AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 5

UCL
D
r

1. The figures shows the velocity profile of laminar flow in a circular pipe. The shape is a
parabola so that at the wall of the pipe, du/dr = -2UCL/(D/2). Work out the “friction
coefficient” Cf =tv/(½ r uCL2) as a function of UCL, D, r, µ and demonstrate that
Cf=8/ReD where ReD is based on the centreline velocity UCL. Evaluate Cf for airflow in
a pipe of 8mm diameter with a centre-line speed of 3ms-1 assuming r = 1.19 kg m-3,
µ = 1.82x10-5 kg m-1s-1. If the centre-line velocity is raised to 15ms-1 would you expect
the flow to be laminar or turbulent? (Ans: Cf =5.1 x 10-3)

Note: the friction coefficient is usually based on the average velocity over the cross
section, which for a paraboloid profile in a circular pipe is uCL/2.

2.
w ==
Draw velocity profiles, 4
(i)
as u/ue vs. y/d for laminar
-
台
favourable pressure gradient
Ux ,
Uc boundary layers in
=

(ii) zero pressure gradient

(i) adverse pressure gradient
=µurIw
Tw separated Ucs
(ii) = flowe
3. Calculate the thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at distances of 1m
and 2m from the leading edge, for free steamHUch
velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Compare the

磊 ivon =pivar ☆
B
results and=discuss. (Ans at 1m: 14.6mm, 10.4mm at 2m: 20.8mm, 14.6mm)
∴
x D
4. 0 position from the
The velocity U within the boundary layer on an aerofoil at a certain
leading edge and a distance y from a surface, is given by . Ue is the
velocity at the θedge of the boundary layer and d is the boundary layer thickness. If the
aerofoil is=travelling
Reb through air at standard atmospheric conditions calculate the wall
shear stress for Ue= 30m/s and d=6mm and calculate the local pressure gradient along
the aerofoil surface (Ans 0.182 Nm-2, -30.33Nm-3)
/s
AWhen UcL 3 m =
5. two-dimensional, parallel- side duct of height 2h has its upper wall moving with
velocity 2U and its lower wall moving in5 the opposite direction with velocity U. The
kg / Starting from the equations of motion
-

movement of the walls causes& x 7a flow 10the ms

& 2 ×in duct.
5 99 & × 103
f
,

; steady
for ( viscous boundary layer flow, derive
=
an expression =
for the velocity
,
profile
1 19
across the duct. Noting thatkg dp/dx = 0 determine the distribution of velocity and
. / m
3 x
3 m /s x & mm

vorticity across the duct.

(Ans u(y)=U/2+3/2 Uy/h, w(y) =-3U/(2h) with y=0 in the middle of the duct)
When Ucu = 15 m/s

sm/s 3
cf 1 0196 × 10
-

∴
Cfz = 15m/
= .

∴ ReD 2= o

= 7846s 2500: The

flowwill be turbulent
 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 5

UCL
D
r
不品 不品 “

1. The figures shows the velocity profile of laminar flow in a circular pipe. The shape is a
parabola so that at the wall of the pipe, du/dr = -2UCL/(D/2). Work out the “friction
~
coefficient” Cf =tv/(½ r uCL2) as a function of UCL, D, r, µ and demonstrate that

T
~

T
了

Cf=8/ReD where ReD is based on the centreline velocity UCL. Evaluate Cf for airflow in
a pipe of 8mm diameter with a centre-line speed of 3ms-1 assuming r = 1.19 kg m-3,
µ = 1.82x10-5 kg m-1s-1. If the centre-line velocity is raised to 15ms-1 would you expect
the flow to be laminar or turbulent? (Ans: Cf =5.1 x 10-3)

Note: the friction coefficient is usually based on the average velocity over the cross
section, which for a paraboloid profile in a circular pipe is uCL/2.
Δ i >
岁 i 岁
2. Draw velocity profiles, as u/ue vs. y/d for laminar boundary layers in
(i) favourable pressure gradient
记品 (ii) zero pressure gradient
i
不
(i) adverse pressure gradient
出品 “
(ii) separated flow

3.1 Calculate the thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at distances of 1m

T T
and 2m from the leading edge, for free steam velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Compare the
results and discuss. (Ans at 1m: 14.6mm, 10.4mm at 2m: 20.8mm, 14.6mm)

4. The velocity U within the boundary layer on an aerofoil at a certain position from the
leading edge and a distance y from a surface, is given by . Ue is the
velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and d is the boundary layer thickness. If the
aerofoil is travelling through air at standard atmospheric conditions calculate the wall
0
shear stress for Uei= 30m/s岁
0
and d=6mm and calculate the local pressure igradient
-2 -3
> along
岁
the aerofoil surface (Ans 0.182 Nm , -30.33Nm )

