EXERCISES

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PYTHON
FROM SCRATCH

EXERCISES
1�� edition - updated on Aug 2, 2025

Nilo Ney Coutinho Menezes

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Contents

Exercise 03-15 .............................. 17

Contents
Chapter 04 .........................................18
About the book..........................................9 Exercise 04-01 .............................. 18
Introduction ............................................. 10
Exercise 04-02 .............................. 18
Chapter 02 .............................................. 12
Exercise 02-01 .................................... 12 Exercise 04-03 .............................. 18

Exercise 02-02 .................................... 12 Exercise 04-04 .............................. 18

Exercise 02-03 .................................... 12 Exercise 04-05 .............................. 18

Exercise 02-04 .................................... 12 Exercise 04-06 .............................. 19

Exercise 02-05 .................................... 13 Exercise 04-07 .............................. 19

Exercise 02-06 .................................... 13 Exercise 04-08 .............................. 19

Exercise 02-07 .................................... 13 Exercise 04-09 .............................. 19

Chapter 03 .............................................. 14 Exercise 04-10 .............................. 19

Exercise 03-01 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-11 .............................. 19

Exercise 03-02 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-12 .............................. 20

Exercise 03-03 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-13 .............................. 20

Exercise 03-04 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-14 .............................. 20

Exercise 03-05 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-15 .............................. 21

Exercise 03-06 .................................... 15 Exercise 04-16 .............................. 21

Exercise 03-07 .................................... 15 Chapter 05 .........................................23

Exercise 03-08 .................................... 15 Exercise 05-01 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-09 .................................... 15 Exercise 05-02 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-10 .................................... 16 Exercise 05-03 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-11 .................................... 16 Exercise 05-04 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-12 .................................... 16 Exercise 05-05 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-13 .................................... 16 Exercise 05-06 .............................. 23

Exercise 03-14 .................................... 16 Exercise 05-07 .............................. 24

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Contents

Exercise 05-08 ................................. 24 Exercise 06-05 ................................. 30

Exercise 05-09 ................................. 24 Exercise 06-06 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-10 ................................. 24 Exercise 06-07 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-11 ................................. 25 Exercise 06-08 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-12 ................................. 25 Exercise 06-09 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-13 ................................. 25 Exercise 06-10 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-14 ................................. 25 Exercise 06-11 ................................. 31

Exercise 05-15 ................................. 26 Exercise 06-12 ................................. 32

Exercise 05-16 ................................. 26 Exercise 06-13 ................................. 32

Exercise 05-17 ................................. 26 Exercise 06-14 ................................. 32

Exercise 05-18 ................................. 26 Exercise 06-15 ................................. 32

Exercise 05-19 ................................. 27 Exercise 06-16 ................................. 32

Exercise 05-20 ................................. 27 Exercise 06-17 ................................. 33

Exercise 05-21 ................................. 27 Exercise 06-18 ................................. 33

Exercise 05-22 ................................. 27 Exercise 06-19 ................................. 33

Exercise 05-23 ................................. 27 Exercise 06-20-a .............................. 34

Exercise 05-24 ................................. 28 Exercise 06-20-b ............................. 34

Exercise 05-25 ................................. 28 Exercise 06-21 ................................. 34

Exercise 05-26 ................................. 28 Exercise 06-22 ................................. 34

Exercise 05-27-a .............................. 28 Chapter 07 ............................................36

Exercise 07-01 ................................. 36
Exercise 05-27-b ............................. 29
Exercise 07-02 ................................. 36
Chapter 06 ............................................30
Exercise 06-01 ................................. 30 Exercise 07-03 ................................. 37

Exercise 06-02 ................................. 30 Exercise 07-04 ................................. 37

Exercise 06-03 ................................. 30 Exercise 07-05 ................................. 38

Exercise 06-04 ................................. 30 Exercise 07-06 ................................. 38

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Contents
Exercise 07-07 ................................. 39 Exercise 08-19 ................................. 47

Exercise 07-08 ................................. 39 Exercise 08-20 ................................. 47

Exercise 07-09 ................................. 39 Exercise 08-21 ................................. 47

Exercise 07-10 ................................. 40 Exercise 08-22 ................................. 48

Exercise 07-11 ................................. 40 Chapter 09 ............................................49

Exercise 09-01 ................................. 49
Exercise 07-12 ................................. 40
Exercise 09-02 ................................. 49
Chapter 08 ............................................42
Exercise 08-01 ................................. 42 Exercise 09-03 ................................. 49

Exercise 08-02 ................................. 42 Exercise 09-04 ................................. 49

Exercise 08-03 ................................. 42 Exercise 09-05 ................................. 50

Exercise 08-04 ................................. 43 Exercise 09-06 ................................. 50

Exercise 08-05 ................................. 43 Exercise 09-07 ................................. 50

Exercise 08-06 ................................. 43 Exercise 09-08 ................................. 50

Exercise 08-07 ................................. 43 Exercise 09-09 ................................. 50

Exercise 08-08 ................................. 44 Exercise 09-10 ................................. 51

Exercise 08-09 ................................. 44 Exercise 09-11 ................................. 51

Exercise 08-10 ................................. 44 Exercise 09-12 ................................. 51

Exercise 08-11 ................................. 44 Exercise 09-13 ................................. 51

Exercise 08-12 ................................. 45 Exercise 09-14 ................................. 51

Exercise 08-13-a .............................. 45 Exercise 09-15 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-13-b ............................. 45 Exercise 09-16 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-14 ................................. 45 Exercise 09-17 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-15 ................................. 46 Exercise 09-18 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-16 ................................. 46 Exercise 09-19 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-17 ................................. 46 Exercise 09-20 ................................. 52

