JAVA SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

[Link] is the significance of each word in public static void main(String args[])?

Ans: "public" means that main() can be called from anywhere.

"static" means that main() doesn't belong to a specific object
"void" means that main() returns no value
"main" is the name of a function. main() is special because it is the start of the program.
"String[]" means an array of String.
"args" is the name of the String[] (within the body of main()). "args" is not special; you could
name it anything else and the program would work the same.

2. What is the use of super keyword?

Ans: 1) super.<variable_name> refers to the variable of variable of parent class.

2) super() invokes the constructor of immediate parent class.
3) super.<method_name> refers to the method of parent class.

Example:

class Parentclass
{
int num=100;
}
//Child class or subclass
class Subclass extends Parentclass
{
int num=110;
void printNumber(){
//Super.variable_name
[Link]([Link]);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Subclass obj= new Subclass();
[Link]();
}
}
Output: 100

3. What is the normal priority of a thread and how the priority of a thread can be changed?

Ans: JVM selects to run a Runnable thread with the highest priority.
All Java threads have a priority in the range 1-10.
Top priority is 10, lowest priority is [Link]
priority ie. priority by default is 5.
Thread.MIN_PRIORITY - minimum thread priority
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY - maximum thread priority
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY - maximum thread priority
Whenever a new Java thread is created it has the same priority as the thread which created it.
Thread priority can be changed by the setpriority() method.

4. List different collection classes and collection interfaces?

Java Collections Classes Java Collections Interfaces

 HashSet Class  Collection Interface
 TreeSet Class  Iterator Interface
 ArrayList Class  Set Interface
 LinkedList Class  List Interface
 HashMap Class  Queue Interface
 TreeMap Class  Dequeue Interface
 PriorityQueue Class  Map Interface
 ListIterator Interface
 SortedSet Interface
 SortedMap Interface

5. What is the use of string Tokenizer?

Ans: The [Link] class allows you to break a string into tokens. It is simple
way to break string.

It doesn't provide the facility to differentiate numbers, quoted strings, identifiers etc. like
StreamTokenizer class.

The tokenization method is much simpler than the one used by the StreamTokenizer class. The
StringTokenizer methods do not distinguish among identifiers, numbers, and quoted strings, nor
do they recognize and skip comments

Example:

import [Link];
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("my name is khan"," ");
while ([Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
 }

Output:my
name
is
khan

6. Explain the delegation event model?

Ans: The event model is based on the Event Source and Event Listeners. Event Listener
is an object that receives the messages / events. The Event Source is any object which
creates the message / event. The Event Delegation model is based on – The Event
Classes, The Event Listeners, Event Objects.

There are three participants in event delegation model in Java;

- Event Source – the class which broadcasts the events

- Event Listeners – the classes which receive notifications of events
- Event Object – the class object which describes the event.

An event occurs (like mouse click, key press, etc) which is followed by the event is
broadcasted by the event source by invoking an agreed method on all event listeners. The
event object is passed as argument to the agreed-upon method. Later the event listeners
respond as they fit, like submit a form, displaying a message / alert etc.

7. List the different AWT controls?

Ans: - Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application.
- A component is a graphical object.
- A few examples of components are:
1. Button
2. Canvas
3. Checkbox
4. Choice
5. Container
6. Label
7. List
8. Scrollbar
9. TextComponent

8. what is serialization? Which type of variables cannot be serialized?

Ans: To serialize an object means to convert its state to a byte stream so that the byte
stream can be reverted back into a copy of the object. A Java object is serializable if its
class or any of its superclasses implements either the [Link] interface or its
subinterface, [Link].
 Static and transcient variables cannot be serialized

9. What is the use of data output stream in java and push back reader?

Ans: The [Link] class lets an application write primitive Java

datatypes to an output stream in a portable way. An application can
then use a data inputstream to read the data back in.

The PushbackReader class allows one or more characters to be returned to the input stream.
This allows you to peek in the input stream.

Here are its two constructors:

 PushbackReader(Reader inputStream)
creates a buffered stream that allows one character to be pushed back.
 PushbackReader(Reader inputStream, int bufSize)
the size of the pushback buffer is passed in bufSize.
 10. Differences between overriding and overloading?