5. A two-dimensional, parallel- side duct of height 2h has its upper wall moving with
velocity 2U and its lower wall moving in the opposite direction with velocity U. The
movement of the walls 品 causes a flow in the duct. Starting from the equations of motion
for steady viscous boundary layer flow, derive an expression for the velocity profile
across the duct. Noting that dp/dx = 0 determine the distribution of velocity and
vorticity across the duct. ~

Uy/h, w(y) =-3U/(2h) with y=0 in the middle of the duct)

T
了
(Ans u(y)=U/2+3/2

0 i 岁
一
八
口
八
AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 5

UCL
on a
flutr plune ,
x = 0 D

1. ∴Theδ=figures ↑‰
5 3shows the velocity profile of laminar flow in a circular pipe. The shape is a
.

parabola so that atethe wall of the pipe, du/dr = -2UCL/(D/2). Work out the “friction
coefficient” Cf =tv/(½ r uCL2) as a function of UCL, D, r, µ and demonstrate that
Cf=8/ReD where ReD is based on the centreline velocity UCL. Evaluate Cf for airflow in
For air in normal condition
a pipe of 8mm diameter with a centre-line speed of 3ms-1 assuming r = 1.19 kg m-3,
,

µ = 1.82x10-5 kg m-1s-1. If the centre-line velocity is raised to 15ms-1 would you expect
the flow to be laminar1or82 5 (Ans: C =5.1 x 10-3)
turbulent?
× 10
kg /ms f
-

第
5
1 52941 70 ma/s
. -

v =
= = .
×

1 19
Note: the friction coefficient kg /
is usually
mp based on the average velocity over the cross
.

section, which for a paraboloid profile in a circular pipe is uCL/2.

2. Draw velocity profiles, as u/ue vs. y/d for laminar boundary layers in
(i) favourable pressure gradient
When x 1m Ue 2m/
gradient s
= =
(ii) zero pressure ,

(i) adverse pressure gradient

(ii) separated flow 14 7 mm
δ 0 914Im
=
= .

3. Calculate the thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at distances of 1m
and 2m from the leading edge, for free steam velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Compare the
When x lm Ve 4 mls= =
results and discuss. (Ans at 1m: 14.6mm, 10.4mm at 2m: 20.8mm, 14.6mm)
,

4. The velocity U within the boundary

10 4 mm layer on an aerofoil at a certain position from the
δ 0 9104 m
=
= .

leading edge and a distance y from a surface, is given by

,

. Ue is the
velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and d is the boundary layer thickness. If the
When
aerofoil x
is travelling
2 Ue 2mls
through
= air at standard atmospheric conditions calculate the wall
,
=

shear stress for Ue= 30m/s and d=6mm and calculate the local pressure gradient along
the aerofoil surface (Ans 0.182 Nm-2, -30.33Nm-3)
δ =
0 9201 m =20 7 mm
,

5. A two-dimensional, parallel- side duct of height 2h has its upper wall moving with
velocity 2U 2
Whenx and
m
its lower
Ue 4 =
wall
m/smoving in the opposite direction with velocity U. The
,
=

movement of the walls causes a flow in the duct. Starting from the equations of motion
for steady viscous boundary layer flow, derive an expression for the velocity profile
across
δ the
0 014
= duct.
Im Noting14that
7 mmdp/dx = 0 determine the distribution of velocity and
=
.

vorticity across the duct.

,

(Ans u(y)=U/2+3/2 Uy/h, w(y) =-3U/(2h) with y=0 in the middle of the duct)

∴ g ↑ when x ↑ while 8 d wben Ue ↑

 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 5

UCL
D
r

1.
品
The figures
: shows
2 等
the velocity
( -

岁
profile of laminar flow in a circular pipe. The shape is a
parabola so that at the wall of the pipe, du/dr = -2UCL/(D/2). Work out the “friction
coefficient” Cf =tv/(½ r uCL2) as a function of UCL, D, r, µ and demonstrate that
Cf=8/ReD where ReD is based on the centreline velocity UCL. Evaluate Cf for airflow in

☆
a pipe of 8mm diameter with a centre-line
µ = 1.82x10-5 kg m-1s-1. If y
: =
3000250000
the centre-line
-
speed of 3ms-1 assuming r = 1.19 kg m-3,
ye is raised to 15ms-1 would you expect
velocity
the flow to be laminar or turbulent? (Ans: Cf =5.1 x 10-3)

Note:
∴ the
U friction
=
y
-

2500000
10000 coefficient is usually
y
2
based on the average velocity over the cross
section, which for a paraboloid profile in a circular pipe is uCL/2.