Exercise 08-18 ................................. 47 Exercise 09-21 ................................. 53

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Contents
Exercise 09-22 ................................. 53 Exercise 10-03 ................................. 58

Exercise 09-23 ................................. 53 Exercise 10-04 ................................. 58

Exercise 09-24 ................................. 53 Exercise 10-05 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-25 ................................. 53 Exercise 10-06 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-26 ................................. 54 Exercise 10-07 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-27 ................................. 54 Exercise 10-08 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-28 ................................. 54 Exercise 10-09 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-29 ................................. 54 Exercise 10-10 ................................. 59

Exercise 09-30 ................................. 54 Exercise 10-11 ................................. 60

Exercise 09-31 ................................. 55 Exercise 10-12 ................................. 60

Exercise 09-32 ................................. 55 Exercise 10-13 ................................. 60

Exercise 09-33 ................................. 55 Exercise 10-14 ................................. 60

Exercise 09-34 ................................. 55 Exercise 10-15 ................................. 61

Exercise 09-35 ................................. 55 Chapter 11 ............................................62

Exercise 11-01 ................................. 62
Exercise 09-36 ................................. 55
Exercise 11-02 ................................. 62
Exercise 09-37 ................................. 56
Exercise 11-03 ................................. 62
Exercise 09-38 ................................. 56
Exercise 11-04 ................................. 62
Exercise 09-39 ................................. 56
Exercise 11-05 ................................. 62
Exercise 09-40 ................................. 56
Exercise 11-06 ................................. 63
Exercise 09-41 ................................. 56
Chapter 12 ............................................64
Exercise 09-42 ................................. 56
Exercise 12-01 ................................. 64
Exercise 09-43 ................................. 57
Exercise 12-02 ................................. 64
Exercise 09-44 ................................. 57
Exercise 12-03 ................................. 64
Chapter 10 ............................................58
Exercise 12-04 ................................. 64
Exercise 10-01 ................................. 58
Exercise 12-05 ................................. 65
Exercise 10-02 ................................. 58

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Contents
Exercise 12-06 ................................. 65

Exercise 12-07 ................................. 65

Exercise 12-08 ................................. 65

Exercise 12-09 ................................. 66

Exercise 12-10 ................................. 66

Chapter 13 ............................................68
Exercise 13-01 ................................. 68

Exercise 13-02 ................................. 68

Exercise 13-03 ................................. 70

Exercise 13-04 ................................. 70

Exercise 13-05 ................................. 70

Exercise 13-06 ................................. 70

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - About The Book

About the book

This book is aimed at beginners in programming. The basic concepts of
programming, such as expressions, variables, loops, decisions, lists, dictionaries, sets,
functions, files, classes, objects, databases with SQLite 3, regular expressions, and
graphical interfaces with tkinter are presented one by one with examples and
exercises. The work aims to explore computer programming as a day-to-day tool. It
can be read during an introductory computer programming course and used as a
study guide for self-learners. To fully benefit from the content, only basic computer
knowledge, such as typing texts, opening and saving files, is sufficient. All software
used in the book can be downloaded for free and runs on Windows, Linux, and
macOS.

h�ps://[Link]/
[Link]

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Introduction

Introduction
This document was created to provide all the exercises from the book in a single file.
The book’s website can be accessed at [Link] or via the QR
code below:

Book website: h�ps://[Link]

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Introduction

Chapter 02

2025-07-31

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 02

Chapter 02
Exercise 02-01

Convert the following mathematical expressions so that they can be calculated using

the Python interpreter.

10 + 20 × 30

42 ÷ 30

(94 + 2) × 6 - 1

Exercise 02-02

Type the following expression in the interpreter:

10 % 3 * 10 ** 2 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2

Try to solve the same calculation using only pencil and paper. Notice how important

the priority of operations is.

Exercise 02-03

Make a program that displays your name on the screen.

Exercise 02-04

Write a program that displays the result of 2a × 3b, where a is 3 and b is 5.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-05

Write a program that calculates the sum of three variables and prints the result on the

screen.

Exercise 02-06

Modify Program 2.2 so that it calculates a 15% increase for a salary of $750.

Exercise 02-07

Using the properties of division and multiplication, try to understand how these

results are the same:

0.2 * 6 + 8 * 0.3 + 7 * 0.5 = (20 * 6 + 8 * 30 + 7 * 50) / 100

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 03

Chapter 03
Exercise 03-01

Complete the following table, marking integer or floating-point depending on the

number presented.

Exercise 03-02

Complete the following table, answering True or False. Consider a = 4, b = 10, c = 5.0,

d = 1, and f = 5.

Exercise 03-03

Complete the following table using a = True, b = False, and c = True.

Exercise 03-04

Write an expression to determine whether a person should pay tax. Consider that

people whose salary is greater than $1,200.00 pay taxes.

Exercise 03-05

Calculate the result of the expression A > B and C or D, using the values in the

following table.

A B C D Result

1 2 True False

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 03

10 3 False False

5 1 True True

Exercise 03-06

Write an expression that will be used to decide whether a student is approved. To be

approved, all student averages (arithmetic mean) must be greater than or equal to 7

(consider 10 the maximum grade). Consider that the student only takes three subjects

and that the grade for each one is stored in the following variables: grade1, grade2,

and grade3.

Exercise 03-07

Make a program that asks for two integer numbers. Print the sum of these two

numbers on the screen.

Exercise 03-08

Write a program that reads a value in meters and displays it converted to millimeters.

