Module-1 (Part-II):

Class and Object

by:
Dr. Soumya Priyadarsini Panda
Sr. Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Class Fundamentals
 Class defines a new data type.

 Once a class is defined, it can be used to create objects of that type.

 A class is a template for an object and object is an instance of a class.

 It is a logical entity.

 A class is defined by use of the class keyword

 The General Form of a Class
class classname{
type instance-variable1;
type instance-variable2;
...
type instance-variableN;

type methodname1(parameter-list) {
//body of method
}
type methodname2(parameter-list){
//body of method
}
...
type methodnameN(parameter-list){
//body of method
}
}
 Instance Variables
 The data or variables defined within a class but outside the method are
called instance variables.

 Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile time. It gets memory at

run time when object (instance) is created.

Methods
 A method is like function used to expose behaviour of an object.

 The code is contained within methods.

 The main advantage of the method is code reusability.

 Cont…
 Both variables and methods within a class are called members of the
class.

 Each instance (object) of the class contains its own copy of these
variables.

 Thus the data of one object is separate and unique from the data for
other.
 Example
class Box{
double width;
double height;
double depth;
}

 A class declaration only creates a template, it does not create an actual

object.

 To create an object of Box class:

Box mybox = new Box();
 Cont…

 Every Box object will contain its own copies of the instance variables
width, height and depth of each instance variable defined by the class.

 To access the instance variables and methods within an object the dot(.)
operator is needed

Example:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Example-1
class Box {
double width;
double height;
double depth;
}
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box b1 = new Box();
double vol;

[Link] = 10;
[Link] = 20;
[Link] = 30;

vol = [Link] * [Link] * [Link];

[Link]("Volume is " +vol);
}
}
Output:
Volume is 6000.0
 Example-2
class BoxDemo{
public static void main(String args[]){
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = new Box();
double vol;
Output:
[Link] = 10;
[Link] = 20; Volume of first box 6000.0
[Link] = 30; Volume of second box 36.0

[Link] = 2;
[Link] = 3;
[Link] = 6;

vol = [Link] * [Link] * [Link];

[Link]("Volume of first box " +vol);

vol = [Link] * [Link] * [Link];

[Link]("Volume of second box " +vol);
}
}
 Objects
 Object is an instance of a class.
 Class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. So object
is the instance (result) of a class.

Declare a variable of the class type:

Box mybox;
Acquire an actual, physical copy of the object and assign it to that variable:
mybox = new Box();

 The new operator dynamically

(at run time) allocates memory
for an object and returns a
reference (address) to it.
 Methods
 A method is a function that is written in a class.

 Whenever a function is written in Java it should be written inside the

class only.

The general form of a method:

type name (parameter-list)
{
//body of method
}
 Example-1:
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

//display volume of a box

void volume()
{
[Link](“ Volume is “ + (width *height *depth));
}
}
 Using Scanner class to read data at
runtime
class BoxDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Box b1 = new Box();
Scanner s1=new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter the width height and depth for the box");

[Link] = [Link]();
[Link] = [Link]();
[Link] = [Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
 Cont…
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]){
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = new Box();
Output:
[Link] = 10; Volume is 6000.0
[Link] = 20;
Volume is 36.0
[Link] = 30;

[Link] = 3;
[Link] = 2;
[Link] = 6;
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
 Example-2: Method with return type
class Box{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

//display volume of a box

double volume()
{
return width *height *depth;
}
}
 Cont…
class BoxDemo{
public static void main(String args[]){
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = new Box();
double vol;
[Link] = 10;
[Link] = 20;
[Link] = 30; Output:
[Link] = 3; Volume is 6000.0
[Link] = 2; Volume is 36.0
[Link] = 6;
vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
}
}
 Note:

/*In well-designed Java programs, instance variable should be accessed

only through methods defined by their class.