Overriding Overloading

1) Methods name and signatures must be same. 1) Having same method name with different
Signatures.
2)Overriding is the concept of runtime
polymorphism 2)Overloading is the concept of compile time
polymorphism
3)When a function of base class is re-defined
in the derived class called as Overriding 3)Two functions having same name and return
type, but with different type and/or number of
4)It needs inheritance. arguments is called as Overloading

5)Method should have same data type. 4)It doesn't need inheritance.

6)Method should be public. 5)Method can have different data types

6)Methods can be different access specifies.

11. what are the different states of a thread?

A thread can be in one of the following states:

 NEW. A thread that has not yet started is in this state.

 RUNNABLE. A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
 BLOCKED. A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock is in this state.
 WAITING. ...
 TIMED_WAITING. ...
 TERMINATED.

12. What is the result of java expression 17.0/0.0?

Ans: A divide by zero error generates a processor exception which triggers an interrupt.
The interrupt is "read" by the operating system and forwarded to the program if a handler is
registered. Since Java registers a handler, it receives the error and then translates it into
an ArithmeticException that travels up the stack.

13. Which is the base class for all events?

Ans: The base class, from which all events inherit, is [Link]. AWT defines
its own base class for GUI events, [Link], which is subclassed from
EventObject. AWT then defines a number of subclasses of AWTEvent in the package
[Link].

14. Differences between a component and a container?

Containers
Containers hold and organize your Components, but they also contain code for event handling
and many 'niceties' such as controlling the cursor image and the application's icon.
Containers:
 Frame
 Window
 Dialog
 Panel

Component
Components are generally the stuff that the user interacts with your application.

List of common Components

 List
 Scrollbar
 TextArea
 TextField
 Choice
 Button
 Label
15. How many catch clauses can a try/catch statement contain?
Ans: 1. A try block can have any number of catch blocks.
2. A catch block that is written for catching the class Exception can catch all other exceptions
Syntax:
catch(Exception e){
//This catch block catches all the exceptions
}
3. If multiple catch blocks are present in a program then the above mentioned catch block
should be placed at the last as per the exception handling best practices.
4. If the try block is not throwing any exception, the catch block will be completely ignored
and the program continues.

5. If the try block throws an exception, the appropriate catch block (if one exists) will catch it
–catch(ArithmeticException e) is a catch block that can catch ArithmeticException
–catch(NullPointerException e) is a catch block that can catch NullPointerException
6. All the statements in the catch block will be executed and then the program continues.

Example:

class Example2{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int a[]=new int[7];
a[4]=30/0;
[Link]("First print statement in try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
[Link]("Warning: ArithmeticException");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
 [Link]("Warning: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
}
catch(Exception e){
[Link]("Warning: Some Other exception");
}
[Link]("Out of try-catch block...");
}
}

16. Difference between iterator and list-iterator?

There are two differences: We can use Iterator to traverse Set and List and also Map type
of Objects. While aListIterator can be used to traverse for List-type Objects, but not for
Set-type of Objects. ... By using Iterator we can retrieve the elements from Collection
Object in forward direction only

List-Iterator Iterator
Traversal Both , forward
Direction and backward Forward
Map, Set and
Objects traversal List only List
Add and Set Allows both
operations operations Not possible
Iterator's current Yes , can be
position determined Not possible.
Retrieve Index Yes Not possible

17. What is the purpose of any [Link] class that contains word buffer in its class?

Ans: Package [Link]. Provides for system input and output through data streams,
serialization and the file system. A Closeable is a source or destination of data that can be
closed. ... Serializability of a class is enabled by the class implementing
[Link] interface.