Exercise 03-09

Write a program that reads the user’s number of days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

Calculate the total in seconds.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-10

Make a program that calculates a pay raise. It must request the amount of the salary

and the percentage of the raise. Display the amount of the raise and the new salary.

Exercise 03-11

Make a program that asks for the price of a commodity and the discount percentage.

Display the discount amount and the price to pay.

Exercise 03-12

Write a program that calculates the time of a car trip. Ask the distance to cover and

the average speed expected for the trip.

Exercise 03-13

Write a program that converts a temperature entered in °C to °F. The formula for this

conversion is:

Exercise 03-14

Write a program that asks the number of kilometers traveled by a rental car and the

number of days the vehicle was rented. Calculate the price to pay, knowing that the

car costs $60 a day and $0.15 per km driven.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-15

Write a program to calculate a smoker’s lifespan reduction. Ask how many cigarettes

a day they smoke and how many years they have smoked. Consider that a smoker

loses 10 minutes of life with each cigarette and calculate how many days of life the

smoker will lose. Display the total in days.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 04

Chapter 04
Exercise 04-01

Analyze Program 4.1. What happens if the first and second values are the same?

Explain.

Exercise 04-02

Write a program that asks the speed of a user’s car. If it exceeds 80 km/h, display a

message stating that the user has been fined. In this case, show the amount of the

fine, charging $5 per km above 80 km/h.

Exercise 04-03

Write a program that reads three numbers and prints the largest and the smallest.

Exercise 04-04

Write a program that asks for the employee’s salary and calculates the amount of the

rise. For salaries above $1,250, calculate a raise of 10%. For those equal or lower,

15%.

Exercise 04-05

Run Program 4.5 and try some values. Check that the results are the same as in

Program 4.2.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-06

Write a program that asks the distance a passenger wishes to cover in kilometers.

Calculate the ticket price, charging $0.50 per km for trips up to 200 km and $0.45 for

longer trips.

Exercise 04-07

Analyze Program 4.3. Does using else in that program make sense? Explain your

answer.

Exercise 04-08

Rewrite Program 4.4 and calculate the Bye operator account using else.

Exercise 04-09

Trace Program 4.8. Compare your result to that shown in Table 4.2.

Exercise 04-10

Write a program that reads two numbers and asks what operation you want to

perform. You must be able to calculate sum (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*),

and division (/). Display the result of the requested operation.

Exercise 04-11

Write a program to approve a bank loan for the purchase of a home. The program

must ask the price of the house to buy, the salary, and the number of years to pay.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 04

The amount of the monthly installment cannot exceed 30% of the salary. Calculate

the installment as the amount of the house to be purchased divided by the number of

months to pay.

Exercise 04-12

Write a program that calculates the price to pay for electricity. Ask the amount of

kWh consumed and the type of installation: R for residential, I for industrial, and C

for commercial. Calculate the price to pay according to the following table.

Exercise 04-13

In the following program, invert the if and else lines, negating the condition. Add the

necessary lines to make it work in Python.

if a > b:

print("a is greater than b")

else:

print("b is greater than a")

Exercise 04-14

Rewrite the following program with if-elif-else. Add the necessary lines to make it

work in Python.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 04

if a < 10:

print("a is less than 10")

if a >= 10 and a < 20:

print("a is greater than 10 and less than 20")

if a >= 20:

print("a is greater than 20")

Exercise 04-15

Rewrite the following program with if-elif-else.

time = int(input("Enter the current time:"))

if time < 12:

print("Good morning!")

if time >= 12 and time <= 18:

print("Good afternoon!")

if time >= 18:

print("Good evening!")

Exercise 04-16

Correct the following program:

score = input("Enter your exam scores:")

if score < 4:

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 04

print("Unfortunately you didn't pass")

if score < 7:

print("You need to resit the exam")

if score > 7:

print("You passed the year")

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Chapter 05
Exercise 05-01

Modify the program to display numbers from 1 to 100.

Exercise 05-02

Modify the program to display numbers from 50 to 100.

Exercise 05-03

Make a program to write the countdown of a rocket launch. The program must print

10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, and Fire! on the screen.

Exercise 05-04

Modify the previous program to print from 1 to the number entered by the user, this

time producing only odd numbers.

Exercise 05-05

Rewrite the previous program to write the first 10 multiples of 3.

Exercise 05-06

Change the previous program to display the results in the same format as a

multiplication table: 2 x 1 = 2, 2 x 2 = 4,…

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-07

Modify the previous program so that the user must input the beginning and end of

the multiplication table, instead of starting and ending with 1 and 10.

Exercise 05-08

Write a program that reads two numbers. Print the result of multiplying the first by

the second. Use only the addition and subtraction operators to calculate the result.

Remember that we can understand the multiplication of two numbers as successive

sums of one of them (e.g., 4 × 5 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4).

Exercise 05-09

Write a program that reads two numbers. Print the result of dividing the first by the

second. Use only the addition and subtraction operators to calculate the result.

Remember that the quotient of dividing two numbers is the number of times we can

subtract the divisor from the dividend. For example, 20 ÷ 4 = 5 since we can subtract

4 five times from 20.

Exercise 05-10

Modify the previous program so it accepts answers with uppercase and lowercase

letters for all questions.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-11

Write a program that asks for a savings account’s initial deposit and interest rate.

Display month-by-month values for the first 24 months. Write the total interest

earned for the period.

Exercise 05-12

Amend the previous program to ask for the monthly amount deposited. This amount

will be deposited at the beginning of each month. Include the deposit amount when

calculating interest for the following month.

