.79 98.89 99.06 98.18 99.07 99.19 @43.04% Load
3,000 5,385 28,450 33,835 98.79 98.88 99.06 99.17 99.05 99.18 @43.61% Load
3,750 7,700 34,850 42,550 98.79 98.88 99.04 99.13 98.96 99.13 @47.00% Load
5,000* 8,240 33,020 41,260 99.12 99.18 99.29 99.34 99.18 99.34 @49.95% Load
*5000 kVA is listed with 5 kV secondary.

Typical Performance Data

Regulation
kVA %IZ %IR %IX X/R Ratio
1.0 PF .9 PF .8 PF .7 PF
75 3.50 1.31 3.24 2.47 1.37 2.62 3.01 3.25
112 3.50 1.21 3.29 2.73 1.26 2.55 2.95 3.20
150 3.75 1.62 3.39 2.09 1.68 2.96 3.34 3.56
225 4.00 1.46 3.51 2.41 1.52 2.87 3.29 3.54
300 4.00 1.37 3.76 2.74 1.44 2.91 3.38 3.66
500 4.50 1.11 4.36 3.93 1.21 2.96 3.54 3.92
750 5.75 1.24 5.61 4.53 1.40 3.67 4.43 4.92
1,000 5.75 1.20 5.62 4.67 1.36 3.64 4.41 4.90
1,500 5.75 1.05 5.65 5.40 1.21 3.51 4.31 4.82
2,000 5.75 1.08 5.65 5.19 1.25 3.55 4.33 4.82
2,500 5.75 0.95 5.67 5.96 1.11 3.44 4.24 4.77
3,000 5.75 0.95 5.37 5.98 1.11 3.44 4.24 4.77
3,750 5.75 0.93 5.68 6.11 1.09 3.42 4.23 4.76
5,000 5.75 0.66 5.71 8.05 0.82 3.20 4.04 4.60

Standard Impedance Ratings*

kVA Range Low Voltage Typical Optional Range

75 kVA 240V, 208V 3.50% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ

480V, 600V 3.50% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ
240V, 208V 3.50% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ
112 kVA
480V, 600V 3.50% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ
240V, 208V 3.75% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ
150 kVA
480V, 600V 3.75% IZ 2.00–5.00% IZ
240V, 208V 4.00% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
225 kVA 480V, 600V 3.80% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
2400–4800V 3.80% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
240V, 208V 4.00% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
300 kVA 480V, 600V 4.00% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
2400 –4800V 3.80% IZ 3.50 –5.50% IZ
240V, 208V 4.50% IZ 3.50–5.50% IZ
500 kVA 480V, 600V 4.50% IZ 3.50–5.50% IZ
2400–4800V 4.00% IZ 3.00–5.50% IZ
Standard
240V, 208V 5.75% IZ 5.00–8.00% IZ
750–5000 kVA 480V, 600V 5.75% IZ 5.00–8.00% IZ
2400–4800V 5.50% IZ 5.00–8.00% IZ
* Tolerance: ±7.5% (per ANSI C57.12.00). For other impedance ratings, contact factory.

11
Pad-Mounted Transformers

Liquid-Filled
Application
(cont.)

Available Fuses
3Ø Xfmr Primary Ø-Ø Voltage
kVA 20780Y/ 22960Y/ 24940Y/ 26400 34500Y/
Rating 2400 4160 4800 7200 8320 12000 12470 13200 13800
1200 14400 13200 14400 19920
75 A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G, I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
112 A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
G,I,J,L, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
150 A,B,C,G, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
J,K,L,M, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
225 A,B,C,H, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
J,K,L,M, G,J,K,L, G,I,J,L, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
O,P M,O,P M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
300 A,B,C,H, A,B,C,G, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
L,M,O,P J,K,L,M, G,J,K,L, E,G,I,L, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
O,P M,O,P M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
500 A,N,O,P A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,E 2,G 2,
M,O,P K,M,O,P G,K,M, G,I,M,O, E,G,I,J, E,G,I,J, F,G,I,J, F,G,I,J, F,G,I,J, D2,E 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2, I 2,O,P
O,P P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P L,M,O,P I,J,O,P I,J,O,P I 2,J 2,O,P
750 P A,N,O,P A,B,C,N, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, A 1,B 1,C 1, O,P D2,I 2,O,P
O,P K,N,O,P K,M,O,P H,I,M,O, H,I,J,M,O, G,I,M,O, G,I,M,O, G,I,M,O, D2,F 2,G 2, D2,E 2,G 2, D3,E 2,G 2,
P P P P P I,O,P I,O,P I 2,O,P
1000 N,O,P A,N,O,P A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,H, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, B 1,D2,F 2, B 1,D2,F 2, B,C,F 2, O,P D2,I 2,O,P
N,O,P K,M,O,P K,M,O,P K,M,O,P K,M,O, H,K,M, H,K,M, G 2,I,O,P G 2,I,O,P G 2, I 2,O,
P O,P O,P P
1500 P P A,N,O,P A,N,O,P A,C,H,K, A,C,H,K, A,C,H,K, A,C,H,K, A,C,H,K, D2,H2, K, D2,K,O,P K 2,O,P O,P I 2,O,P
M,O,P M,O,P M,O,P M,O,P M,O,P O,P
2000 P P P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P C,N,O,P C,N,O,P N,O,P K,O,P K,O,P K 2,O,P O,P K 2, O,P

2500 P P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P P P P O,P K 2, O,P

3000 P P P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P N,O,P P P P P K 2, O,P

3750 P P P P P P P P P P O,P
5000 P P P P P P P P P P
1
Recommended fuse is limited to GNDY / GNDY transformers with no more than 25% delta connected secondary load and with neutral internally grounded.
2
Recommended fuse is limited to GNDY / GNDY transformers with no more than 50% delta connected secondary load and with neutral internally grounded.
3
Recommended fuse is limited to GNDY / GNDY transformers with no more than 80% delta connected secondary load and with neutral internally grounded.
KEY:
A. Weak Link Expulsion Fuse K. Drywell Canisters with Current Limiting Fuses (Parallel)
B. Bay-O-Net Overload Sensing Fuse L. McGraw Edison Arc Strangler Disconnects with Hinge Mounted Current Limiting
C. Bay-O-Net Fault Sensing Fuse Fuses
D. Bay-O-Net Current Limiting Fuse M. McGraw Edison Arc Strangler Disconnects with Clip Mounted Current Limiting
E. Bay-O-Net Overload Sensing Fuse in Series with Current Limiting Fuse Fuses (100 A maximum)
F. Bay-O-Net Overload Sensing Fuse in Series with Parallel Current Limiting Fuse N. McGraw Edison Arc Strangler Disconnects with Parallel Mounted Current
G. Bay-O-Net Fault Sensing Fuse in Series with Current Limiting Fuse Limiting Fuses (200 A maximum)
H. Bay-O-Net Fault Sensing Fuse in Series with Parallel Current Limiting Fuse O. Clip Mounted Current Limiting Fuses for use with Load Break Oil Switch
I. Drywell Canisters with Current Limiting Fuses P. E Rated Power Fuses
J. Drywell Canisters with Load Break Current Limiting Fuses

12
 Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

FPO

Description Liquid-filled, three-phase, substation type transformers are used in a wide variety of commercial
and light industrial applications. All units are manufactured in accordance with applicable ANSI
C57.12.00 standards. The transformers are offered with one of three different fluids:
• Mineral oil—biodegradable oil for outdoors
• R-Temp ® by Cooper Industries
• 561™ silicone fluid (dimethyl polysiloxane) by Dow Corning

Applicable A. IEEE C57.12.00—Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution,

Standards Power, and Regulating Transformers.

B. ANSI C57.12.10-1988, Safety Requirements 230 kV and Below 833/958 Through

8333/10 417 kVA, Single-Phase, and 750/862 Through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA,
Three-Phase Without Load Tap Changing; and 3750/4687 Through 60 000/80 000/
100 000 kVA with Load Tap Changing.
C. ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (Reaff 1993), Terminal Markings and Connections for Distribution
and Power Transformers.
D. ANSI C57.12.28—Switchgear and Transformers, Pad-Mounted Equipment—Enclosure
Integrity.
E. IEEE C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution
Transformers (ANSI).
F. IEEE C57.12.90—Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution Power, and Regulating
Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power
Transformers (ANSI).