18. What are the differences between start() and run() in java threads?

Ans: The difference is that [Link]() starts a thread, while [Link]() just calls
a method. Actually [Link]() creates a new thread and have its own execution
scenario. ... Another difference between start vs run in Java thread is that you can not
call start() method twice on thread object.
 Examples:

[Link]()

Thread one = new Thread();

Thread two = new Thread();
[Link]();
[Link]();

[Link]()

Thread one = new Thread();

Thread two = new Thread();
[Link]();
[Link]();

19. Write differences between public and default access levels of a member of a class

The basic Accessibility Modifiers are of 4 types in Java. They are

1. public
2. protected
3. package/default
4. private
 Public: If top level class or interface within a package is declared as Public, then it is
accessible both inside and outside of the package.
 Default: If no access modifier is specified in the declaration of the top level class or
interface, then it is accessible only within package level. It is not accessible in
other packages or sub packages.

20. What are the differences between capacity and size of a vector class?

Return Method Explanation

int capacity() Returns the current capacity of this vector.
Int size() Returns the number of components in this vector.

After capacity, we can set size and we can get size() of a vector class.

21. Difference between function and method? Define instance method?

Sno Functions Methods

1 Functions do not have any Methods are called b reference variables
reference variables
2 All data that is passed to a It is implicitly passed the object for which
function is explicitly passed it was called
3 It does not have access controlling It has access controlling
 4 Function applies to both object Method applies to only object oriented
oriented and non-object oriented programming languages.
language
5 Eg: javascript Eg: c++, java

A instance method is associated with and operates upon an object. Therefore, it is necessary
to create an instance of that class in order to invoke such a method.

Example
class InstanceMethod
{
public static void main(String [] args){
InstanceMethod obj = new InstanceMethod();// because that method we wrote is
instance we will write an object to call it
[Link]([Link](3,2));
}
int f;
public double sum(int x,int y){// this method is instance method

f = x+y;
return f;
}
}

22. What is hashcode? How do you find hash code of an object?

Ans: The hashcode of a Java Object is simply a number, it is 32-bit signed int, that allows an
object to be managed by a hash-based data structure. hash code is an unique id number
allocated to an object by JVM. If two objects are equals then these two objects should return
same hash code.

Finding hash code of an object:

Basically the default implementation of hashCode() provided by Object is derived by

mapping the memory address to an integer value. If look into the source of Object class , you
will find the following code for the hashCode

23. what is the scope of default access specifier in java? How it is different from
protected access specifier?
Ans: Java provides a default specifier which is used when no access modifier is present.
Any class, field, method or constructor that has no declared access modifier is accessible
only by classes in the same package. The default modifier is not used for fields and
methods within an interface.
 Difference:
A member with no access modifier is only accessible within classes in the same package.
A protected member is accessible within all classes in the samepackage and within
subclasses in other packages.

24. what is the difference between throw and throws clause in java?

sno throw Throws

1 Java throw keyword is used to explicitly Java throws keyword is used to declare
throw an exception an exception
2 Checked exception cannot be propagated Checked exception can be propagated
using throw only. with throws.
3 Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
4 Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method
signature.
5 You cannot throw multiple exceptions You can declare multiple exceptions
6 void m(){ Public void method()throws
IOException,SQLException
throw new ArithmeticException("sorry");
}

25. What is string constant pool?

Ans: It is a special place where the collection of references to string objects are placed.

public class StringConstantPool {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "prasad";
String s2 = "prasad";

[Link]([Link](s2));
[Link](s == s2);
}
}
Output: True
True
In below diagram

 The class is loaded when JVM is invoked.

 JVM will look for all the string literals in the program
 First, it finds the variable s which refers to the literal “prasad” and it will be created in
the memory
  A reference for the literal “prasad” will be placed in the string constant pool memory.
 Then it finds another variable s2 which is referring to the same string literal “prasad“.
 Now that JVM has already found a string literal “prasad“, both the variables sand s2 wil
refer to the same object i.e. “prasad“.

public class StringConstantPool {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "prasad";
String s2 = new String("prasad");
[Link]([Link](s2));
[Link](s == s2);

}
}
Output
True
False

 The contents of both objects are the same so equals method returns true
 The objects referred by both variables are different so == operator returns false
26. Does collection object stores copies of other objects or their references in java? what
is a collection framework?
The collection object stores references to the objects, not a copy.
The Java collections framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces that implement
commonly reusable collection data structures. Although referred to as aframework, it
works in a manner of a library. The JCF provides both interfaces that define
various collections and classes that implement them.