Exercise 05-13

Write a program that asks for the initial amount of debt and the monthly interest.

Also, ask for the monthly amount that will be paid. Print the number of months it will

take for the debt to be repaid, the full amount that will be paid, and the total interest

that will be paid.

Exercise 05-14

Write a program that reads integers input by the user. The program must read the

numbers until the user enters 0 (zero). At the end of the execution, display how many

numbers were entered, their sum, and their arithmetic mean.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-15

Write a program to control a small cash register. You must ask the user to enter the

product code and the purchase quantity. Use the following code table to obtain the

price of each product:

Code Price

1 0.50

2 1.00

3 4.00

5 7.00

9 8.00

Your program should display the total of the purchases after the user enters 0. Any

other code should generate the “Invalid Code” error message.

Exercise 05-16

Run Program 5.1 for the following values: 501, 745, 384, 2, 7, and 1.

Exercise 05-17

What happens if we enter 0 (zero) in the amount to be paid?

Exercise 05-18

Modify the program so it also works with $100 bills.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-19

Modify the program to accept decimal values and count coins of $0.01, $0.05, $0.10,

and $0.50.

Exercise 05-20

What happens if we type 0.001 in the previous program? If it doesn’t work, change

the program to fix the issue.

Exercise 05-21

Rewrite Program 5.1 to continue running until the value entered is 0. Use nested

loops.

Exercise 05-22

Write a program that displays a list of options (menu): addition, subtraction,

division, multiplication, and exit. Print the multiplication table for the chosen

operation. Repeat until the exit option is chosen.

Exercise 05-23

Write a program that reads a number and checks whether it is a prime number. To

check, calculate the rest of the division of the number by 2 and then by all the odd

numbers up to the number read. If the remainder of one of these divisions equals

zero, the number is not prime. Note that 0 and 1 are not prime and that 2 is the only

even prime number.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-24

Modify the previous program to read a number n. Print the first n prime numbers.

Exercise 05-25

Write a program that calculates the square root of a number, using Newton’s method

to get an approximate result. Since n is the number to obtain the square root,

consider the base b = 2. Calculate p using the formula p = (b + (n/b)) / 2. Now,

calculate the square of p. At each step, do b = p and recalculate p using the formula

presented. Stop when the absolute difference between n and the square of p is less

than 0.0001.

Exercise 05-26

Write a program that calculates the rest of the integer division between two numbers.

Use only the addition and subtraction operations to calculate the result.

Exercise 05-27-a

Write a program that checks whether a number is palindromic. A number is

palindromic if it remains the same if its digits are reversed. Examples include 454

and 10501.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-27-b

Write a program that checks whether a number is palindromic. A number is

palindromic if it remains the same if its digits are reversed. Examples include 454

and 10501.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

Chapter 06
Exercise 06-01

Modify Program 6.2 to read seven grades instead of five.

Exercise 06-02

Make a program that reads two lists and generates a third one with the elements of

the first two lists.

Exercise 06-03

Make a program that goes through two lists and generates a third one without

repeated elements.

Exercise 06-04

Modify the first example (Program 6.7) to perform the same task without using the

variable found. Tip: Look at the while exit condition.

Exercise 06-05

Modify the example to search for two values. Instead of just p, read another value v

that will also be searched. In the printout, indicate which of the two values was found

first.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-06

Modify the Exercise 6.5 program to search for p and v throughout the list and inform

the user of the position in which p and the position in which v were found.

Exercise 06-07

Modify Program 6.6 using for. Explain why every while cannot be turned into a for.

Exercise 06-08

Change Program 6.9 to print the smallest element in the list.

Exercise 06-09

The temperature for Mons, Belgium, was stored in the list T = [-10, -8, 0, 1, 2, 5, -2, -

4]. Make a program that prints the lowest, highest, and average temperatures.

Exercise 06-10

Modify Program 6.11 to show how many tickets were sold in each room. Use a list that

is the same size as the number of rooms and count the number of tickets sold in each

room using its elements as counters. Print the total sales at the end of the program on

the screen.

Exercise 06-11

Modify Program 6.11 to ask for the number of rooms and the number of available

seats in each.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-12

What happens when the list is already ordered? Trace Program 6.18 but with the list

L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

Exercise 06-13

What happens when two values are the same? Trace Program 6.18 but with the list L

= [3, 3, 1, 5, 4].

Exercise 06-14

Modify Program 6.18 to sort the list in descending order. L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] must be

ordered as L = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1].

Exercise 06-15

What happens when we don’t check that the list is empty before calling the pop

method?

Exercise 06-16

Change Program 6.19 so that you can work with several commands entered at once.

Currently, only one command can be entered at a time. Please change it to consider

the operation as a string. For example, AAASSSX would mean three new customer

arrivals, three services, and finally, the exit from the program.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-17

Modify the program to work with two lines. To make your job easier, consider

command S for serving line 1 and T for servicing line 2. The same for the arrival of

customers: A for line 1 and B for line 2.

Exercise 06-18

Make a program that reads an expression with parentheses. Using stacks, verify that

the parentheses have been opened and closed in the correct order. Example:

(()) OK

()())( OK

()) Error

You can add elements to the stack whenever you find an open parenthesis and

unstack it whenever you find a closed one. When unstacking, make sure that the top

of the stack is an open parenthesis. If the expression is correct, your stack will be

empty at the end.

Exercise 06-19

Change Program 6.22 to request the product and quantity sold from the user. Check

if the product name entered exists in the dictionary and only then carry out the stock

operation.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-20-a

Write a program that generates a dictionary, where each key is a character and its

value is the number of that character found in a sentence input by the user.