G. IEEE C57.105-1978 (Reaff 1992), Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in

Three-Phase Distribution Systems (ANSI).

H. IEEE C57.109-1993, Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current

Duration (ANSI).

I. IEEE C57.111-1989, Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulating Fluid and

Its Maintenance in Transformers.

J. IEEE C57.121-1988, Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable

Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers (ANSI).

K. CSA-C88 Power Transformers and Reactors.

L. CSA-C50 Insulating Oils—Electrical for Transformers and Switches.

13
Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Specifications A. The transformer(s) shall be the substation type with side-wall mounted primary and secondary
terminations.

B. The average temperature rise of the windings, measured by the resistance method, shall be
[55˚] [65˚] C when the transformer is operated at rated kVA output in a 40˚C ambient. The
transformer(s) shall be capable of being operated at rated load in a 30˚C average, 40˚C
maximum ambient, as defined by ANSI C57.12.00, without loss of service life expectancy.

C. Coolant and insulating fluid shall be [inhibited mineral oil] [high fire point hydrocarbon
R-Temp fluid manufactured by Cooper Industries] [dimethyl polysiloxane 561 silicone
transformer fluid by Dow Corning].

D. Terminations shall be side-wall mounted for: [close-coupling to high and low voltage
switchgear sections] [close-coupling to high voltage switchgear on the primary side and
terminating in an air-filled terminal chamber for cable connections to the low voltage side]
[close-coupling to low voltage switchgear on the secondary side and termination in an
air-filled terminal compartment on the primary side for cable entrance] [terminations within
air-filled terminal chambers on both high voltage and low voltage side for cable entrance
and exit].

E. Primary and secondary locators shall be as follows: [primary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s right when facing the transformer front] [primary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front].

F. Bushing location and phase rotation shall be coordinated with primary and secondary
switchgear to provide correct alignment when switchgear and transformer are connected in the
field.

G. The transformer(s) shall be rated [________kVA OA] [________/________kVA OA/FFA]

[________/________kVA OA/FA]. Transformer identification number(s)_______. Primary
voltage ________ [delta] [wye], secondary voltage ________ [delta] [wye], [3-wire] [4-wire],
60 Hz with two 2-1/2% full capacity above normal and two 2-1/2% full capacity below normal
taps. Impedance shall be [________%] [Manufacturer’s standard impedance], ±7-1/2%. Basic
impulse level of the primary winding shall be [_______kV]. As specified in IEEE C57.12.00
for comparable kV class.

Sound level, as measured by the NEMA audible sound-level test procedure, shall be less than
the values specified in the following table when the transformer(s) (is) (are) operated at
normal voltage and frequency and no load.

kVA 225 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3750 5000

dB 55 56 58 58 60 61 62 63 64 66

H. The transformers shall be of sealed-tank construction of sufficient strength to withstand a

pressure of 7 psi without permanent distortion. The cover shall be welded. The transformer
shall remain effectively sealed for a top oil temperature range of –5˚C to 105˚C. When
required, cooling panels will be provided on the back and front of the tank. Lifting eyes and
jacking pads will be provided.

I. Coils shall be wound with [copper] [aluminum] conductors.

J. Core and coil assembly shall be the [wound core type, providing 5-legged construction]
[stacked core type, providing 3-legged construction]. Cores shall be fabricated of high grade,
grain-oriented, silicon steel laminations, carefully annealed after fabrication to restore high
magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux is to be kept well below the saturation point.

14
 Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Specifications K. Tank, radiators, and terminal chambers, if provided, shall be treated to remove oil and
(cont.) scale by either shotblast or phosphatizing treatment to provide proper paint adhesion. All
exterior surfaces shall be primed, using a high quality solid two-paint catalyzed epoxy.
Minimum dry film thickness shall be 2 mils. A durably hard polyurethane top coat with a
minimum dry film thickness of 1 mil shall be applied to all primed surfaces. The color of
the finish coat shall be [ANSI 49] [ANSI 61] [ANSI 70] [ANSI 24] and shall be
coordinated with the switchgear manufacturer in order to match the color of the
switchgear.

L. Accessories—The following accessories shall be included on all substation transformers:

1. Padlockable tap changer for de-energized operation
2. 1” upper filling plug and filter press connection
3. 1” drain valve with a 3/8” sampler
4. Dial type thermometer
5. Pressure/vacuum gauge [with] [without] bleeder connection
6. Magnetic liquid level gauge
7. Pressure relief valve, with manual bleeder and automatic resealing, set to operate at
10 psi with a flow rate of [35 scfm] [50 scfm]
8. Alarm contacts on [all gauges] [dial thermometer] [liquid level gauge] [pressure
vacuum gauge]
9. Pressure relief diaphragm to operate at 10 psi and relieve 10,000 scfm at 15 psi
10. Sudden pressure relay permitting remote alarm or trip due to a predetermined rate of
pressure rise [with] [without] seal-in delay

M. The transformer(s) shall be designed for use with fans to increase the current
carrying capability in accordance with the ratings of paragraph 2.01 G preceding. The
transformer shall be equipped with forced air cooling or be designed for the future
addition of forced air cooling. The fan control equipment will be actuated by contacts
that sense [the temperature of the top oil] [the average winding temperature] of the
transformer. Temperature sensors, motor starter for fan motors, test modes of operation,
as well as fans and fan motors, will be provided on units designated OA/FA.
Temperature sensors and details for future mounting of fans and controls will be
provided on units designated OA/FFA. Fan motors will operate from a 240V,
single-phase, 60 Hz source of power provided by the user.

N. Testing—Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of IEEE C57.12.90

and shall include, as a minimum, the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No-Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. Impulse Test
11. Temperature Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)
12. Sound Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)

15
Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Application Standard Combinations of High and Low Voltages For Given kVA Range
High Voltage Class Low Voltage Class kVA Range
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,000 kVA
2.5 kV 480Y/277V 225–2,000 kVA
480V 225–2,000 kVA
600Y/347 225–2,000 kVA
600V 225–2,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–3,000 kVA
5.0 kV 480Y/277V 225–3,000 kVA
480V 225–3,000 kVA
600Y/347V 225–3,000 kVA
600V 225–3,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 225–5,000 kVA
8.6 kV 480V 225–5,000 kVA
600Y/347 225–5,000 kVA
600V 225–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 750–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,500 kVA
15.0 kV 480Y/277V 225–3,750 kVA
480V 225–3,750 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 500–10,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 225–3,750 kVA
25.0 kV 480V 225–3,750 kVA
600Y/347 225–5,000 kVA
600V 225–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 500–10,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,500 kVA
480Y/277V 225–3,750 kVA
34.5 kV 480V 225–3,750 kVA
600Y/347 225–5,000 kVA
600V 225–5,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 500–10,000 kVA
The above combinations are based on standard designs. Other than standard designs may place further restrictions
on the availability of voltage and kVA combinations. Consult factory for final determination.