In that way the behaviour of a method can be changed easily if required

*/
class Box{
Example-3
double width,
double height;
double depth;
//display volume of a box
double volume(){
return width *height *depth;
}
void setDim(double w, double h, double d) {
width = w;
height = h;
depth = d;
}
}
 Cont…
class BoxDemo{
public static void main(String args[]){
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = new Box(); Output:
double vol; Volume is 6000.0
Volume is 36.0
[Link](10, 20, 30);
[Link](3, 2, 6);

vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
}
}
 Question for Homework

 Define a class Rectangle, having the data members length and width.
The class should have a method which can return the area of the
Rectangle. Create another RectangleDemo class which create an object
of the Rectangle class and test the functionalities.
 Constructors

 Java allows objects to initialize themselves when they are created

through the use of a constructor.

 A constructor initializes the instance variables immediately upon the

creation of objects.
 Cont…
 A constructor has the following characteristics:
 It has the same name as the class in which it resides and is
syntactically similar to a method.

 A constructor does not return any value, not even void.

 This is because the implicit return type of a class‟ constructor is the
class type itself.

 Once we define a constructor, during the object creation, it is

automatically called and finishes its execution before the new
operator completes its work.

 A constructor is called and executed only once per each object

creation.
class Box
Example-1: Default Constructor
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

//Constructor
Box() {
width = 20;
height = 20;
depth = 20;
}
//method
double volume() {
return width *height *depth;
}
 Example-1 Cont…
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box b1 = new Box(); Output:
Box b2 = new Box(); Volume is 8000.0
double vol; Volume is 8000.0

vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
}
}
 Constructors Cont…
 In the line Box b1 = new Box();
Box() constructor is called.

 It is not necessary to write a constructor for a class.

 It is because java compiler creates a default constructor if your class

doesn't have any.
 Types of Constructors

 Default Constructor

 Parameterized Constructor
 Default Constructor

 A constructor is called "Default Constructor" when it doesn't have any

parameter.

syntax of default constructor:

class-name(){ }

Example:
Box() is a default constructor in previous example
 Cont…
 Default constructor is used to provide the default values to the object
like 0, null etc. depending on the type.

 It is useful to initialize all objects with the same data.

 Once we define our own constructor, the default constructor is no longer

used.

 When data is not passed at the time of creating an object, default

constructor is called.
 Parameterized Constructor

 A constructor which has a specific number of parameters is called

parameterized constructor.

 It is useful to initialize each object with different data.

 When data is passed at the time of creating an object, parameterized

constructor is called.
 Example-2: Parameterized Constructor
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;
// Parameterized Constructor
Box(double w, double h, double d){
width = w;
height = h;
depth = d;
}
//display volume of a box
double volume(){
return width *height *depth;
}
}
 Example-2 Cont…
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box b1 = new Box(10, 20, 30);
Box b2 = new Box(3, 2, 6);
double vol;

vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
vol = [Link]();
[Link](“ Volume is “ + vol);
}
}

Output:
Volume is 6000.0
Volume is 36.0
 Difference between Constructor and
Method
Java Constructor Java Method
Constructor is used to initialize the Method is used to expose behaviour
state of an object. of an object.
Constructor must not have return Method must have return type.
type.
Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.
The java compiler provides a default Method is not provided by compiler
constructor if you don't have any in any case.
constructor.
Constructor name must be same as Method name may or may not be
the class name. same as class name.
 Example-3
Define a class Stack, which perform the basic operation of stack. Define
another driver class to demonstrate the basic operations.
class Stack
{
int arr[];
int top;
int size;

Stack(int s)
{
size=s;
top = -1;
arr=new int[size];
}
void push(int item)
{
if(top==size-1)
[Link]("Overflow");
else
{
top++;
arr[top]=item;
}
}
int pop()
{
if(top<0)
{
[Link]("Underflow");
return -1;
}
else
return arr[top--];
}
}
class TestStack
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Stack s1 = new Stack(5); //for a stack with size 5
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
[Link](i);

[Link]("Elements in stack-1:");
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
[Link](" "+ [Link]());
}
}
Output:
Elements in stack-1: 5 4 3 2 1
//for implementing 2 stacks
class TestStack
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Stack s1 = new Stack(5); // stack1 size=5
Stack s2 = new Stack(10); //stack2 size =10

for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
[Link](i);

for(int i=11;i<=20;i++)
[Link](i);
 [Link]("Elements in stack-1:");
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
[Link](" "+ [Link]());

[Link]("");
[Link]("Elements in stack-2:");
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
[Link](" "+ [Link]());
}

Output:
Elements in stack-1: 5 4 3 2 1
Elements in stack-2: 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
 Constructor Overloading
 Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one
constructor with different parameter lists.