Example: “The mouse” → \{“T”: 1, “h”: 1, “e”: 2, ’ “: 1, ’m”: 1, “o”: 1, “u”: 1, “s”: 1}

Exercise 06-20-b

Write a program that generates a dictionary, where each key is a character and its

value is the number of that character found in a sentence input by the user.

Example: “The mouse” → \{“T”: 1, “h”: 1, “e”: 2, ’ “: 1, ’m”: 1, “o”: 1, “u”: 1, “s”: 1}

Exercise 06-21

Write a program that compares two lists. Using operations with sets, print:

Exercise 06-22

Write a program that compares two lists. Consider the first list as the initial version

and the second as the version after changes. Using operations with sets, your

program should print the list of modifications between these two versions, listing:

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 06

• The elements that haven’t changed

• The new elements

• The elements that were removed

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

Chapter 07
Exercise 07-01

Write a program that reads two strings. Check that the second occurs inside the first

one and print the starting position.

1st string: AABBEFAATT

2nd string: BE

Result: BE found in position 3 of AABBEFAATT

Exercise 07-02

Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third with the characters

common to the two strings read.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

1st string: AAACTBF

2nd string: CBT

Result: CBT

The order of the characters in the result string is not important, but it must contain

all the letters common to both.

Exercise 07-03

Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third one with the characters

that appear in only one string.

1st string: CTA

2nd string: ABC

3rd string: BT

The order of the characters in the third string is not important.

Exercise 07-04

Write a program that reads a string and prints how many times each character

appears in that string.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

String: TTAAC

Result:

T: 2x

A: 2x

C: 1x

Exercise 07-05

Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third one in which the

characters of the second are removed from the first.

1st string: AATTGGAA

2nd string: TG

3rd string: AAAA

Exercise 07-06

Write a program that reads three strings. The first string is your source string. The

second one has the characters that will be replaced by the ones in the third string.

Your program should create a fourth string, the resulting string, which is the first

string with the characters of the second replaced by the ones in the third.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

1st string: AATTCGAA

2nd string: TG

3rd string: AC

Result: AAAACCAA

Exercise 07-07

Write a program that asks the user to type a phrase and print out how many vowels it

contains. Don’t consider uppercase and lowercase letters to be different. Example: A

phrase like “The house” should print three “eou”.

Exercise 07-08

Write a program to display all the words in a sentence. Consider that a word ends

with a blank space or when the string ends. Example: “The mouse gnawed at the

clothes” should print 6.

Exercise 07-09

Modify the hangman game (Program 7.2) to write the secret word in case the player

loses.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-10

Modify Program 7.2 to use a list of words. At the beginning, ask for a number and

calculate the index of the word to be used using the formula: index = (number * 776)

% len(word_list).

Exercise 07-11

Modify Program 7.2 to use lists of strings to draw the hangman doll. You can use a list

for each row and organize them into a list of lists. Instead of controlling when to print

each part, draw on those lists, replacing the element to be drawn.

Example:

>>> line = list(“X------”) >>> line [“X”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”]

>>> line[6] = “|” >>> line [“X”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “|”]

>>> ““.join(line) “X-----|”

Exercise 07-12

Write a tic-tac-toe game for two players. The game should ask you where you want to

play and switch between players. With each move, check if the position is free. Also,

check when a player has won the match. A tic-tac-toe game can be seen as a list of

three elements, each element being another list with three elements.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 07

Game example:

X | O |

---+---+---

| X | X

---+---+---

| | O

Each position can be viewed as a number. Below is an example of the positions

mapped to the same position on your numeric keypad.

7 | 8 | 9

---+---+---

4 | 5 | 6

---+---+---

1 | 2 | 3

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Chapter 08
Exercise 08-01

Write a function that returns the greater of two numbers.

Expected values: maximum(5, 6) == 6

maximum(2, 1) == 2

maximum(7, 7) == 7

Exercise 08-02

Write a function that takes two numbers and returns True if the first number is a

multiple of the second.

Expected values: multiple(8, 4) == True

multiple(7, 3) == False

multiple(5, 5) == True

Exercise 08-03

Write a function that takes the length of the side of a square and returns its area (A =

side2).

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Expected values:

square_area(4) == 16

square_area(9) == 81

Exercise 08-04

Write a function that takes the base and height of a triangle and returns its area (A =

(base x height) / 2).

Expected values: triangle_area(6, 9) == 27 triangle_area(5, 8) == 20

Exercise 08-05

Rewrite the function of Program 8.1 to use the list search methods (seen in Chapter

7).

Exercise 08-06

Rewrite Program 8.2 to use for instead of while.

Exercise 08-07

Define a recursive function that calculates the greatest common divisor (G.C.D.)

between two numbers a and b, where a > b.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Where

l c m ( a , b ) = \{ | a × b | g c d ( a , b ) [.tml-eqn]##

can be written in Python as: a % b.

Exercise 08-08

Using the gcd function defined in the previous exercise, define a function to calculate

the least common multiple (LCM) between two numbers.

Where |a × b| can be written in Python as: abs(a * b).

Exercise 08-09

Trace Program 8.6 and compare your result with the one presented.

Exercise 08-10

Rewrite the function for calculating the Fibonacci sequence without recursion.

Exercise 08-11

Write a function to validate a string variable. This function takes the string, the

minimum and maximum number of characters, as parameters. Return True if the

string size is between the maximum and minimum values; otherwise, return False.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-12

Write a function that takes a string and a list. The function must compare the string

passed with the elements of the list, which is also passed as a parameter. Return True

if the string is found within the list; otherwise, return False.

