Chapter - 2 dt
+ Elackiostatic Potomblal &
—
Electuic potential :~
unit _postttue cha ie
infinity is Called electsic_potentiag__
dt_is Scalax quantity -
9b fs denoted “by us
*_Electutc potential = wwe
chaxige
Ve W &
=
ST unit = J
C
= gent
= Volt (v)
Dimension = ML2T-®
AT
= Mu? r3At
4 fal difference i-
The _diffeuence_in the electwic
notential he ‘ i: SL
field 25 called patenting aldfference. ||
i aoe
roan
.
atts den y Yo
= ls ST _unft is" valk -
191s dimension ts p712T-3ptt
— _eek PW ,
Vag = Va- Va
t
| Howe, :
| Va = ee ( .
Ve: Eleckwic” potential of 8. ‘
t ; . ; =
pElectuic potential due to_point chayoe i= = 9X109x 5¥ 10"
2x 107?
= ¢5x103
2X 10-2
299.5 x 105x102
29-5 x 105
wfo fl
2-25 X 10° V. amg
| Electuic potential due #0 a dipole +
ase. f + Electsute potentias at on axial poin of
Il dipole
bts tg 4
A oO 8 Pp
>
a
{
|Consfden an _electuic aipate contin of tuto hort
p chase. -9 ond +2, Sepeuated by 2 Smnall_ alist
on k
0
lat distance oc fom its centee O-
| Electuutc potentfal at point P due to cipal | ve wt _ _
——_ |} vs = KG + AY
| a (ts) _(x£~-0 _-P ¢
ee ee : {
(Ura) Coen) J .
ws ke f Gea) — (ot) | ;
Claro ¢x-0)
~ Ve Ko ste}
ys AP 4
H een LP “-genexally Wixeceea
(Ty: _kP | 30 ‘
| 2 (
4
case fi) Eleckute jproiial at_an_equptaxial potn nt.
ot dipaté
| et Ayoadside on 4a
t 4
l RES te\ Jerk (
[ doy
|| ~4 0 +4
1 4
| pon +9 and sohanated bap ats oly 4
“fa c a int__at_ac Volistance fom 4
| Conte. 0 of ‘ofbole. E
Efectute potential at point P due to dipale Ve Ut Ve _ _
Vs KO + Ke
Jt Jt
Vs Ska + Kg
__ date Jat
= oT cee =ol
Case iii) Electsstc poleppil, cele pentwat falnt
due to a diboje - (H, @)
Considex fe_di, i w
faint chases ~J and +@% and sabbloted bg dis~
tance 94 ye have +0 fin
Pat a défstance .4 fuom O Centue - OF7
2 Sa niin
aj i
} nets. PL
)_ : the
-% ip +4
Bs
) Boose
»
)
Met potential at pofn du t, fs —
Vr =
asi
Coxr/5) (1 bisector)
Ma = K Ponsa + 0
—— ae ~
___| Vin = _KP cosa a
[| i .4
| Electuie potential clue 10 a Systern OF chages =
owe tt ‘
Page
a 2
aa
{|p Let [point chayges 94.92, 4
! ae g2=- 4m ot distance ss, 124
aa 5 Hy = %n fom a point P- t
oa r
As fe fal i. f1y Si
total poientiol ot pont p will be equal to 4
alge ebuatc Sur of all the tndiufdual potential.
Ve Wit Ue t Ua = = ‘
we KM + 92 +95 == Go ‘
[Pi Gia 13 3in_ "
Wy :
onl v= Ks di
cl Hi | 4
4
i fol
r
Cose(i) 2 o, Lal 2
+4 ait i ;
oO. B A
4
Me
|Considen an electufc field clue 10 +9 Located,
in:
___ ik
% ggornst slectsiic field F is— o 5
: F = ~QF
Ihe wWasitiolone to move a test chaype fuom fi to
8 is
We F de
W= —Go E-da — @
-0ls0, 10 = Chayge x potenti aliffevence_ _
t= Yo V(ug-Vea) = Podu —H
On equating the two wok :
'
I
r g
; = Edis gy du
, | 2 & diy
L a
» Be —du
aH
y
» Fox non-umifawm electuic field =
b Jte Je |
> ay=Jdv = — [Edu
Hy Hy
»
Dl Sr unit of € ts Mew ow Umer!