 Each constructor performs a different task.

 They are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in

the list and their types.
class Box
Example
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

// constructor used when all dimensions specified

Box(double w, double h, double d)
{
width = w; height = h; depth = d;
}

// constructor used when no dimensions specified

Box()
{
width = -1;
height = -1;
depth = -1;
}
 // constructor used when cube is created
Box(double len)
{
width = height = depth = len;
}

// compute and return volume

double volume()
{
return width * height * depth;
}
} //end of Box class
class OverloadCons {
public static void main(String args[]) {

Box box1 = new Box(10, 20, 15);

Box box2 = new Box(); Output:
Box box3 = new Box(7); Volume of box1 is 3000.0
double vol; Volume of box2 is -1.0
Volume of box3 is 343.0
vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box1 is " + vol);

vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box2 is " + vol);

vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box3 is " + vol);
}
}
 Passing Object to Constructor
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;
…….
Box()
{
width = -1;
height = -1;
depth = -1;
}
…….
// passing object to constructor
Box(Box ob)
{
width = [Link];
height = [Link];
depth = [Link];
}
…..
…..
class OverloadCons { Output:
public static void main(String args[]) { Volume of box1 is 3000.0
Box b1 = new Box(10, 20, 15); Volume of box2 is -1.0
Volume of box3 is 343.0
Box b2 = new Box(); Volume of clone box4 is 3000.0
Box b3 = new Box(7);
Box b4 = new Box(b1); // create copy of b1 in b4

double vol;
vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box1 is " + vol);

vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box2 is " + vol);

vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of box3 is " + vol);

vol = [Link]();
[Link]("Volume of clone box4 is " + vol);
}
}
 Question for Homework

 Define a class Rectangle that uses a parameterized constructor to

initialize the dimensions of a Rectangle, having the data
members length, and width,. The class should have a method which can
return the area of the Rectangle. Create an object of the Rectangle class
and test the functionalities.
 Example: Array of Objects
Write a java program to define a class Employee with data
members empId, empName and a method to display the
employee details. Define a constructor to initialize the members
of the class. Read and display the details of 5 employees using
an array of Employee class object.
class Employee{
int empid;
String name;

Employee(int id, String n,){

empid=id;
name=n;
}

void disp()
{
[Link](empid+ "\t\t"+name);
}
}
For one Employee
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Employee e1=new Employee(1,“Amit");
[Link]("EMPID: \t\t NAME:);
[Link]();
}
Output:
}
EMPID: NAME:
1 Amit
 For Three Employees
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Employee e1=new Employee(1,“Amit");
Employee e2=new Employee(2,“Sumit");
Employee e3=new Employee(3,“Rohit");
[Link]("EMPID: \t\t NAME:);
[Link]();
[Link](); Output:
[Link](); EMPID: NAME:
} 1 Amit
} 2 Sumit
3 Rohit
For large number of Employees-
Use array of Objects
class Employee{
int empid;
String name;
void disp() {
[Link](empid+ "\t\t"+name);
}
//method to read data
void getData()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("enter id");
empid=[Link]();
[Link]("enter name");
name=[Link]();
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int i;
Employee e[]=new Employee[3];
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
e[i]=new Employee();
}
[Link]("enter the details");
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
e[i].getData();
}
[Link]("EMPID: \t\tNAME:);
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
e[i].disp();
}
}
}
 Questions

1. Define a class Rectangle, having the data members length and width.
The class should have a method which can return the area of the
Rectangle. Include both default and parameterized constructors in
the class. Create another RectangleDemo class which create an object
of the Rectangle class and test the functionalities.
2. Define a class Student having the attribute rollNo, name, branch,
cgpa and a method to display the student details. Define default and
parameterized constructors for the above class. Read the details of 5
students using an array of Student class object. Display the student
detail who has secured the highest cgpa.
 Method Overloading
 If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

 In Java, two or more methods can have same name if they differ in
parameters (different number of parameters, different types of
parameters, or both).

 Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

 When an overloaded method is invoked, Java uses the type and/or

number of arguments as its guide to determine which version of the
overloaded method to actually called.

 Overloaded methods must differ in the type and/or number of their

parameters.
 Cont…
 Two ways to overload the method in java-

 By changing number of arguments

 By changing the data type

 Example-1: Method Overloading
class OverloadDemo {
void test() {
[Link]("No parameters");
}
void test(int a) {
[Link]("a: " + a);
}
void test(int a, int b) {
[Link]("a and b: " + a + " " + b);
}
double test(double a) {
[Link]("double a: " + a);
return a*a;
}}
class Overload
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
OverloadDemo ob1 = new OverloadDemo();

double result; Output:

[Link](); No parameters
a: 10
[Link](10);
a and b: 10 20
[Link](10, 20); double a: 123.25
result = [Link](123.25); ouble method returned result: 15190.5625

[Link](double method returned result: “+result);

}
}
 Example-2
class OverloadDemo {
void test() {
[Link]("No parameters");
}

// Overload test for two integer parameters.

void test(int a, int b) {
[Link]("a and b: " + a + " " + b);
}
// overload test for a double parameter
void test(double a) {
[Link]("Inside test double method a: " + a);
}
class Overload
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
OverloadDemo ob = new OverloadDemo();
int i=88;
Output:
[Link](); No parameters
a and b: 10 20
[Link](10, 20); Inside test(double) a: 88.0
[Link](i); Inside test double method a: 123.2
[Link](123.2);
}
}
 Question for Homework

Write a java program to find out the area of rectangle, square and
circle using method overloading and constructor overloading.
 static Keyword
 The „static‟ keyword in java is used for memory management mainly.

 When a member is declared static, it can be accessed before any objects

of its class are created, and without reference to any object.

 „static‟ keyword can be used to declare-

 Instance variables
 Methods
 Blocks
 Nested class
 static Instance Variables
 Any variable declared as static, it is known static variable.

 Static instance variable are global variables which are used to refer the
common property of all objects
 e.g. company name of employees, college name of students etc.

 When objects of its class are declared, no copy of the static variable is
made.
 All instances of the class share the same static variable.

 The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of
class loading.

 Advantage of static variable: It makes program memory efficient (i.e

saves memory).
 Example-1

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
String college="Silicon";
}

 If there are 1000 students in a college, all instance data members will
get memory each time when an object is created
 Example-2
class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college="Silicon";

Student(int r, String n)
{
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void display ()
{
[Link](rollno + “ ” + name + “ ” + college );
}
}
 Cont…
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1 = new Student(1,“Amit");
Student s2 = new Student (2,“Sumit");

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Output:
1 Amit Silicon
2 Sumit Silicon
 Example-3
 static variable will get the memory only once, if any object changes the
value of the static variable, it will retain its value.
class Counter{
static int count=0; //will get memory only once and retain its value
Counter(){
count++;
[Link](count);
} }
Class Test{ Output:
public static void main(String args[]) { 1
Counter c1=new Counter(); 2
Counter c2=new Counter(); 3
Counter c3=new Counter();
}
}
 static Method
 Any method declared as static is known as static method.

 A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.

 A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an

instance of a class.

 A static method can only directly access static data member and can
change the value of it.

 A static method cannot call non-static method directly it can call static
methods only.

 A non-static method can call both static and non-static methods.

 Example
class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college ="Silicon";
Student(int r, String n)
{
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
static void change(){
college = "SIT";
}
void display (){
[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+college);
}
}
 Cont…
class Test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1 = new Student(1, “Amit”);
Student s2 = new Student(2,“Sumit”);

[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link](); //calling a static method

Output:
[Link](); 1 Amit Silicon
[Link](); 2 Sumit Silicon
1 Amit SIT
} 2 Sumit SIT
}
 Why java main method is static?