Basic Insulations Levels (BIL)

Standard BILs Optional BILs
kV
Class BIL Induced Applied BIL Induced Applied
(kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV) (kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV)
1.2 30 10 45 15
2.5 45 15 60 19
5.0 60 Twice 19 75 Twice 26
7.2 60 Normal 19 75 Normal 26
Voltage Voltage
8.7 75 26 95 34
15.0 95 34 110 34
25.0 125 40 150 50
35.0 150 50 200 70

16
 Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Application Sound Levels

(cont.) kVA Rating Self Cooled Rating (dB) Fan Cooled Rating (dB)
225-300 kVA 55 61
500 kVA 56 61
750 kVA 58 61
1,000 kVA 58 61
2,000 kVA 60 63
2,000 kVA 62 64
2,500 kVA 62 65
3,000 kVA 63 66
3,750 kVA 64 67
5,000 kVA 66 70
7,500 kVA 67 70
10,000 kVA 68 71

Typical Performance Data High Voltage –15 kV Class, Low Voltage–600V Class
No Full Total Efficiency
kVA Load Load Maximum
Losses Losses Losses Efficiency
140% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25%
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
225 760 3,400 4,160 97.70 97.89 98.18 98.44 98.59 98.30 98.69@47.23%
300 900 4,635 5,535 97.68 97.87 98.19 98.47 98.65 98.44 98.66@44.07%
500 1,330 5,540 6,870 98.29 98.43 98.61 98.83 98.93 98.68 98.93@49.00%
750 1,735 9,875 11,610 98.03 98.20 98.48 98.72 98.89 98.76 98.91@41.92%
1,000 2,000 12,025 14,025 98.21 98.36 98.62 98.84 99.01 98.91 99.03@40.78%
1,500 2,900 15,720 18,620 98.42 98.66 98.77 98.97 99.10 98.98 99.11@42.95%
2,000 3,535 21,750 25,285 98.38 98.62 98.75 98.96 99.11 99.03 99.13@40.31%
2,500 4,400 23,750 28,150 98.67 98.69 98.89 99.06 99.18 99.07 99.19@43.04%
3,000 5,385 28,450 33,835 98.67 98.69 98.88 99.06 99.17 99.05 99.18@43.61%
3,750 7,700 34,850 42,550 98.67 98.69 98.88 99.04 99.13 98.96 99.13@47.00%
5,000* 9,650 46,750 56,400 98.67 98.69 98.88 99.05 99.15 99.00 99.16@45.43%
7,500* 11,950 56,500 68,450 98.85 98.94 99.10 99.23 99.31 99.18 99.31@45.99%
10,000* 16,515 66,923 83,440 98.96 99.04 99.17 99.28 99.34 99.18 99.34@49.68%
*5,000; 7,500; 10,000 kVA are listed with 5 kV secondaries.

Typical Performance Data

Regulation
kVA %IZ %IR %IX X/R Ratio
1.0 PF .9 PF .8 PF .7 PF
225 4.00 1.52 3.72 2.46 1.58 3.01 3.45 3.71
300 4.00 1.55 3.69 2.39 1.61 3.03 3.47 3.73
500 4.50 1.11 4.37 3.94 1.20 2.96 3.54 3.92
750 5.75 1.32 5.60 4.05 1.41 3.12 3.67 4.02
1,000 5.75 1.20 5.63 4.68 1.36 3.64 4.41 4.90
1,500 5.75 1.05 5.65 5.39 1.21 3.51 4.31 4.82
2,000 5.75 1.09 5.64 5.19 1.25 3.55 4.33 4.84
2,500 5.75 0.95 5.67 5.97 1.11 3.44 4.24 4.77
3,000 5.75 0.95 5.67 5.98 1.11 3.44 4.24 4.77
3,750 5.75 0.93 5.68 6.11 1.09 3.42 4.23 4.76
5,000 5.75 0.94 5.68 6.08 1.10 3.42 4.23 4.76
7,500 5.50 0.75 5.45 7.23 0.90 3.16 3.95 4.47
10,000 5.50 0.67 5.47 8.17 0.82 3.09 3.89 4.42

17
Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Application Standard Impedance Ratings

(cont.) kVA Range Low Voltage Typical Optional Range
240V, 208V 4.00% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
225 kVA 480V, 600V 3.80% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
2,400–4,800V 3.80% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
240V 4.00% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
300 kVA 480V, 600V 4.00% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
2,400–4,800V 3.80% IZ 3.50– 5.50% IZ
240V, 208V 4.50% IZ 3.50– 5.50% IZ
500 kVA 480V, 600V 4.50% IZ 3.50– 5.50% IZ
2,400 –4,800V 4.00% IZ 3.00– 5.50% IZ
Standard
240V, 208V 5.75% IZ 5.00– 8.00% IZ
750–5,000 kVA 480V, 600V 5.75% IZ 5.00– 8.00% IZ
2,400 –4,800V 5.50% IZ 5.00– 8.00% IZ
7,500–10,000 kVA 2,400 –4,800V 6.50% IZ 6.50– 8.00% IZ
Tolerance: ±7.5 (per ANSI C57.12.00). For other impedance ratings, contact factory.

Loading
Liquid-filled substation transformers are designed to operate at rated load with rated voltage
and frequency applied in “usual service” conditions. Overloads may be carried with normal
to moderate effects on the life of the transformer. The following table shows the permissible
overloads that may be carried only if occurring once in any 24-hour period without loss of
transformer life expectancy given an 65˚C rise transformer in a 30˚C ambient.

Following and followed by a constant load of:

Peak Load Time 90% 70% 50%
1/2 hr. 1.80 2.00 2.00
1 hr. 1.56 1.78 1.88
2 hr. 1.38 1.54 1.62
4 hr. 1.22 1.33 1.38
8 hr. 1.11 1.17 1.20

Improvement in Self-Cooled Rating with Forced Air Cooling*

kVA Range Rating Increase
225– 2000 kVA 15%
2,500–10,000 kVA 25%
*Optional 33% is available for CAN/CSA - C88.

18
 Liquid-Filled Substation Transformers

Application Heat Contribution

(cont.) Heat contribution is the heat that a transformer may contribute to its environment. This may
represent additional air conditioning burden in summer months, or may be used in calculating
heating requirements during winter months. This heat is the result of transformer losses and is
a function, in part, of loading. The following table demonstrates the effect of loading upon heat
contribution.

Typical Heat Contribution High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 600V Class
kVA % Load BTU/HR kVA % Load BTU/HR

225 kVA 25% 3,307 2500 kVA 25% 20,007

50% 5,474 50% 35,148
75% 9,087 75% 60,382
100% 14,144 100% 95,710
125% 20,647 125% 141,132
140% 25,242 140% 173,230
300 kVA 25% 4,045 3000 kVA 25% 24,355
50% 7,000 50% 42,492
75% 11,924 75% 72,720
100% 18,819 100% 115,039
125% 27,683 125% 169,450
140% 33,948 140% 207,900
500 kVA 25% 5,699 3750 kVA 25% 33,586
50% 9,231 50% 55,803
75% 15,117 75% 92,831
100% 23,358 100% 144,670
125% 33,953 125% 211,321
140% 41,441 140% 258,420
750 kVA 25% 7,997 5000 kVA* 25% 42,744
50% 14,293 50% 72,548
75% 24,785 75% 122,219
100% 39,474 100% 191,760
125% 58,360 125% 281,169
140% 71,706 140% 344,352
1000 kVA 25% 9,355 7500 kVA* 25% 52,636
50% 17,021 50% 88,655
75% 29,798 75% 148,686
100% 47,685 100% 232,730
125% 70,683 125% 340,786
140% 86,935 140% 417,146
1500 kVA 25% 13,200 10,000 kVA* 25% 70,372
50% 23,222 50% 113,036
75% 39,925 75% 184,141
100% 63,308 100% 283,689
125% 93,373 125% 411,679
140% 114,618 140% 502,126
2000 kVA 25% 16,641 *5,000; 7,500; 10,000 kVA are listed with 5 kV secondaries.
50% 30,507
75% 53,616
100% 85,969
125% 127,566
140% 156,961

19
20
 POWER-DRY™ Transformers

FPO

Description POWER-DRY™ vacuum-pressure impregnated transformers are particularly suited for a wide
range of commercial applications. Vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) of the windings includes
a preheat, dry vacuum cycle; vacuum immersion; vacuum hold cycle; pressure cycle; and curing.
This VPI process saturates the dielectric material, which contributes to its long life and durability.
The secondary windings are constructed with sheet or wire conductors and Nomex® insulation.
The primary windings are wound over the secondary winding in either barrel or disc construction.
These processes make the POWER-DRY transformer ideal for office buildings, hotels, and
shopping malls.

Applicable A. IEEE C57.12.01—Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Standards Transformers Including Those with Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings.

B. ANSI C57.12.51-1981 (Reaff 1989), Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power

Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601 to 34,500 Volts,
Low Voltage 208Y/120 to 4160 Volts.

C. ANSI C57.12.50—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribution Transformers,

1–500 kVA Single-Phase and 15–500 kVA Three-Phase, with High Voltage
601–34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 120–600 Volts.
D. ANSI C57.12.51—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA
and Larger Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601–34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 208Y/120–4160
Volts.