27. State the default priority of a thread? What is a daemon thread?

JVM selects to run a Runnable thread with the highest priority.

All Java threads have a priority in the range 1-10.
Top priority is 10, lowest priority is 1.
Normal priority ie. priority by default is 5.

A daemon thread is a thread that does not prevent the JVM from exiting when the
program finishes but the thread is still running. An example for a daemon thread is the
garbage collection. You can use the setDaemon(boolean) method to change theThread
daemon properties before the thread starts

28. Explain event handling mechanism?

Any action that user performs on a GUI component must be listened and necessary action
should to be taken. For example, if a user clicks on a Exit button, then we need to write
code to exit the program. So for this, we need to know that the user has clicked the button.
This process of knowing is called as listening and the action done by the user is called an
event. Writing the corresponding code for a user action is called as Event handling.
The [Link] package provides many event classes and Listener interfaces for
event handling.
Event Classes Listener Interfaces

ActionEvent ActionListener
MouseEvent MouseListener and
MouseMotionListene
r
MouseWheelEven MouseWheelListener
t
KeyEvent KeyListener
ItemEvent ItemListener
TextEvent TextListener
AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener
WindowEvent WindowListener
ComponentEvent ComponentListener
ContainerEvent ContainerListener
FocusEvent FocusListener
 Following steps are required to perform event handling:
1. Implement the Listener interface and overrides its methods
2. Register the component with the Listener

Sample code:

public class ButtonDemo extends Frame implements ActionListener

{
public ButtonDemo()
{
Button btn = new Button("OK");
[Link](this);
add(btn);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
String str = [Link]();
}
}
29. List different layouts?

 BorderLayout.
 BoxLayout.
 CardLayout.
 FlowLayout.
 GridBagLayout.
 GridLayout.
 GroupLayout.
 SpringLayout

30. Is it possible to compile and run the java program without main method?

Yes You can compile and execute without main method By using static block. But after
static block executed (printed) you will get an error saying no main method found.

31. What is the difference between #include and import?

#include directive makes the compiler go to the C/C++ standard library and copy the code
from the header files into the program. As a result, the program size increases, thus
wasting memory and processor’s time.
import statement makes the JVM go to the Java standard library, execute the code there ,
and substitute the result into the program. Here, no code is copied and hence no waste of
memory or processor’s [Link] import is an efficient mechanism than #include.
32. Define terms widening and narrowing?
For a primitive data types, a value narrower data type can be converted to a value of a
broader data type without loss of information. This is called Widening conversion. For
example an int is directly converted to a double without first having to convert it to a long
and a float.

Converting from a broader data type to a narrower data type is called narrowing
conversion, which can result in loss of information. For example conversion between char
and byte and short are narrowing conversions. For example byte takes 8 bits, short takes
16 bits, int takes 32 bits, long takes 64 bits. Conversion of short to int or int to long is
widening conversion and conversion of int to short is a narrowing conversion

Java's widening conversions are

From a byte to a short, an int, a long, a float, or a double

From a short to an int, a long, a float, or a double
From a char to an int, a long, a float, or a double
From an int to a long, a float, or a double
From a long to a float or a double
From a float to a double

Narrow conversions

From a byte to a char

From a short to a byte or a char
From a char to a byte or a short
From an int to a byte, a short, or a char
From a long to a byte, a short, a char, or an int
From a float to a byte, a short, a char, an int, or a long
From a double to a byte, a short, a char, an int, a long, or a float

33. why methods in interface are public and abstract by default? Can you implement
from interface from another?
Java interface methods aren't only public by default - they can only be public. The
reason for this is because an interface method is a specification meant for consumption
by the public (in Java terms - meaning, in any class). The interface method enforces that
the implementing class method is public.
 interfaces have no implementation so that's not possible. An interface canhowever
extend another interface, which means it can add more methods and inherit its type.