 Because object is not required to call static methods.

 If we would make main() method as non-static then, JVM would need

to create object of that class first to call the main() method

 Which would lead the problem of extra memory allocation.

 static Block
 A static block is a block of statements declared as static.
static{
statements;
}

 JVM executes the static block before executing main( ) method.

 Static block is used for initializing the static variables.

 This block gets executed when the class is loaded in the memory.
 Example-1
class JavaExample
{
static int num;
static String mystr;
static
{
num = 97;
mystr = "Static keyword in Java";
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Value of num: "+num);
[Link]("Value of mystr: "+mystr);
}
} Output:
Value of num: 97
Value of mystr: Static keyword in Java
 Example-2
 A class can have multiple Static blocks, which will execute in the same
sequence in which they have been written into the program.

class Example2{
static int num;
static String mystr;

//First Static block

Static {
[Link]("Static Block 1");
num = 68;
mystr = "Block1";
}
 Cont…
//Second static block
Static {
[Link]("Static Block 2");
num = 98;
Output:
mystr = "Block2";
Static Block 1
} Static Block 2
public static void main(String args[]) Value of num: 98
{ Value of mystr: Block2
[Link]("Value of num: "+num);
[Link]("Value of mystr: "+mystr);
}
}
 static Class

 A class can be made static only if it is a nested class.

 Nested static class doesn‟t need reference of Outer class.

 A static class cannot access non-static members of the Outer class

 Example
class Example{
private static String str = "BeginnersBook";

//Static class
static class MyNestedClass
{
//non-static method
public void disp() {

/* If you make the str variable of outer class non-static then you
will get compilation error because: a nested static class cannot access non-
static members of the outer class.
*/
[Link](str);
}
 Cont…
public static void main(String args[])
{
/* To create instance of nested class we didn't need the outer
class instance but for a regular nested class you would need
to create an instance of outer class first*/

MyNestedClass ob1 = new MyNestedClass();

[Link]();
}
}

Output:
BeginnersBook
 this keyword
 Sometimes a method may need to refer to the object that invoked it.

 To allow this, Java defines the „this‟ keyword.

 „this‟ can be used inside any method to refer to the current object.

 That is, „this‟ is always a reference to the object on which the method
was invoked.

 You can use this anywhere a reference to an object of the current class‟
type is permitted.
 Use of this Keyword
1. to refer to the current class instance variable.
2. to invoke current class constructor
3. to pass as an argument in the method
4. to pass as argument in the constructor call
5. this keyword can be used to return current class instance
 Example-1:
class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee)
{
rollno=rollno;
name=name;
fee=fee;
}
void display(){
[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);
}
}
 Cont…

class Test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1=new Student(1,“Amit",4000f);
Student s2=new Student(2,“Sumit",7000f);
[Link]();
[Link](); Output:
} 0 null 0.0
} 0 null 0.0
 Cont…
• It is illegal in Java to declare two local variables with the same name
inside the same or enclosing scopes.

• There can be local variables, including formal parameters to methods,

which overlap with the names of the class‟ instance variables.

• When a local variable has the same name as an instance variable, the
local variable hides the instance variable.
1. to refer to the current class instance variable
class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee)
{
[Link]=rollno;
[Link]=name;
[Link]=fee;
}
void display(){
[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);
}
}
 Cont…

class Test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1=new Student(1,“Amit",4000f);
Student s2=new Student(2,“Sumit",7000f);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Output:
1 Amit 4000.0
2 Sumit 7000.0
 Example-3:
// A redundant use of this in Box example.
class Box{
double width, height, depth;
……
Box(double w, double h, double d)
{
[Link] = w;
[Link] = h;
[Link] = d;
}
…..
}
 Example-4
// Use this to resolve name-space collisions.
class Box{
double width, height, depth;
……

Box(double width, double height, double depth)

{
[Link] = width;
[Link] = height;
[Link] = depth;
}
…….
}
 2. ‘this’ to invoke current class constructor
• The this () constructor call can be used to invoke the current class
constructor. It is used to reuse the constructor.