E. ANSI C57.12.55-1987, Conformance Standard for Transformers—Dry-Type Transformers

Used in Unit Installations, Including Unit Substations.

F. IEEE C57.12.56-1986 (Reaff 1993), Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of
Insulation Systems for Ventilated Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformers (ANSI).

G. IEEE C57.12.58-1991, Guide for Conducting a Transient Voltage Analysis of a Dry-Type

Transformer Coil (ANSI).

H. IEEE C57.12.59-1989, Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration

(ANSI).

I. ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (Reaff 1993), Terminal Markings and Connections for Distribution
and Power Transformers.

J. IEEE C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution
Transformers (ANSI).

21
POWER-DRY™ Transformers

Applicable K. IEEE C57.12.91—Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.
Standards (cont.)
L. IEEE C57.94-1982 (Reaff 1987), Recommended Practice for Installation, Application,
Operation, and Maintenance of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power
Transformers.

M. IEEE C57.96-1989, Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
(ANSI).

Specifications A. The transformer(s) shall be the unit substation type with side-mounted primary and secondary
terminations.

B. Primary terminations shall be designed for close coupling to [a metal enclosed air load break
switch section] [a switchgear section] [an air terminal chamber to be provided with the
transformer]. Secondary terminations shall be designed for close coupling to [a switchgear
section] [a switchboard section] [an air terminal chamber to be provided with the
transformers].

C. Orientation shall be primary on the [left] [right] when facing the transformer front.
D. The transformer(s) shall be rated [________kVA AA] [________/________kVA AA/FFA]
[________/________kVA AA/FA]. Primary voltage ________volts delta. Secondary voltage
________volts [wye] [delta], [3-wire] [4-wire], 60 Hz with two 2-1/2% full-capacity above
normal and two 2-1/2% full-capacity below normal primary taps. Impedance shall be
[________%] [manufacturer’s standard impedance], ±7-1/2%. All transformers shall have an
average temperature rise of [150˚C] [80˚C] [115˚C] above a 40˚C maximum, 30˚C average
ambient.

E. The basic impulse levels (BIL) shall be a minimum of [60 kV for the 15 kV class] [optional 95
kV BIL available] [10 kV for the 1.2 kV class]. Primary and secondary BIL shall be
________kV and ________kV respectively.
F. The coil design shall be the type to provide the most efficient, reliable, and compact winding.
Transformer coils shall be of the continuous wound construction and impregnated utilizing the
VPI process, achieving 100% impregnation in one cycle. The coils shall be preheated and
subjected to a dry vacuum of no less than 29.7” of mercury. Precatalyzed, 100% reactive-type
polyester resin shall be introduced into the coil with vacuum maintained during the process.
The coils shall then be subjected to a pressure of 75 psi for a suitable length of time to provide
complete impregnation of the coils with no voids or air pockets that can create hot spots or
cause corona formation. The coils shall then be cured in ovens with a minimum 2 mils coating
over all Nomex insulated conductors.

G. The coils shall be wound with [aluminum] [copper] conductors.

H. All insulating materials are to be in accordance with IEEE Standard C57.12.01 for 220˚C UL
insulation system.
I. All cores to be constructed of high grade, grain-oriented, non-aging silicon steel with high
magnetic permeability, and low hysteresis and eddy current losses. Magnetic flux densities are
to be kept well below the saturation point. Core lamination shall be miter cut at the core
corners to reduce hot spots, core loss, excitation current, and sound level. The laminations shall
be clamped together utilizing insulated bolts through the core laminations to provide proper
pressure throughout the length of the core.

22
 POWER-DRY™ Transformers

Specifications J. The transformer enclosures shall be ventilated [indoor] [outdoor] and fabricated of heavy
(cont.) gauge, sheet steel construction. Enclosures are to be provided with lifting devices bolted or
welded to the base structure and shall have jacking pads designed to be flush with the
enclosure. The base is to be constructed of structural steel members to permit skidding or
rolling in any direction. Provisions shall be made to completely isolate the core and coil from
the enclosure. There shall be no metal-to-metal contact. Rubber vibration isolation pads shall
be installed by the manufacturer between the core and coil and the enclosure. The core shall be
visibly grounded to the ground bus or ground pad by means of a flexible grounding conductor
sized in accordance with applicable UL and NEC standards.

K. The entire enclosure shall be finished utilizing a continuous process consisting of degreasing,
cleaning, and phosphatizing, followed by electrostatic deposition of a polymer polyester
powder coating and baking cycle to provide uniform coating of all edges and surfaces. The
coating shall be UL recognized. The coating color shall be [ANSI 49] [ANSI 61].

L. Transformer sound levels shall be warranted by the manufacturer not to exceed the following
values:
151 to 300 kVA —— 58 dB 301 to 500 kVA —— 60 dB
501 to 700 kVA —— 62 dB 701 to 1000 kVA — 64 dB
1001 to 1500 kVA — 65 dB 1501 to 2000 kVA — 66 dB
2001 to 3000 kVA — 68 dB 3001 to 4000 kVA — 70 dB

M. Metal-oxide, gapless-type distribution class lightning arresters shall be installed by the

manufacturer on the high voltage side of the transformer to provide additional protection
against high voltage lightning or switching surges.

N. Fan cooling equipment shall included B-phase electronic winding temperature monitor
controlled automatically by a Type K thermocouple placed in the low voltage airduct. The
temperature monitor must contain green, yellow, and red indicating lights. The green lamp
indicates power, while the yellow and red lamps signal that fan and alarm contacts have been
activated. Alarm contacts shall be provided for fans, alarm, and trip function. An audible alarm
must sound when the highest phase temperature exceeds a preset point. The fans must be able
to operate in either manual or automatic mode. Minimum 6 fans shall be provided. Each must
have a minimum 6” diameter blade and shall be controlled automatically by the sensor in the
low voltage air duct. Forced air cooling system shall include: fans, control wiring, controller
with test switch, current limiting fuses in the power supply to the controller, indications lights,
alarm silencing relay, auto/manual switch, and necessary accessories to properly control the
system.

O. Testing—Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of IEEE C57.12.91 and
shall include, as a minimum, the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No-Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. Impulse Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)
11. Temperature Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)
12. Sound Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)

23
POWER-DRY™ Transformers

Application Standard Combinations of High and Low Voltages For Given kVA Range
High Voltage Class Low Voltage Rating kVA Range
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
2.5 kV 240V 75–2,000 kVA
480Y/277V, 600Y/346 75–2,500 kVA
480V, 600V 75–2,500 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,000 kVA
5.0 kV 480Y/277V 75–3,750 kVA
480V 75–3,750 kVA
600Y/347V 75–3,750 kVA
600V 75–3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 75–1,500 kVA
240V 75–2,000 kVA
8.6 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 75–3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 75–3,750 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 75–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 225–1,500 kVA
240V 225–2,000 kVA
15.0 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 225–3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 225–3,750 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 225–5,000 kVA
208Y/120V 750–1,500 kVA
240V 750–2,000 kVA
25.0 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 750–3,000 kVA
480V, 600V 750–3,000 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 750–3,000 kVA
The above combinations are based on standard designs. Other than standard designs may place further restrictions on the
availability of voltage and kVA combinations. Consult factory for final determination.

