AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Write down the dimensionally-correct form for the pitching moment coefficient of an
aerofoil of chord c in fluid stream of speed u, the pitching moment per unit span being
denoted by m. Justify the form by using a dimensional argument. (see section 1-6)

2. Which of the following quantities

m are dimensionless? Notation is standard; e.g. L=lift,
C . g=ratio of specific heats,u=kinematic viscosity, c=chord, p=pressure, ρ=density
A=area, n

(i) L/pA
Ipurco
=

L
(ii) (where M is the Mach No.)
1 2
γpM A
2
m
(iii)
→ 品
Dp/ru →
L

(where Dp is a pressure difference)

(iv) gh /(u γp / ρ )

β→ → 恐
(v) σ /( ρu 2c)
篮
(where s is surface tension with units of force per unit length)
(vi) Dp d2/(ru2) (where d is length)
(vii) (tw/r)1/2y/u (where L
2 tw is a shear stress and y is a length)
=→→
€ (viii)
Δρ gh
F Dr is a density difference and h is a length)
(where
ρu 2
2
2 ㎡
L
3. Compare
C → m the percentage
→
change in car aerodynamic drag that can be achieved by
(i) Reduction of drag coefficient CD from 0.35 to 0.3
€ (ii) Reduction of linear dimensions of the car by 10 percent
(iii) Reduction of speed from 70 to 65 mph
Ʃ
(Ans
'
cr hure
-14.3%, -19%,
unit
of
-13.8%) L = ML 2

ou
N

4. A syringe plunger has a diameter of 50mm and moves in a cylinder of the same internal
diameter. The other end of the syringe has an opening of 5mm diameter. If the syringe
less number
There
for
contains water andCnthe is a
plunger
dimencion
is forced into the syringe at a steady rate of 20mm/s,
what will be the average velocity at which the water escapes? (Ans 2000 mm/s)
(Hint: see section 1-3)

5. Read through Buckingham’s rule in lecture 1-7. The drag on the hull of a ship depends
in part on the height of water waves produced by the hull. The potential energy
associated with these waves therefore depends on the acceleration due to gravity g. We
can show that the wave drag on the hull D is a function of r0, V0, c and g, i.e.
D = f(r0, V0, c,g)
where c is a length associated with the hull (say its maximum width), r0, is the density
of the water and V0 is the ships speed. If we define the non-dimensional drag
coefficient as
D
CD =
1
ρ 0V 2 c 2
2
use dimensional analysis to shown that CD= f1(r0, V0, c,g) is a function of the similarity
parameter Fr where Fr = V0/ gc and is known as the Froude number. (see lecture 1-7)
 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Write down the dimensionally-correct form for the pitching moment coefficient of an
aerofoil of chord c in fluid stream of speed u, the pitching moment per unit span being
denoted by m. Justify the form by using a dimensional argument. (see section 1-6)

2. Which of the following quantities are dimensionless? Notation is standard; e.g. L=lift,
A=area,g=ratio of specific heats,u=kinematic viscosity, c=chord, p=pressure, ρ=density
(i) L/pA
L
(ii) (where M is the Mach No.)
1 2
γpM A
2
(iii) Dp/ru (where Dp is a pressure difference)
(iv) gh /(u γp / ρ )
(v) σ /( ρu 2c) (where s is surface tension with units of force per unit length)
(vi) Dp d2/(ru2) (where d is length)
不
(vii) , (tw/r) 1/2
om y/u
花 (where
→√ =

tw is a shear stress and y is a length)

Δρ gh
€ (viii) 2
(where Dr is a density difference and h is a length)
ρu N
谅
了/ k Nm
ng.
.
ma . .
ky k/; X = .