class A{
A(){
[Link]("Hello a");
}
A(int x){
this();
[Link](x);
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
A a=new A(10);
}
}
Output:
Hello a
10
 3. ‘this’ to pass as an argument in the method
• The this keyword can also be passed as an argument in the method. It is
used to reuse one object in many methods.

class A{
void m(A obj){
[Link]("method is invoked");
}
void p(){
m(this);
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
A a = new A();
a.p();
}
}
Output:
method is invoked
 Cont…
(4) this: to pass as argument in the constructor call
• The „this‟ keyword can be passed in the constructor also.
• It is useful for using one object in multiple classes.

(5) this keyword can be used to return current class instance

• The „this‟ keyword can be returned as a statement from the method.
• In such case, return type of the method must be the class type (non-
primitive).
 Access Modifiers
 Encapsulation provides an important attribute: access control.

 Using encapsulation we can control what parts of a program can access

which members of a class.

 By controlling access, we can prevent misuse.

 There are 4 types of java access specifiers:

 Public
 Private
 Protected
 default (no specifier)
 public

 Public access modifier achieves the highest level of accessibility.

 Classes, methods, and fields declared as public can be accessed from

any class in the Java program, whether these classes are in the same
package or in another package.
 Example-1: use of ‘Public’
class Hello
{
public int a=20;
public void show()
{
[Link]("Hello World");
}
} Output:
class Demo
20
Hello World
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Hello h1=new Hello();
[Link](h1.a); // No error
[Link](); //No error
}
}
 Private
 Private access modifier achieves the lowest level of accessibility.
 Private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class
to which the methods and fields belong.

 Private methods and fields are

 not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by subclasses.
 So, the private access modifier is opposite to the public access modifier.

 Using private modifier we can achieve encapsulation and hide data from
the outside world.

 The private access modifier cannot be applied to class because if we do

that it will not be available to Java compiler.
 However, inner classes can be private.
 Example-2: use of ‘private’
class Hello{
private int a=20;
private void show()
{
[Link]("Hello World");
}
}
class Demo{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Hello h1=new Hello();

[Link](h1.a); //Compile Error, you can't access private data here

[Link](); //Compile Time Error, you can't access private methods here
}
}
 protected
 protected members of the class are accessible
 within the same class
 another class of the same package
 inherited class of another package

 The protected access modifier cannot be applied to class and

interfaces.
 Example-3: use of ‘protected’

//save [Link]
// save [Link]
package pack2;
package pack1;
import pack1.*;
public class A {
class B extends A {
protected void show() {
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Hello Java");
B b1 = new B();
}
[Link]();
}
}
}

Output: Hello Java

 default (no modifier)
 When you don't set access modifier for the element, it will follow the
default accessibility level.

 There is no default modifier keyword.

 Classes, variables, and methods can be default accessed.

 Using default modifier we can access class, method, or field which

 belongs to same package, but not from outside this package.
 Example-4: use of no Specifier
// save [Link]
package pack1;
class A{
void show(){
[Link]("Hello Java");
}
}
//save [Link]
package pack2;
import pack1.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A a1 = new A(); //Compile Time Error, can't access outside the package
[Link](); //Compile Time Error, can't access outside the package
}
}
 Access Modifier
Access Specifier within within outside outside
(AS) class package package by package
subclass only

Public Yes Yes Yes Yes

(Universal AS)

Private Yes No No No
(Class Level AS)

Protected Yes Yes Yes No

(Derived Level AS)

Default Yes Yes No No

(Package Level AS)
 Command Line Arguments
 The command line argument is the argument passed to a program at the
time when the program is run.
 To access the command-line argument inside a java program is quite easy,
they are stored as string in String array passed to the args parameter of
main() method.
Example:

class cmd {
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link](“[Link] arguments:”+ [Link]);
for(int i=0;i< [Link];i++){
[Link](args[i]);
}
} // To run: java cmd 10 20 30
} Output:
No. of arguments: 3
10
20
30