Basic Insulations Levels (BIL)

Standard BILs Optional BILs
kV
Class BIL Induced Applied BIL Induced Applied
(kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV) (kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV)
1.2 10 4 30 12
2.5 20 10 45 19
Twice Twice
5.0 30 12 60 31
Normal Normal
7.2 30 Voltage 12 60 Voltage 31
8.7 45 19 95 34
15.0 60 31 95 34
25.0 110 37 125 40

Sound Level
kVA Rating Self Cooled Rating (dB) Fan Cooled Rating (dB)
225– 300 kVA 58 67
500 kVA 60 67
750 kVA 64 67
1,000 kVA 64 67
2,000 kVA 65 68
2,000 kVA 66 69
2,500 kVA 68 71
3,000 kVA 68 71
3,750 kVA 70 73
5,000 kVA 71 74

24
 POWER-DRY™ Transformers

Application Typical Performance Data High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 600V Class
(cont.) No Full Efficiency
Total Maximum
kVA Load Load
Losses Losses Losses Efficiency
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts) 133% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25%

225 1,200 5,300 6,500 96.59 96.74 97.19 97.58 97.80 97.35 97.81 @ 48% Load
300 1,400 6,200 7,600 96.99 97.13 97.53 97.87 98.07 97.67 98.07 @ 48% Load
500 2,200 8,150 10,350 97.56 97.67 97.97 98.22 98.33 97.88 98.33 @ 52% Load
750 2,500 12,700 15,200 97.56 97.67 98.01 98.31 98.51 98.27 98.52 @ 44% Load
1,000 3,200 16,000 19,200 97.69 97.79 98.12 98.40 98.28 98.35 98.59 @ 45% Load
1,500 4,700 19,600 24,300 98.06 98.15 98.41 98.62 98.74 98.44 98.74 @ 49% Load
2,000 5,300 23,900 29,200 98.24 98.32 98.56 98.77 98.89 98.66 98.89 @ 47% Load
2,500 6,800 24,000 30,800 98.54 98.60 98.78 98.93 98.99 98.69 98.99 @ 53% Load
3,000 7,900 27,000 34,900 98.62 98.69 98.85 98.98 99.03 98.74 99.04 @ 54% Load
Tolerance: ±7.5% (per ANSI C57.12.00). For other impedance ratings, contact factory.

Typical Performance Data

Regulation
kVA %IZ %IR %IX X/R Ratio
1.0 PF .9 PF .8 PF .7 PF
225 4.50 2.36 3.83 1.62 2.43 3.82 4.20 4.39
300 4.50 2.07 4.00 1.93 2.15 3.64 4.07 4.31
500 5.50 1.63 5.25 3.22 1.77 3.84 4.51 4.92
750 5.75 1.69 5.50 3.25 1.84 4.01 4.71 5.14
1,000 5.75 1.60 5.52 3.45 1.75 3.94 4.65 5.10
1,500 5.75 1.31 5.60 4.27 1.46 3.72 4.47 4.96
2,000 5.75 1.20 5.62 4.69 1.35 3.63 4.40 4.90
2,500 5.75 0.96 5.67 5.91 1.12 3.44 4.25 4.77
3,000 5.75 0.90 5.68 6.31 1.06 3.40 4.21 4.74

Standard % Impedances
kVA ANSI Std. (Nominal) Square D (Nominal) Optional Range
225 Not Specified 4.0–5.0 3.0–6.0
300 Not Specified 4.0–5.0 3.0–6.0
500 Not Specified 5.0–6.0 4.0–7.0
750–3,750 5.75 5.75 4.5–8.0
5,000 5.50 5.50 5.5–8.0

Loading
POWER-DRY transformers are designed to operate at rated load with rated voltage and
frequency applied in “usual service” conditions. It is possible to carry overloads without loss of
life expectancy. The following table shows the permissible overloads which may be carried
only if occurring once in any 24-hour period without loss of transformer life expectancy given
a 150˚C rise transformer in a 30˚C ambient.

Following and followed by a constant load of:

Peak Load Time 90% 70% 50%
1/2 hr. 1.33 1.43 1.49
1 hr. 1.21 1.25 1.28
2 hr. 1.14 1.15 1.10
4 hr. 1.09 1.10 1.10
8 hr. 1.05 1.06 1.06

25
POWER-DRY™ Transformers

Application Heat Contribution

(cont.) Heat contribution is the heat a transformer may contribute to its environment. This may
represent additional air conditioning burden in summer months, or may be used in calculating
heating requirements during winter months. This heat is the result of transformer losses and is
a function, in part, of loading. The following table demonstrates the effect of loading on heat
contribution.

Typical Heat Contribution High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 480Y/277V

kVA % Load BTU/HR
225 kVA 25% 5,206
50% 8,585
75% 14,216
100% 22,100
125% 32,236
133% 35,956
300 kVA 25% 6,078
50% 10,030
75% 16,618
100% 25,840
125% 37,698
133% 42,048
500 kVA 25% 9,212
50% 14,408
75% 23,067
100% 35,190
125% 50,777
133% 56,496
750 kVA 25% 11,199
50% 19,295
75% 32,789
100% 51,680
125% 75,969
133% 84,881
1000 kVA 25% 14,280
50% 24,480
75% 41,480
100% 65,280
125% 95,880
133% 107,108
1500 kVA 25% 20,145
50% 32,640
75% 53,465
100% 82,620
125% 120,105
133% 133,860
2000 kVA 25% 23,099
50% 38,335
75% 63,729
100% 99,280
125% 144,989
133% 161,761
2500 kVA 25% 28,220
50% 43,520
75% 69,020
100% 104,720
125% 150,620
133% 167,462
3000 kVA 25% 32,598
50% 49,810
75% 78,498
100% 118,660
125% 170,298
133% 189,245

26
 UNI-CAST™ Transformers

FPO

Description UNI-CAST™ transformers are an ideal choice for industries such as pharmaceuticals, food
and beverage, and medical, as well as other industrial and commercial installations. UNI-CAST
transformers combine the best features of vacuum cast-coil transformers with conventional
vacuum-pressure impregnated (VPI) dry-type transformers. The primary windings are completely
impregnated with epoxy resin which, in combination with fiberglass cloth and tape, forms the
solid dielectric system. The secondary windings are wrapped in epoxy-impregnated Nomex®
insulation and baked to bond the conductor and Nomex insulation. Then, the windings are
encapsulated using the VPI process and the end cavities are sealed with air-dried epoxy. This
combination provides not only high reliability, but an economical solution for many applications.

Applicable A. IEEE C57.12.01—Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Standards Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings.

B. ANSI C57.12.50—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribution Transformers,

1–500 kVA Single-Phase and 15–500 kVA Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601-34,500 Volts,
Low Voltage 120–600 Volts.

C. ANSI C57.12.51—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA

and Larger Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601-34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 208Y/120-4160
Volts.

D. ANSI C57.12.55-1987, Conformance Standard for Transformers—Dry-Type Transformers

Used in Unit Installations, Including Unit Substations.

E. IEEE C57.12.59-1989, Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration

(ANSI).

F. ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (Reaff 1993), Terminal Markings and Connections for Distribution and
Power Transformers.

G. IEEE C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution
Transformers (ANSI).

H. IEEE C57.12.91—Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

I. IEEE C57.96-1989, Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
(ANSI).

J. IEEE C57.124-1991, Recommended Practice for the Detection of Partial Discharges and
the Measurement of Apparent Charge in Dry-Type Transformers (ANSI).

27
UNI-CAST™ Transformers

Specifications A. The transformer(s) shall be the substation type with side-wall mounted primary and secondary
terminations.

B. Transformer(s) shall be UNI-CAST, dry-type construction, mounted in a suitable, ventilated

[indoor] [outdoor] enclosure.

C. The average temperature rise of the transformer windings shall not exceed 100˚C when the
transformer is operated at full nameplate AA and FA rating. The transformer(s) shall be
capable of carrying 100% of nameplate kVA rating in a 40˚C maximum, 30˚C average
ambient as defined by IEEE C57.12.02.

D. Terminations shall be side-wall mounted for: [close-coupling to high and low voltage
switchgear sections] [close-coupling to high voltage switchgear on the primary side and
terminating in an air-filled terminal chamber for cable connections to the low voltage side]
[close-coupling to low voltage switchgear on the secondary side and termination in an
air-filled terminal compartment on the primary side for cable entrance] [terminations within
air-filled terminal chambers on both high voltage and low voltage side for cable entrance
and exit].

E. Primary and secondary locators shall be as follows: [primary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s right when facing the transformer front.] [primary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front].

F. The transformer(s) shall be rated [________kVA AA] [________/________kVA AA/FFA];

[________/________kVA AA/FA]. Primary voltage ________volts delta. Secondary voltage
________volts [wye] [delta], [3-wire] [4-wire], 60 Hz with two 2-1/2% full-capacity above
normal and two 2-1/2% full-capacity below normal primary taps. Impedance shall be
[________%] [manufacturer’s standard impedance] ±7-1/2%. Sound level shall not exceed
[the maximum specified by NEMA TR-1,1980 for the applicable kVA size of dry-type
transformer] [________dB].