.
步 v NMm m
.
=

3. Compare the percentage change in car aerodynamic drag that can be achieved by
(i) Reduction of drag coefficient CD from 0.35 to 0.3
Pa N /m
dimensions of/kgy
N/ =kgm/
㎡

€ (ii)
说
Reduction of linear the car by 10
㎡percent
x
m
㎡

=
'
=

kg mls
m
号 =

(iii) kgReduction
/
of speedg /from 70 to 65 mmph
/ m " s
没 mps /
s= sgs/m m )
…
m

(Ans -14.3%, -19%, -13.8%)

m
milk
, /s e '
in m/sz . m m /s
㎡ <

×
4. A syringe NIIng - ktngtm
plunger has a diameter of 50mm and moves min/ a cylinder ☆ of the 1 same internal
mls - V =

aymy
(
diameter. The other end of the syringe has an opening of 5mm diameter. If the syringe
/ s (
mp
) m s .
m s

contains waterN 1 mand the plunger is / forced into the syringe atky/a steady rate of 20mm/s,
kgm
yys
s< : ss

what
以
will be the average velocity at which
=
the water escapes?
=

kylmp mys
m
(Ans 2000√ mm/s) m

ky / mpxm/s xm =
kg /sz . - '

(Hint: see section 1-3)

bghymh
NM
misfngsby
x
5. Read
址 through Buckingham’s rule in lecture 1-7. The drag ×
y
on the1 kymymlsV
z
hull of a ship depends
㎡

州
s
= = m

kylmsxlhyym
.
p /ms
in part on the height of water waves produced by the hull. The =potential energy
,

associated with these waves therefore depends on the acceleration due to gravity g. We
can show that the wave drag on the hull D is a function of r0, V0, c and g, i.e.
( hym
品 ) , = ymsj
“

( D = f(r0, V
) 0, c,g) xms 号 的 √
(
: x

where c is a length associated with the hull (say its maximum width), r , is the density 0
of the water and V0 is the ships speed. If we define the non-dimensional drag
coefficient as
狱磊紧淼 篮 篮喻
= sthy/ / ms m
m si .

ngyimsas
3 m
/
√
.

D
=
=

CD = kg 3 <
m .

1
ρ 0V 2 c 2
2
use dimensional analysis to shown that CD= f1(r0, V0, c,g) is a function of the similarity
parameter Fr where Fr = V0/ gc and is known as the Froude number. (see lecture 1-7)

.
》片
。
子
片
。
入
二
 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Write down the dimensionally-correct form for the pitching moment coefficient of an
aerofoil of chord c in fluid stream of speed u, the pitching moment per unit span being
denoted by m. Justify the form by using a dimensional argument. (see section 1-6)

2. Which of the following quantities are dimensionless? Notation is standard; e.g. L=lift,
A=area,g=ratio of specific heats,u=kinematic viscosity, c=chord, p=pressure, ρ=density
(i) L/pA
ICDPU
=

D = A 2

L
(ii) (where M is the Mach No.)
1 2
γpM A
2
O 3 O 35
示(iii) Dp/ru 100%
x (where a%
Dp14is286 3%
14 difference)
pressure
-

≈
. .
-
-
= ,
.

0 35
(iv) gh /(u γp / ρ )
.

(v) 1 10σ%/( ρu 21c) (where s is surface tension with units of force per unit length)
2

× 100% 19%
(
-
, -

记 = -

(vi) Dp d2/(ru2) (where d is length)

(vii) (tw/r)1/2y/u (where tw is a shear stress and y is a length)
gh
05Δρ 702
"

€谁(viii) % =+ 3Dr
(where 78%is a density
13 8% difference and h is a length)
_

, 100 x .
= -

ρu 2
i
70

3. Compare the percentage change in car aerodynamic drag that can be achieved by
(i) Reduction of drag coefficient CD from 0.35 to 0.3
€ (ii) Reduction of linear dimensions of the car by 10 percent
(iii) Reduction of speed from 70 to 65 mph
(Ans -14.3%, -19%, -13.8%)