2.
(i)
dy
Draw
:
velocity
=
10000 -
50000
profiles, as u/uey
vs. y/d for laminar boundary layers in
③

favourable pressure gradient

(ii) zero pressure gradient
(i) adverse pressure gradient
(ii)
∴ Ta =
eday
separated flow o
y =
=
-
1 8& 2 × 10 5 x 1000
.

3. Calculate the thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at distances of 1m
and 2m from the leading edge, O for
182free
= steam velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Compare the
NImss .

results and discuss. (Ans at 1m: 14.6mm, 10.4mm at 2m: 20.8mm, 14.6mm)

4. The velocity U within the boundary layer on an aerofoil at a certain position from the
此 vy 古期
leading edge and a distance y from a surface, is given by . Ue is the
莊 + u + + =
台背
velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and d is the boundary layer thickness. If the
∵
aerofoil is travelling through air at standard atmospheric conditions calculate the wall
shear stress for Ue= 30m/s and d=6mm and calculate the local pressure gradient along
∴ 装 =µ 舞
the aerofoil surface (Ans 0.182 Nm-2, -30.33Nm-3)

5. A two-dimensional, parallel- side duct of height 2h has its upper wall moving with
velocity 2U and its lower wall moving in the opposite direction with velocity U. The
movement of = the walls
-
1 .& 2 ×10causes
5 xa flow35000000
in the duct. Starting from the equations of motion
-
(

for steady viscous boundary layer flow, derive an expression for the velocity profile
across the duct. Noting that dp/dx = 0 determine the distribution of velocity and
= -

1
vorticity across the duct.N 3
/ s .
(Ans u(y)=U/2+3/2mUy/h, w(y) =-3U/(2h) with y=0 in the middle of the duct)

= -
30 ,
333 : N/m3 )
「
》
 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 5

UCL
D
r

1. The figures shows the velocity profile化of laminar flow in a circular pipe. The shape is a
>
parabola so that at the wall of the pipe, du/dr = -2UCL/(D/2). Work wall“friction
out the
upper
coefficient” Cf =tv/(½ r uCL ) as a function of UCL, D, r, µ and demonstrate that
2

Cf=8/ReD where ReD is based on the centreline velocity UCL. Evaluate Cf for airflow in
a pipe of 8mm diameter with a centre-line speed of 3ms-1 assuming r = 1.19 kg m-3,
µ = 1.82x10-5 kg m-1s-1. If the centre-line velocity is raised to 15ms-1 would you expect
the flow to be laminar or turbulent? (Ans: Cf =5.1 x 10-3) lower wall
v
Note: the friction coefficient is usually based on the average velocity over the cross
section, which for a paraboloid profile in a circular pipe is uCL/2.

2.
(i)
:
Draw velocity炎 哦
0 profiles,uas u/ue vs. y/d for laminar
+ +

favourable pressure gradient

+
ry
boundary
=µ layers in 期 篮
(ii) zero pressure gradient
(i) adverse pressure gradient
viscous boundary flow
(ii) ∴ In flow
separated steady
3. Calculate the thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at distances of 1m
篮 谈代装
and 2m from the=leading edge, for:free steam velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Compare the
results and discuss. (Ans at 1m: 14.6mm, 10.4mm at 2m: 20.8mm, 14.6mm)

4. The velocity U within the boundary layer on an aerofoil at a certain position from the
leading 期在情 y+ycfrom
: edge and a distance : a surface,
U =is given by +
我 yz
cy . DUe is the
+

velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and d is the boundary layer thickness. If the
aerofoil is travelling through air at standard atmospheric conditions calculate the wall
shear When ☆=
stress for Ue= 30m/s
0 and d=6mm and c calculate the
∴⑲=
the aerofoil surface (Ans 0.182 Nm-2, -30.33Nm-3)
∴ local
u pressure gradient along
cy + D =

5. A two-dimensional, parallel- side duct of∴height 2h ch

has +itsD upper wall moving with
Wheny = h U 20 20 =

velocity 2U and its lower wall moving in the opposite direction with velocity U. The
=
,

movement of the walls causes a flow in the duct. Starting from the equations of motion
for steady
Whenviscous boundary
h u layer ch + Dfor the velocity profile
0 flow, ideriveUan expression
y
=
-
-

=
-
,
= -

across the duct. Noting that dp/dx = 0 determine the distribution of velocity and
vorticity across the duct.
(Ans u(y)=U/2+3/2 Uy/h, w(y) =-3U/(2h) with y=0 in the middle of the duct)
: C = 品 : D
=(

∴
uy 20
= y
+ 元U

y -
v
ω (y , =☆ -

y = -
=
儿
飛
飛