G. Forced air cooling shall increase the allowable full-load kVA by 33-1/3%.

H. Both high voltage and low voltage windings shall be of [aluminum] [copper] conductors. HV
windings shall each be separately cast as one rigid tubular coil, and arranged coaxially. Each
primary coil shall be fully reinforced with glass cloth, and cast under vacuum to provide
complete, void-free resin impregnation throughout the entire insulation system. Reinforcement
with suspended particulate matter (filled resin) is not acceptable. The coil supports shall
maintain constant pressure during thermal expansion and contraction of the coils. There shall
be no rigid mechanical connection between high voltage and low voltage coils. The low
voltage windings shall be made with full width sheet. The secondary windings shall be
completely wrapped in epoxy-impregnated Nomex ®. Then, the windings shall be encapsulated
using a vacuum pressure impregnation. To seal the end cavities, the coil ends shall be potted
with an air-dried epoxy.

I. The impulse rating of the high voltage windings must be at least equal to the basic impulse
level specified by IEEE C57.12.91 for oil-filled transformers of the same voltage class,
without the use of supplemental surge arresters.

J. The impulse rating of the low voltage winding must be at least 10 kV for low voltage windings
rated 1.2 kV and below.

28
 UNI-CAST™ Transformers

Specifications K. The transformer core shall be constructed of high grade, grain-oriented silicone steel
(cont.) laminations, with high magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux density is to be kept well below
the saturation point. The core shall be cruciform in shape, with mitered joints to keep core
losses, excitation current, and noise level at a minimum. The outside surfaces of the core shall
be protected against corrosion by painting with a suitable coating after assembly. Core dipping
is not acceptable.

L. The enclosure(s) shall be constructed of heavy-gauge sheet steel, minimum 12 gauge. Units
with ratings greater than 3,750 kVA shall have I-beam construction bases. All ventilating
openings shall be in accordance with NEMA and NEC standards for ventilated enclosures.
Ventilation openings for outgoing air shall be through side panel louvers. Incoming air flow
shall be through the base for optimum air flow to the transformer. The cabinet shall have a
minimum of four [hinged doors] [removable panels; removable panels shall have Bakelite
handle]. The cabinet shall also have door sills for easy panel installation.

M. The base(s) shall be constructed to permit rolling or skidding in any direction, and shall be
equipped with jacking pads designed to be flush with the transformer enclosure.

N. Fan cooling equipment shall included B-phase electronic winding temperature monitor
controlled automatically by a Type K thermocouple placed in the low voltage airduct. The
temperature monitor must contain green, yellow, and red indicating lights. The green lamp
indicates power, while the yellow and red lamps signal that fan and alarm contacts have been
activated. Alarm contacts shall be provided for fans, alarm, and trip function. An audible alarm
must sound when the highest phase temperature exceeds a preset point. The fans must be able
to operate in either manual or automatic mode. Minimum 6 fans shall be provided. Each must
have a minimum 6” diameter blade and shall be controlled automatically by the sensor in the
low voltage air duct. Forced air cooling system shall include: fans, control wiring, controller
with test switch, current limiting fused in the power supply to the controller, indications lights,
alarm silencing relay, auto/manual switch, and necessary accessories to properly control the
system.
O. Provision for future forced air cooling equipment shall include mounting provision for fans,
bussing sized to the fan-cooled rating, and provisions for mounting the fan control system.
P. The transformer shall comply with all applicable portions of NEMA TR-1 and
IEEE C57.12.01.
Q. Testing shall be done in accordance with ANSI C57.12.91 and shall included, as the minimum,
the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No-Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. The transformer windings must be free of partial discharge up to at least 1.2 times the
rated line-to-ground voltage. Each high voltage coil shall be subjected to a partial discharge
test to verify its partial discharge.
11. Impulse Test
12. Temperature Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)
13. Sound Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)

29
UNI-CAST™ Transformers

Application Standard Combinations of High and Low Voltages For Given kVA Range
High Voltage Class Low Voltage Rating kVA Range
208Y/120V 500–1,500 kVA
2.5 kV 240V 500–1,500 kVA
480Y/277V, 600Y/347 500–2,500 kVA
480V, 600V 500–2,500 kVA
208Y/120V 500–1,500 kVA
240V 500–1,500 kVA
5.0 kV 480Y/277V 500– 3,750 kVA
480V 500–3,750 kVA
600Y/347V 500–3,750 kVA
600V 500–3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 500–1,500 kVA
240V 500–1,500 kVA
8.7 kV
480Y/277V, 600Y/347 500–3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 500–3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 500–1,500 kVA
240V 500–1,500 kVA
15.0 kV
480Y/277V, 600Y/347 500 –3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 500–3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 750–1,500 kVA
25.0 kV 240V 750–1,500 kVA
480Y/277V, 600Y/347 750–3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 750–3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 1,000–1,500 kVA
34.5 kV 240V 1,000–1,500 kVA
480Y/277V, 600Y/347 1,000– 3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 1,000– 3,750 kVA
The above combinations are based on standard designs. Other than standard designs may place further restrictions on the
availability of voltage and kVA combinations. Consult factory for final determination.

Basic Insulations Levels (BIL)

Standard BILs Optional BILs
kV
Class BIL Induced Applied BIL Induced Applied
(kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV) (kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV)
1.2 10 4 30 10
2.5 45 15 60 19
Twice Twice
5.0 60 19 75 26
Normal Normal
7.2 60 Voltage 19 75 Voltage 26
8.7 75 26 95 34
15.0 95 34 110 34
25.0 125 40 150 50
35.0 150 50 200 70

Sound Level
kVA Rating Self Cooled Rating (dB) Fan Cooled Rating (dB)
500 kVA 60 67
750 kVA 64 67
1000 kVA 64 67
1500 kVA 65 68
2000 kVA 66 69
2500 kVA 68 71
3000 kVA 68 71
3750 kVA 71 73

Typical Performance Data High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 600V Class
No Full Efficiency
Load Load Total Maximum
kVA
Losses Losses Losses 133% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25% Efficiency
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
500 2,200 7,700 9,900 97.68 97.77 98.06 98.29 98.38 97.90 98.45% @ 51.00% Load
750 2,700 11,000 13,700 97.83 97.92 98.21 98.44 98.57 98.23 98.57% @ 49.50% Load
1,000 3,400 12,000 15,400 98.18 98.26 98.48 98.66 98.74 98.37 98.74% @ 53.20% Load
1,500 4,700 15,000 19,700 98.46 98.52 98.70 98.85 98.89 98.52 98.89% @ 55.98% Load
2,000 6,100 20,000 26,100 98.46 98.53 98.71 98.86 98.90 98.55 99.91% @ 55.23% Load
2,500 7,700 21,000 28,700 98.67 98.72 98.87 98.97 98.97 98.58 98.99% @ 60.55% Load

30
 UNI-CAST™ Transformers

Application Typical Performance Data

(cont.) Regulation
kVA %IZ %IR %IX X/R Ratio
1.0 PF .9 PF .8 PF .7 PF
500 5.75 1.54 5.53 3.59 1.69 3.89 4.62 5.07
750 5.75 1.46 5.56 3.79 1.62 3.84 4.57 5.04
1000 5.75 1.20 5.63 4.68 1.36 3.63 4.41 4.90
1500 5.75 1.00 5.66 5.66 1.16 3.48 4.27 4.80
2000 5.75 1.00 5.66 5.66 1.16 3.48 4.27 4.80
2500 5.75 0.84 5.69 6.77 1.00 3.35 4.17 4.71

Standard Impedance Ratings

High Voltage Low Voltage Ratings
BIL Ratings 208Y/120V, 240V 480Y/277V, 480V
45–150 kV 5.75% IZ 5.75% IZ
200, 250 kV 7.5% IZ 6.75% IZ

Loading
UNI-CAST transformers are designed to operate at rated load with rated voltage and frequency
applied in “usual service” conditions. It is possible to carry overloads without loss of life
expectancy. The following table shows the permissible overloads that may be carried only if
occurring once in any 24-hour period without loss of transformer life expectancy given an 100˚C
rise transformer in a 30˚C ambient.
Following and followed by a constant load of:
Peak Load Time 90% 70% 50%
1/2 hr. 1.33 1.43 1.50
1 hr. 1.21 1.25 1.28
2 hr. 1.15 1.15 1.16
4 hr. 1.12 1.12 1.12
8 hr. 1.10 1.10 1.10

Heat Contribution
Heat contribution is the heat a transformer may contribute to its environment. This may represent
additional air conditioning burden in summer months, or may be used in calculating heating
requirements during winter months. This heat is the result of transformer losses and is a function,
in part, of loading. The following table demonstrates the effect of loading on heat contribution.