4. A syringe plunger has a diameter of 50mm and moves in a cylinder of the same internal
diameter. The other end of the syringe has an opening of 5mm diameter. If the syringe
contains water and the plunger is forced into the syringe at a steady rate of 20mm/s,
what will be the average velocity at which the water escapes? (Ans 2000 mm/s)
(Hint: see section 1-3)

5. Read through Buckingham’s rule in lecture 1-7. The drag on the hull of a ship depends
in part on the height of water waves produced by the hull. The potential energy
associated with these waves therefore depends on the acceleration due to gravity g. We
can show that the wave drag on the hull D is a function of r0, V0, c and g, i.e.
D = f(r0, V0, c,g)
where c is a length associated with the hull (say its maximum width), r0, is the density
of the water and V0 is the ships speed. If we define the non-dimensional drag
coefficient as
D
CD =
1
ρ 0V 2 c 2
2
use dimensional analysis to shown that CD= f1(r0, V0, c,g) is a function of the similarity
parameter Fr where Fr = V0/ gc and is known as the Froude number. (see lecture 1-7)
「
AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Write down the dimensionally-correct form for the pitching moment coefficient of an
aerofoil of chord c in fluid stream of speed u, the pitching moment per unit span being
denoted by m. Justify the form by using a dimensional argument. (see section 1-6)

2. Which of the following quantities are dimensionless? Notation is standard; e.g. L=lift,
A=area,g=ratio of specific heats,u=kinematic viscosity, c=chord, p=pressure, ρ=density
(i) L/pA
U AL U Az
O P
=
. , 2 2

(ii) (where M is the Mach No.)

,

1
γpM 2 A
2
(iii) Dp/ru (where Dp is a pressure difference)
(iv) gh /(u γp / ρ ) / ( 50 mm
PuDA
=
2β )
:Uz = '
=
mm s x
2000 mm/s =

(where s is surface
及

(v) σ /( ρu 2c) : 51 tension with units of force per unit length)

mm )

(vi) Dp d2/(ru2) (where d is length)

(vii) (tw/r)1/2y/u (where tw is a shear stress and y is a length)
Δρ gh
€ (viii) (where Dr is a density difference and h is a length)
ρu 2

3. Compare the percentage change in car aerodynamic drag that can be achieved by
(i) Reduction of drag coefficient CD from 0.35 to 0.3
€ (ii) Reduction of linear dimensions of the car by 10 percent
(iii) Reduction of speed from 70 to 65 mph
(Ans -14.3%, -19%, -13.8%)

4. A syringe plunger has a diameter of 50mm and moves in a cylinder of the same internal
diameter. The other end of the syringe has an opening of 5mm diameter. If the syringe
contains water and the plunger is forced into the syringe at a steady rate of 20mm/s,
what will be the average velocity at which the water escapes? (Ans 2000 mm/s)
(Hint: see section 1-3)

5. Read through Buckingham’s rule in lecture 1-7. The drag on the hull of a ship depends
in part on the height of water waves produced by the hull. The potential energy
associated with these waves therefore depends on the acceleration due to gravity g. We
can show that the wave drag on the hull D is a function of r0, V0, c and g, i.e.
D = f(r0, V0, c,g)
where c is a length associated with the hull (say its maximum width), r0, is the density
of the water and V0 is the ships speed. If we define the non-dimensional drag
coefficient as
D
CD =
1
ρ 0V 2 c 2
2
use dimensional analysis to shown that CD= f1(r0, V0, c,g) is a function of the similarity
parameter Fr where Fr = V0/ gc and is known as the Froude number. (see lecture 1-7)
AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Write down the dimensionally-correct form for the pitching moment coefficient of an
aerofoil of chord c in fluid stream of speed u, the pitching moment per unit span being
denoted by m. Justify the form by using a dimensional argument. (see section 1-6)

2. Which of the following quantities are dimensionless? Notation is standard; e.g. L=lift,
A=area,g=ratio of specific heats,u=kinematic viscosity, c=chord, p=pressure, ρ=density
(i) L/pA
L
(ii) (where M is the Mach No.)
1 2
γpM A
2
(iii) Dp/ru (where Dp is a pressure difference)
(iv) gh /(u γp / ρ )
(v) σ /( ρu 2c) (where s is surface tension with units of force per unit length)
(vi) Dp d2/(ru2) (where d is length)
t,w is a shear stress and y is a length)
fis
1/2
(vii)
ED (tw/r) y/u , (wherec
g
=
pn o , .