34. List out advantages of stream concept? What is the default buffer size for any
buffered class?

A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to read data from a
source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination. InputStream and
OutputStream are the basic stream classes in Java.

All the other streams just add capabilities to the basics, like the ability to read a whole chunk of
data at once for performance reasons (BufferedInputStream) or convert from one kind of
character set to Java's native unicode (Reader), or say where the data is coming from
(FileInputStream, SocketInputStream and ByteArrayInputStream, etc.)

A FileInputStream is an InputStream to obtain bytes from a file. It is used for reading inputs of
raw bytes such as image data. It can read byte oriented data.

The default buffer size of 8192 chars

35. Can you synchronize arraylist object?

ArrayList is non-synchronized and should not be used in multi-thread environment

without explicit synchronization.

There are two ways to synchronize explicitly:

1. Using [Link]() method

2. Using thread-safe variant of ArrayList: CopyOnWriteArrayList

36. Difference between extends thread between implements runnable ?

Thread is a block of code which can execute concurrently with other threads in the JVM. You
can create and run a thread in either ways; Extending Thread class,
Implementing Runnableinterface.

Both approaches do the same job but there have been some differences. The most common
difference is

 When you extends Thread class, after that you can’t extend any other class which you
required. (As you know, Java does not allow inheriting more than one class).
 When you implements Runnable, you can save a space for your class to extend any other
class in future or now.

However, the significant difference is.

 When you extends Thread class, each of your thread creates unique object and associate with
it.
 When you implements Runnable, it shares the same object to multiple threads.
37. why private methods and final methods are same justify
A private method is automatically final and hidden from its derived class. A final class is
not hidden from its derived class. Therefore you can make a new class with the same name
as the private method such as
class test {
private void works {
}
}
class tester extends test {
private void works {
}
}
but you cannot make a new class with the same name as the final method
/*----------Doesn't Work------------*/
class test {
final void dWorks {
}
}
class tester extends test {
final void dWorks {
}
}
38. What is a frame?
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

EXAMPLE:

import [Link].*;
class AWTFrame extends Frame
{
public AWTFrame()
{
setTitle("AWT Frame"); // Set the title
setSize(400,400); // Set size to the frame
setVisible(true); // Make the frame visible
setBackground([Link]); // Set the background
 setExtendedState(MAXIMIZED_BOTH);//Make the frame maximized
setCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR); // Deprecated
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
new AWTFrame();
}
}

39. Write a note on applet?

Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic
content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.

Advantage of Applet

There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

o It works at client side so less response time.

o Secured
o It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux,
Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet
o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

40. Benfits of object oriented programming?

Code Reuse and Recycling: Objects created for Object Oriented Programs can easily be
reused in other programs.

Encapsulation : Once an Object is created, knowledge of its implementation is not

necessary for its use. In older programs, coders needed understand the details of a piece of
code before using it (in this or another program).

Design Benefits: Large programs are very difficult to write. Object Oriented Programs
force designers to go through an extensive planning phase, which makes for better designs
with less flaws. In addition, once a program reaches a certain size, Object Oriented
Programs are actually easier to program than non-Object Oriented ones.

Software Maintenance: Programs are not disposable. Legacy code must be dealt with on a
daily basis, either to be improved upon (for a new version of an exist piece of software) or
 made to work with newer computers and software. An Object Oriented Program is much
easier to modify and maintain than a non-Object Oriented Program. So although a lot of
work is spent before the program is written, less work is needed to maintain it over time.

41. what are iterators ?

Java iterator is an interface belongs to collection framework allow us to traverse the
collection and access the data element of collection without bothering the user about
specific implementation of that collection it. Basically List and set collection provides the
iterator. You can get Iterator from ArrayList, LinkedList, and TreeSet etc.

42. what are comparators?

Comparators are used to compare objects.

obj1 and obj2 are the objects to be compared. comparator method returns zero if the objects are
equal. It returns a positive value if obj1 is greater than obj2. Otherwise, a negative value is
returned.

By overriding compare( ), you can alter the way that objects are ordered. For example, to
sort in a reverse order, you can create a comparator that reverses the outcome of a
comparison.