Typical Heat Contribution High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 480Y/277V

kVA % Load BTU/HR kVA % Load BTU/HR
500 kVA 25% 9,116 1500 kVA 25% 19,168
50% 14,025 50% 28,730
75% 22,206 75% 44,668
100% 33,660 100% 66,980
125% 48,386 125% 95,668
133% 53,790 133% 106,194
750 kVA 25% 11,518 2000 kVA 25% 24,990
50% 18,530 50% 37,740
75% 30,218 75% 58,990
100% 46,580 100% 88,740
125% 67,618 125% 126,990
133% 75,337 133% 141,025
1000 kVA 25% 14,110 2500 kVA 25% 30,643
50% 21,760 50% 44,030
75% 34,510 75% 66,343
100% 52,360 100% 97,580
125% 75,310 125% 137,743
133% 83,731 133% 152,479

31
32
 POWER-CAST® Transformers

FPO

Description The POWER-CAST ® three-phase, cast-epoxy unit substation-type transformers are

particularly suited for applications requiring a dry-type transformer with superior
performance characteristics. The windings are completely impregnated with epoxy resin, which in
combination with fiberglass cloth and tape, form the solid dielectric system. This system protects
the windings from moisture and environmental airborne contaminants and provides exceptional
strength to withstand extreme thermal shock and the mechanical forces of short circuit. These
transformers meet the more stringent ANSI standards for liquid-filled transformers, but have the
added advantages of a dry-type, making POWER-CAST transformers an ideal replacement for the
PCB-filled or PCB-contaminated units. POWER-CAST units are available in both indoor or
outdoor enclosures.
If required, special enclosures can be designed to rotate the unit 90° to better fit in space
previously occupied by a PCB-filled unit.

Combustion byproducts of POWER-CAST transformers have been tested and documented to be

environmentally safe and nonflammable. Each high voltage winding is partial-discharge tested
to ensure the reliability of the high voltage dielectric system. All units manufactured receive
the standard production test as prescribed by ANSI C57.12.91.

Applicable
Standards A. IEEE C57.12.01—Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings.

B. ANSI C57.12.50—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribution Transformers,

1–500 kVA Single-Phase and 15–500 kVA Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601–34,500 Volts,
Low Voltage 120–600 Volts.

C. ANSI C57.12.51—Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA and
Larger Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601–34,500 Volts, Low Voltage 208Y/120-416 Volts.

D. IEEE C57.12.91—Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

33
POWER-CAST® Transformers

Specifications—
Cast Coil Substation A. The transformer(s) shall be the substation type with side-wall mounted primary and secondary
Transformer terminations.

B. Transformer(s) shall be of solid-cast, dry-type construction, mounted in a suitable, ventilated

[indoor] [outdoor] enclosure.

C. The average temperature rise of the transformer windings shall not exceed 80˚C when the
transformer is operated at full nameplate AA and FA rating. The transformer(s) shall be
capable of carrying 100% of nameplate kVA rating in a 40˚C maximum, 30˚C average
ambient as defined by IEEE C57.12.01.

D. Terminations shall be side-wall mounted for: [close-coupling to high and low voltage
switchgear sections] [close-coupling to high voltage switchgear on the primary side and
terminating in an air-filled terminal chamber for cable connections to the low voltage side]
[close-coupling to low voltage switchgear on the secondary side and termination in an
air-filled terminal compartment on the primary side for cable entrance] [terminations within
air-filled terminal chambers on both high voltage and low voltage side for cable entrance
and exit].
E. Primary and secondary locators shall be as follows: [primary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s right when facing the transformer front] [primary: ANSI Segment 4, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front; secondary: ANSI Segment 2, i.e. to
observer’s left when facing the transformer front].

F. The transformer(s) shall be rated [________kVA AA] [________/________kVA AA/FFA]

[________/________kVA AA/FA]. Primary voltage ________volts delta. Secondary voltage
________volts [wye] [delta], [3-wire] [4-wire], 60 Hz with two 2-1/2% full-capacity above
normal and two 2-1/2% full-capacity below normal primary taps. Impedance shall be
[________%] [manufacturer’s standard impedance], ±7-1/2%. Sound level shall not exceed
[the maximum specified by NEMA TR-1,1980 for the applicable kVA size of dry-type
transformer] [________dB].

G. Forced air cooling shall increase the allowable full-load kVA by [33-1/3%] [50%]. NOTE:
50% increase is not available for transformers rated 500 kVA and 750 kVA or above 5000
kVA while also maintaining an 80˚C rise.

H. Both high and low voltage windings shall be of copper conductors. High and low voltage
windings shall each be separately cast as one rigid tubular coil, and arranged coaxially. Each
cast coil shall be fully reinforced with glass cloth, and cast under vacuum to provide complete,
void-free resin impregnation throughout the entire insulation system. Reinforcement with
suspended particulate matter (filled-resin) is not acceptable. The coil supports shall maintain
constant pressure during thermal expansion and contraction of the coils. There shall be no
rigid mechanical connection between high and low voltage coils.

I. The windings must not absorb moisture, and shall be suitable for both storage and operation in
adverse environments, including prolonged storage in 100% humidity at temperature from
– 40˚C to + 40˚C and shall be capable of immediately being switched on after such storage
without predrying.

J. The impulse rating of the high voltage windings must be at least equal to the basic impulse
level specified by ANSI C57.12.90 for oil-filled transformers of the same voltage class,
without the use of supplemental surge arresters.

K. The impulse rating of the low voltage winding must be at least [30 kV for low voltage
windings rated 1.2 kV and below] [45 kV for low voltage windings rated 2.5 kV and below]
[60 kV for low voltage windings rated 5 kV and below].

34
 POWER-CAST® Transformers

Specifications— L. The transformer core shall be constructed of high grade, grain-oriented silicone steel
Cast Coil Substation laminations, with high magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux density is to be kept well below
Transformer (cont.) the saturation point. The core shall be cruciform in shape, with mitered joints to keep core
losses, excitation current and noise level at a minimum. The outside surfaces of the core shall
be protected against corrosion by painting with a suitable coating after assembly. Core dipping
is not acceptable.

M. The enclosure(s) shall be constructed of heavy-gauge sheet steel minimum 12-gauge. Units
with ratings greater than 3,750 kVA shall have I-beam construction. All ventilating openings
shall be in accordance with NEMA and NEC standards for ventilated enclosures. Ventilation
openings for outgoing air shall be through side panel louvers. Incoming air flow shall be
through the base for optimum air flow to the transformer. The cabinet shall have a minimum
of four [hinged doors] [removable panels; removable panels shall have Bakelite handles]. The
cabinet shall also have door sills for easy panel installation.

N. The base(s) shall be constructed to permit rolling or skidding in any direction, and shall be
equipped with jacking pads designed to be flush with the transformer enclosure.

O. Fan cooling equipment shall include multi-phase electronic temperature monitor controlled
automatically by sensors placed in the LV air ducts. The temperature monitor must contain
green, yellow, and red indicating lights. The green lamp indicates power, while the yellow and
red lamps signal that fan and alarm contacts have been activated. A 0–1 milliampere output is
required for remote indication. Alarm contacts shall be provided for fans, alarm, and trip
function. An audible alarm must sound when the highest phase temperature exceeds a preset
point. The fans must be able to operate in either manual or automatic mode. A fan exerciser
circuit must operate the cooling fans for approximately one minute every six days. [Minimum
12 fans shall be provided; each fan must have an 8” diameter blade and develop a minimum
400 CFM at 1500 RPM] [Minimum six “squirrel cage” centrifugal blowers shall be required;
each blower must develop a minimum 800 CFM at 1500 RPM] and shall be controlled
automatically by sensors placed in the LV air ducts. Forced air cooling system shall include:
fans, control wiring, controller with test switch, current limiting fuses in the power supply to
the controller, indication lights, alarm silencing relay, and necessary push buttons to properly
control the system.