Exercise 08-13-a

Write a function that receives a string with the valid options to accept (each option is

a letter). Convert valid options to lowercase letters. Use input to read an option,

convert the value to lowercase letters, and verify that the option is valid. In the case of

an invalid option, the function must ask the user to re-enter another option.

Exercise 08-13-b

Write a function that receives a string with the valid options to accept (each option is

a letter). Convert valid options to lowercase letters. Use input to read an option,

convert the value to lowercase letters, and verify that the option is valid. In the case of

an invalid option, the function must ask the user to re-enter another option.

Exercise 08-14

Change Program 8.22 so that the user has three chances of getting the number right.

The program terminates if the user finds the right number or makes three mistakes.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-15

Change Program 7.2, the hangman game. Choose the word to guess using random

numbers.

Exercise 08-16

Modify the alien game. Create a variable that represents the player’s life, starting with

100 points. The game ends when you find the alien or you run out of life (⇐0). With

each mistake, your life is decreased by a random value between 5 and 20 points,

representing an attack by the alien. You can remove the part of the game’s code that

limits the number of attempts and let only the player’s or alien’s life decide when the

match ends. Show how much life the player has left before guessing the next tree

number.

Exercise 08-17

Improve the program from the previous exercise by asking the player for the desired

difficulty level. In easy mode, life starts at 100 points, and the alien can do between 5

and 20 points of damage. In normal mode, life begins at 80 points, and the alien can

cause damage between 10 and 25 points. In hard mode, on the other hand, life begins

at 75, and the alien causes damage between 20 and 30 points. Add messages and

special characters to make the game more fun.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-18

Modify Program 8.26 to receive two optional parameters. One is to indicate the

character to print before the number, with white space being the default value. The

second optional parameter is how many characters to add per level, with 2 as the

default value.

Exercise 08-19

Write a generator capable of generating the sequence of prime numbers.

Exercise 08-20

Write a generator capable of generating a sequence with the factorial from 1 to n,

where n is passed as a parameter to the generator.

Exercise 08-21

Write a function that generates numbers like Python’s range function, but the last

number is included in the interval. This function takes three parameters, and its

behavior changes if we pass one, two, or three parameters. Call it a myrange.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 08

Examples: list(myrange(1)) [0, 1]

list(myrange(1, 10)) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

list(myrange(0, 10, 2)) [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

You may have noticed that, unlike range, the myrange function considers the end of

the interval as closed; the last number is part of the range.

Exercise 08-22

Modify the calculator program that uses partial to support two more operations: root

for square root and power for exponentiation.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Chapter 09
Exercise 09-01

Write a program that takes the name of a file from the command line and prints every

line in that file.

Exercise 09-02

Modify the program from Exercise 9.1 to receive two more parameters for printing:

the start line and the end line. The program must print only the lines between these

values (including the start and end lines).

Exercise 09-03

Create a program that reads the files [Link] and [Link] and creates a single file

[Link] with all the lines from the other two files in numerical order.

Exercise 09-04

Create a program that takes the names of two files as command line parameters and

generates an output file with the lines from the first followed by the lines from the

second file. The name of the output file can also be passed as a parameter on the

command line.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-05

Create a program that reverses the order of the lines in the [Link] file. The first line

must contain the largest number, and the last line must contain the smallest number.

Exercise 09-06

Modify Program 9.5 to print the = symbol 40 times if = is the first character in the

line. Also, add the option to stop printing until you press the Enter key each time a

line starts with . (dot).

Exercise 09-07

Create a program that reads a text file and generates a paginated output file. Each line

must not contain more than 76 characters. Each page should have a maximum of 60

lines. The last line of each page should include the number of the current page and

the name of the original file.

Exercise 09-08

Modify the program from Exercise 9.7 to receive the number of characters per line

and the number of lines per page from the command line.

Exercise 09-09

Create a program that prints a list of files. The file names will be passed in the

command line. You should open and print them one by one.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-10

Create a program that receives a list of file names and generates one large output file

containing all other files.

Exercise 09-11

Create a program that reads a file and creates a dictionary where each key is a word

and each value is the number of occurrences in the file.

Exercise 09-12

Modify the Exercise 9.11 program to also record the row and column of each

occurrence of the word in the file. To do this, use lists with the values of each word,

saving the row and column of each occurrence.

Exercise 09-13

Create a program that prints the lines of a file. This program must receive three

parameters via the command line: the file’s name, the starting line, and the last line

to print.

Exercise 09-14

Create a program that reads a text file and eliminates repeated spaces between words

and at the end of lines. The output file must also not have more than one repeated

blank line.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-15

Refer to Program 7.2, the hangman game. Use a text editor to generate a file with a

word written on each line. Modify the program to load (read) the list of words from

the text file. Also, try asking for the player’s name and generating a file with the

number of correct answers for the five best players.

Exercise 09-16

Explain how the name and phone fields are stored in the output file.

Exercise 09-17

Change Program 9.6 to display the phonebook size in the main menu. Consider the

number of names it contains as its size.

Exercise 09-18

What happens if your name or phone number contains the character used as a

separator in your content? Explain the problem and propose a solution.

Exercise 09-19

Change the list_all function so that it also displays the position of each element.

Exercise 09-20

Add the option to sort the list by name in the main menu.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-21

Using the update and delete functions, ask the user to confirm the change and

deletion of a name before performing the operation itself.

Exercise 09-22

When reading or writing a new phonebook, verify that the current phonebook has

already been saved. You can use a variable to control when the phonebook was

changed (new, updated, deleted) and reset that value when loaded or saved.