Δρ gh
€ (viii) (where Dr is a density difference and h is a length)
ρu 2
VosBccgrig
s
ac
Compare thepo
,
= ( ,
3. percentage change in car aerodynamic drag that can be achieved by
(i) Reduction of drag coefficient CD from 0.35 to 0.3
€ (ii) Reduction of linear dimensions of the car by 10 percent
5

[ : ^ )
β [ L ]0 [
合
[
(iii) Reduction
= of speed
卡 from
]
70 to 65 mph J
(Ans -14.3%, -19%, -13.8%)

4. A syringe plunger has a diameter of 50mm and moves in a cylinder of the same internal
M Theαother
diameter. 0 end of the syringe has an opening of 5mm diameter. If the syringe
→ =

contains water and the plunger is forced into the syringe at a steady rate of 20mm/s,
what will
L be the3→ average velocity
α+β+γ+ -
5 0 at which the water escapes? (Ans 2000 mm/s)
=

(Hint: see section 1-3)

T *β 2 z O - =

5. Read through Buckingham’s rule in lecture 1-7. The drag on the hull of a ship depends
in part on the height of water waves produced by the hull. The potential energy
associated, with 8
五β
= these waves therefore depends on the acceleration due to gravity g. We
-

can show that the wave drag on the hull D is a function of r0, V0, c and g, i.e.
'
, γ , Ʃβ
=
D = f(r0, V0, c,g)
-

where c is a length associated with the hull (say its maximum width), r0, is the density
of the water and V0 ) is β
( the ships 32
speed. If we define the non-dimensional drag
: GD No β C , - ( g - β
I

coefficient as 5
D
CD =
Vo 1
: CD
,
a
ρ 0V 2 c 2
2
igcto shown that CD= f1(r0, V0, c,g) is a function of the similarity
use dimensional analysis
parameter Fr where Fr = V0/ gc and is known as the Froude number. (see lecture 1-7)
 AERO40001 Aerodynamics I Tutorial Sheet 2

6. The power required to propel an aircraft in steady level flight, at a height where the
density is 1/3 of that sea level, is 20,000 kW. A 1/20 scale model of the aircraft is
mounted in a wind tunnel, operating at sea-level temperature and a pressure of 5
atmospheres (1 atmosphere = sea-level pressure), for test at the same true air speed as
the full scale aircraft.

(i) Define a non-dimensional power coefficient (recall power=force x velocity)

(ii) Assuming the same power coefficient for the full scale and model conditions
estimate the power required to drive the wind tunnel when the model is inserted.
(iii) If the full scale and model temperatures are 232K and 288K and presuming that
viscosity is proportional to the square root of temperature, what is the ratio of
the two Reynolds number of the two flows? Comment on how this might effect
the prediction of the drag coefficient. (Ans 750 Kw, 0.673)

=
i , Fxu =
谈 卡 管
p
=
炭 , β= ,
=
管 ∴
IOr =

:
品x =
尴
× F
× x = x : 1

: x =

号 = UA :
Cp =

, ou =
, uA

i访 2
P PRT
P PU
=
*
,

p Prm
∴
Cp = =

± 3
)
x x 1 五 × 1 × (
的 =× 5

∴ Pm = 750 KW

Buc
谁毙 ,
=

淼 . 台 c节√
亏
的品
1 × 1
486
×
=
= 1 .

5 × 1× 1 x 1

: 階 =
0 .
673
二
女
片
飛
比
入