P. Provision for future forced air cooling equipment shall include mounting provision for fans,
bussing sized to the fan-cooled rating and provisions for mounting the fan control system.

Q. Low voltage bus shall be tin-plated copper throughout.

R. The transformer shall comply with all applicable portions of NEMA TR-1, ANSI C57.12.00
and ANSI C57.12.01.

S. Testing—Testing shall be done in accordance with IEEE C57.12.91 and shall include, as the
minimum, the following tests:
1. Ratio
2. Polarity
3. Phase Rotation
4. No-Load Loss
5. Excitation Current
6. Impedance Voltage
7. Load Loss
8. Applied Potential
9. Induced Potential
10. The transformer windings must be free of partial discharge up to at least 1.2 times the
rated line-to-ground voltage. Each high voltage coil shall be subjected to a partial
discharge test to verify its partial discharge.
11. Impulse Test
12. Temperature Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)
13. Sound Test (typical data from previous unit is acceptable)

35
POWER-CAST® Transformers

Application Standard Combinations of High and Low Voltages For Given kVA Range
Voltage Low Voltage Rating kVA Range
208Y/120V 300 –1,500 kVA
240V 300 –1,500 kVA
2.5 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 300 –2,000 kVA
480V, 600V 300 –2,000 kVA
208Y/120V 300 –1,500 kVA
240V 300 –1,500 kVA
5.0 kV 480Y/277V 300– 3,750 kVA
480V 300 –2,500 kVA
600Y/347 300 –3,750 kVA
600V 300 –2,500 kVA
208Y/120V 300–1,500 kVA
240V 300 –1,500 kVA
8.7 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 300– 3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 300 –2,500 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 1,000 –3,750 kVA
208Y/120V 300 –1,500 kVA
240V 300 –1,500 kVA
15.0 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 300– 3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 300 –2,500 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 1,000–10,000 kVA
208Y/120V 750–1,500 kVA
240V 750 –1,500 kVA
25.0 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 750– 3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 750 –2,500 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 1,000–10,000 kVA
208Y/120V 1,000–1,500 kVA
240V 1,000–1,500 kVA
34.5 kV 480Y/277V, 600Y/347 1,000–3,750 kVA
480V, 600V 1,000–2,500 kVA
2400V, 4160V, 4800V 1,000–10,000 kVA
The above combinations are based on standard designs. Other than standard designs may place further restrictions on the
availability of voltage and kVA combinations. Consult factory for final determination.

Basic Insulations Levels (BIL)

Standard BILs Optional BILs
kV
BIL Induced Applied BIL Induced Applied
Class
(kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV) (kV) Voltage Test Voltage Test (kV)
1.2 30 10 45 15
2.5 45 15 60 19
5.0 60 Twice 19 75 Twice 26
7.2 60 Normal 19 75 Normal 26
8.7 75 Voltage 26 95 Voltage 34
15.0 95 34 110 34
25.0 125 40 150 50
35.0 150 50 200 70

Sound Level
kVA Rating Self Cooled Rating (dB) Fan Cooled Rating (dB)
500 kVA 60 67
750 kVA 64 67
1000 kVA 64 67
1500 kVA 65 68
2000 kVA 66 69
2500 kVA 68 71
3000 kVA 68 71
3750 kVA 71 73
5000 kVA 71 74
7500 kVA 73 76
10,000 kVA 80 83

36
 POWER-CAST® Transformers

Application Typical Performance Data High Voltage — 15 kV Class, Low Voltage — 600V Class
(cont.) No Full Efficiency
Load Load Total
kVA Maximum Efficiency
Losses Losses Losses
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts) 133% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25%
500 2,400 5,000 7,400 98.34 98.39 98.54 98.63 98.56 97.88 98.63% @ 69% Load
750 2,800 9,000 11,800 98.16 98.23 98.45 98.62 98.67 98.24 98.68% @ 56% Load
1,000 3,500 9,600 13,100 98.48 98.54 98.71 98.83 98.83 98.39 98.85% @ 60% Load
1,500 5,000 11,600 16,600 98.74 98.78 98.91 98.99 98.96 98.50 98.99% @ 66% Load
2,000 6,500 15,500 22,000 98.74 98.79 98.91 99.00 98.97 98.53 99.01% @ 65% Load
2,500 7,200 18,500 25,700 98.81 98.86 98.98 99.07 99.06 98.68 99.09% @ 63% Load
3,000 8,500 19,500 28,000 98.93 98.97 99.08 99.14 99.12 98.72 99.15% @ 66% Load
3,750 10,500 24,000 34,500 98.95 98.99 99.09 99.15 99.13 98.74 99.16% @ 66% Load
5,000* 14,000 25,500 39,500 99.12 99.15 99.22 99.25 99.19 98.77 99.25% @ 74% Load
7,500* 16,500 29,500 46,000 99.32 99.34 99.39 99.42 99.37 99.03 99.42% @ 75% Load
10,000* 22,000 33,000 55,000 99.40 99.41 99.45 99.46 99.40 99.05 99.46% @ 82% Load
* 5,000 kVA; 7,500 kVA; and 10,000 kVA are listed with 5 kV secondaries.

Typical Performance Data

Regulation
kVA %IR %IX X/R Ratio
1.0 PF .9 PF .8 PF .7 PF
500 1.00 5.66 5.66 1.16 3.48 4.27 4.80
750 1.20 5.63 4.68 1.36 3.63 4.41 4.90
1,000 0.96 5.67 5.90 1.12 3.44 4.25 4.77
1,500 0.77 5.69 7.36 0.94 3.29 4.12 4.67
2,000 0.77 5.69 7.35 0.94 3.30 4.12 4.67
2,500 0.74 5.70 7.70 0.90 3.27 4.10 4.65
3,000 0.65 5.71 8.79 0.81 3.19 4.04 4.60
3,750 0.64 5.71 8.93 0.80 3.19 4.03 4.59
5,000 0.51 5.48 10.74 0.66 2.96 3.78 4.33
7,500 0.39 5.49 14.07 0.54 2.86 3.69 4.26
10,000 0.33 5.49 16.61 0.48 2.81 3.65 4.22

Standard Impedance Ratings

High Voltage Low Voltage Ratings
BIL Ratings 208Y/120V, 480Y/277V, 2400-4800V
240V 480V
45–150 kV 6.5% IZ 5.75% IZ 5.5% IZ
200, 250 kV 7.5% IZ 6.75% IZ 6.5% IZ

Loading
POWER-CAST transformers are designed to operate at rated load with rated voltage and
frequency applied in “usual service” conditions. It is possible to carry overloads without loss of
life expectancy. The following table shows the permissible overloads that may be carried only
if occurring once in any 24-hour period without loss of transformer life expectancy given an
80˚C rise transformer in a 30˚C ambient.
Following and followed by a constant load of:
Peak Load Time 90% 70% 50%
1/2 hr. 1.86 1.60 1.68
1 hr. 1.30 1.35 1.37
2 hr. 1.20 1.20 1.22
4 hr. 1.15 1.15 1.15
8 hr. 1.12 1.12 1.12

37
39
Square D Company
1609 Airport Road,
Monroe, NC 28110 USA
Schneider Canada
19 Waterman Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4B 1Y2

SQUARE D, , I-LINE, POWER-CAST are

Registered Trademarks of Square D Company
POWER-DRY and UNI-CAST are Trademarks
of Square D Company

Bay-O-Net, R-Temp, and Arc Strangler are Registered

Trademarks of Cooper Industries.

561 is a Trademark of Dow Corning Corporation.

Nomex is a Registered Trademark of Dupont.

Order No. 0150SC9402 Printed in the USA

Replaces M0-16 25K DL 3/95 ©1995 Square D Company