Exercise 09-23

Change the program to load the last phonebook when initializing. Tip: Use another

file to store the filename.

Exercise 09-24

What happens to the phonebook if a loading or saving error occurs? Explain.

Exercise 09-25

Change the ask_name and ask_telephone functions to receive an optional parameter.

If this parameter is passed, use it as the value returned if the data entry is empty.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-26

Change the program to verify the repetition of names. Generate an error message to

avoid having two phonebook entries with the same name. You should check this

before adding or updating names.

Exercise 09-27

Modify the program to control each person’s birthday and email address.

Exercise 09-28

Modify the program to register multiple phones for the same person. This also allows

you to register the type of telephone number: cell phone, landline, home, or work.

Exercise 09-29

Modify Program 9.8 to use the p element for movie titles instead of h2.

Exercise 09-30

Modify Program 9.8 to generate an HTML list using the ul and li elements. Every

element in the list must be inside the ul element and inside an li element. Here’s an

example:

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

<ul\><li>Item1</li><li>Item2</li><li>Item3</li></ul>

Exercise 09-31

Create a program that corrects Program 9.9 to verify that z exists and is a directory.

Exercise 09-32

Modify Program 9.9 to receive the file name or directory to be verified through the

command line. Print if it exists and if it’s a file or a directory.

Exercise 09-33

Create a program that generates an HTML page with links to all the jpg and png files

found in a directory entered on the command line.

Exercise 09-34

Revisit Program 7.2, the hangman game. Modify it to use time functions to record the

duration of the matches.

Exercise 09-35

Using the [Link] function, create an HTML page with the name and size of each file

from a directory passed in the command line, including all its subdirectories.

Exercise 09-36

Using the [Link] function, create a program that calculates the space occupied per

directory, generating an HTML page with the results.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-37

Write a program that reads a student’s name and four grades. The program must

write the data into a file using the JSON format.

Exercise 09-38

Modify the previous program to read the same file, allowing you to add more data. If

the same name is entered twice, update the data using the new entry.

Tip: You may have to use a list of dictionaries to hold multiple entries.

Exercise 09-39

Modify Program 9.6, the phonebook. Have it read and write the phonebook in a file in

JSON format.

Exercise 09-40

Modify the [Link] program to print only the first 512 bytes of the file.

Exercise 09-41

Change the [Link] program to receive the maximum number of bytes to print

and how many bytes per line as command line parameters.

Exercise 09-42

Modify Program 9.20 so that it uses the name of the image to be generated from the

command line.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-43

Modify the program from the previous exercise to receive a second parameter with

the file name that contains the drawing. The goal is to read the drawing from that file.

Exercise 09-44

Modify the previous program to receive a third parameter with the color conversion

table in JSON format.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Exercise 10-01

Add size and brand attributes to the Television class. Create two Television objects

and assign them different sizes and brands. Then, print the value of those attributes

to confirm the independence of the values of each instance (object).

Exercise 10-02

Currently, the Television class initializes the channel with 2. Modify the Television

class to receive the initial channel in its constructor as an optional parameter.

Exercise 10-03

Modify the Television class so that, if we ask to change the channel down beyond the

minimum, it goes to the maximum channel, and vice versa.

Example: >>> tv = Television(2, 10) >>> tv.change_channel_down() >>> [Link]

10

>>> tv.change_channel_up() >>> [Link] 2

Exercise 10-04

Using what we learned with functions, modify the Television class constructor so that

channel_min and channel_max are optional parameters, where channel_min

defaults to 2 and channel_max defaults to 14.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-05

Using the Television class modified in the previous exercise, create two instances

(objects), specifying the channel_min and channel_max value by name.

Exercise 10-06

Modify the Television class so that the mute_channel_up and change_channel_down

methods return the channel after the change.

Exercise 10-07

Change the Television class to only accept the commands to change channels if

turned on.

Exercise 10-08

Change the program to produce a message stating the user has an insufficient account

balance if the user attempts to withdraw more than the available balance.

Exercise 10-09

Modify the summary method of the Account class to display the name and phone

number of each client.

Exercise 10-10

Create a new account with Joao and Jose as clients and a balance of $500.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-11

Create classes representing states and cities. Each state has a name, an acronym, and

cities. Each city has a name and population. Write a test program to create three

states with a few cities. Display the population of each state as the sum of the

population of its cities.

Exercise 10-12

Modify the Account and SpecialAccount classes so that the withdrawal operation

returns True if the withdrawal was made and False if the withdrawal failed.

Exercise 10-13

Change the SpecialAccount class so that your statement shows the limit and the total

available for withdrawal.

Exercise 10-14

Observe the withdrawal method from the Account and SpecialAccount classes.

Modify the withdrawal method of the Account class so that the possibility of

withdrawal is verified by a new method, replacing the current condition. This new

method should return True if the withdrawal can be performed or False if not. Modify

the SpecialAccount class to work with this new method. Check whether you need to

change the SpecialAccount withdrawal method or just the new method created to

verify the possibility of withdrawing.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-15

Modify the UniqueList class to override the [Link] method. extend works

like append but takes a list as a parameter. Check the type of each element in the list

before adding it.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Exercise 11-01

Make a program that creates the [Link] database with the price table to store a list

of sales prices for products. The table must contain the name of the product and its

respective price. The program must also insert some data for testing.

Exercise 11-02

Make a program to list all the prices in the [Link] database.

Exercise 11-03

Write a program that performs queries in the [Link] database created in Exercise

11.1. The program must ask for the product’s name and list its price.

Exercise 11-04

Modify the Exercise 11.3 program to ask for two values and list all the products with

prices between those two values.

Exercise 11-05

Write a program that increases the price of all products from the [Link] database

by 10%.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-06

Write a program that asks for the product’s name and a new price. Using the prices.

db database, update the product price with the same name in the database.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 12

Chapter 12
Exercise 12-01

Modify the previous program to recognize letter sequences. A letter is a character

between A and Z or between a and z (you must account for uppercase and lowercase

letters). Ignore accented characters. Print a list with the strings of letters found.

Exercise 12-02

Using the pattern_check function, rewrite the function that parsed the numbers in

the entry ABC431DEF901C431203FXEW9 .

Exercise 12-03

Using the pattern_check function, write a function that detects a date in the format

dd/mm/yy where dd is the day, mm the month, and yy the year. The function should

only detect the date pattern and it does not need to verify whether the date is valid.

Exercise 12-04

Using the pattern_check function, write a function that detects a value in dollars in

the format $999.99, where 9 represents any digit. The first number can have one or

more digits, but the second part (cents) must have a maximum of two digits.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-05

Create a sequence function that receives qmax and qmin. It should work similarly to

number but call the sequence function. It should also work when qmin is 0 when the

sequence is optional.

Exercise 12-06

Create a function using pattern_check that validates cell phone numbers. A cell

phone has 9 digits after the LDC (for example, (92)99812-1103).

Exercise 12-07

Write a program that validates user data entry. It will validate ISBNs (International

Standard Book Numbers), which are used to identify books worldwide. The program

must accept ISBNs in the following format: ISBN 999-9-99-999999-9, where each 9

represents a digit. The ISBN letters are optional and be case-insensitive. The space

between N and the first number is mandatory if the ISBN is present. Require the

dashes as in the example, verifying the correct number of digits.

Valid values: ISBN 123-3-12-123456-1 Isbn 123-3-12-123456-1 123-3-12-123456-1

Invalid values: ISBN123-3-12-123456-1 ISBN 1233-12123456-1

Exercise 12-08

Write a program that validates user data entry. It will validate ISSNs (International

Standard Serial Numbers), which are used to identify periodical publications, like

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 12

magazines. The program must accept ISSNs in the following format: ISSN 9999-

9999, where each 9 represents a digit. Require the dash at the end, verifying the

correct number of digits. The word ISSN is optional and must be accepted regardless

of the case. If the word ISSN is specified, the space between it and the number is

required.

Valid values : ISSN 1234-4567 1234-4567

Invalid values: ISSN 123-4567 IssN11112-22

Exercise 12-09

Write a program that validates user data entry. Try to find a valid ISBN or ISSN, as

defined in previous exercises. Display a message stating whether the number is a

valid ISBN or ISSN (identify which one in your response).

Exercise 12-10

Write a function that accepts prices in dollars. The program must ignore white spaces

and accept values prefixed with $ or not. The user must enter correctly formatted

values with a comma separating the thousands and a period separating the cents. If

the user types cents, they must have two digits.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 12

Valid values: $500 $500 $500.10 $7,312.10

Invalid values: $500\.1

500\.1$ 500.1 7312.10$

The function must return the entered value converted to float or generate a

ValueError exception if the value entered is invalid.

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 13

Chapter 13
Exercise 13-01

Modify Program 13.7 to save and load the drawing in JSON format. You can traverse

the objects on the canvas and save the chosen shape, coordinates, and colors.

Exercise 13-02

Modify the previous program and save the image in SVG format. The SVG format is a

text file that follows a well-defined format.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>

<svg width="190mm" height="63mm" viewBox="0 0 190 63" version="1.1"

id="svg1"

xmlns="[Link] xmlns:svg="[Link]

svg">

<g id="layer1">

<rect style="fill:#cccccc;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583"

id="rect1" width="42.451897" height="29.063223" x="14.858164"

y="16.001099" />

<ellipse style="fill:#cccccc;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583"

id="path1" cx="93.067612" cy="18.940079" rx="15.837823" ry="12.082462" />

<path style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583px;

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 13

stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1" d="m

172.90984,16.654206 -54.69763,37.5536" id="path2" />

</g>

</svg>

This draws the image shown in Figure 13.14.

Tip: mm — millimeters. We have the rectangle in rect.

The coordinates are inside the style attribute. fill is the internal filling color. strike the

outline color. We have our oval in the ellipse element. cx, cy are the coordinates of the

center of the ellipse. rx and ry are the horizontal and vertical distance from the center

(radius).

The line is in the path element, property d. In d, we have a mini language in which m

means to move, followed by the coordinates x1, y1 (without spaces) of the first point

and the displacement (x2, y2) after that as the second coordinate. The line is then

drawn from (x1, y1) to (x1 + x2, y1 + y2). Try altering the file in a text editor and

changing the values before writing the program.

You can view an SVG file in any web browser, so don’t forget to reload the page

whenever you save your changes. Once you have a clear understanding of how to

manipulate these values, write the Python program. You can search for the

specification in SVG format on the internet, starting with the Wikipedia website:

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Python from Scratch - Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link] and the Mozilla Foundation: [Link]

[Link]/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorial.

Exercise 13-03

Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) to validate dates when editing or adding

new links. Display an error message if the date is invalid.

Exercise 13-04

Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) not to accept blank URLs. Display an

error message if the URL is invalid (blank).

Exercise 13-05

Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) to accept only URLs starting with

http:// or [Link]

Exercise 13-06

Modify Program 13.13 to load and save data from a database. Modify the SiteManager

class or create another one that allows you to switch the JSON storage for a database

like SQLite.

[Link] 70 Updated on Aug 2, 2025