>
=A a fy =~ €g, = — du
» tie Ap
»
y
» 2
pm
em
cect ES eee
4s rnognitucle ts giuen ‘by dhe chaos In magn ide |
Pays
Of potential pew unit atsblecement maxmal #4
the" equibolentta Swiface at the point: ;
(i On the Suwvfore C= R)
Ir ot
)\
| p 7 Up ~ Vs =O — _
[ra] : 2
t_ —| Vp = Ag _| Constant - —
Gf Me
C
LU Outside the shhewe ot distance uv fuam Cenne-
Fp =_ko
p ute
A= =f E-c1
P
Ypa Mo = =] K@. ov caso"
‘ Vp- 0 = = Roja
Vp = - ke [-2]"
, Cad,
ee ry
j Up = KG Gi) At_Sunface (41=R)
HH [Vs = ka |
j [RI
)
v til) | inside the shheve at distance .v fom centsye
pf p
=-/[é Ep = KOw
y a d cat nde R3
i eA
' ~ V5 = — | KOH: dy C050" eH
f. a SS
| Vp - Vs = tg fo a |
' R __ | y= ves ~ ke [tp
— oe
Vp - Vs Ay zi —_——
R3
a - wT 4
Vp- KG = ~ ku + KOR? 4
R 2R3 2R3
Vp- KQ = ~ Koy? + ko :
R QR3 (
J
(
4
Up = K@ + KQ ~ we
° 2R R 2R3
Vp = 3kQ =i + ?
2k. Re
Us = ~ 427 (
a ete ar] ,
‘Jat centwe 4 =O
Ve =
le ~ oa
2
quipotential Surface =
Arn_equibotential suxface is_a_Suface _
be
4
‘
a
4
[Ve = ‘
4
1
‘
all 4
On the Swiface -
___Fa.a_point chayee 4
> Concentsiic shhexe with charge _as certsie Of 4
—__ Shhoxe ae equt potential Stwiface. 4 IL Fox wtinean choy
Concentsiiic__cy cy Les saith inetn 198 OS O25
of cylin _ oe S|
Lucheuties of equihotential Sunface j= _
\ The potential dif wd) wo fof,
on equibotentfal : A, is vat
SH dot _punauct is zeuo then vale OF
Ccos6 = 90°)
Mo tuio eouibotentfal Sufoce Can fntewsece |
| [Link] othey
juectio
= of Son field ond antl a
fn ep fons Got weak elects field.
ie; [E: ~du | Tevi_= —du
[ fee te __ bhewhca ACR Cg
at change ond F field ‘
Line okt sadtatly oulwords.
(
+ f
{
oO
Four f
field, the tine of thyce ave
avallel Stsaight Line crrci™
+ er bendicul a eguipot— 4
SSS iti afore
; ‘
ol > ‘al = «
|The olectnte potentfal nest of _a gystem of
| point chaxges may he di ined asthe amount
at theb+ locations by Potential cue ¢0 21 and Pofnt Po at Ha distor
|
fucm Pr lle be =
1
Pi he =
Vy = KQ , SF Chaxsge 9, (8 moved fn fxorn
Ho
ees to point Po, the wok sequined (5 —
= 2 alS0. lod =O
ies XG, = KG 92.
ote
A. i e
——L_of the system (%+%2) 50,
Ine WO +e = KU 9 |
due
potentfal eneyon of a system of [U hoint chassee'
ig —
Electsitc 4 potential of a uen_point in_an exctemat|
field as Phe alent 7 alias o_unit positive |
Change at that point. we teneua chek
Let ’ Dh ~ 10 sy
against the sant fold = 9, VU (i).
| Wowkoone in binging 92 £4om < to Je against:
extemal Fred = Comy (i) - {
Wakdona On 9 ag t fosice ect ”.
vg
Kd x @
She
7 Ks 2
dire
I<
&
w ltr
Siual ntfal en £0 System = the wok
ha gone. in assembling the 4000 chages.
O= wu Gi) + % Use) F KGa 2s TL
Hie |
min a me ee om tt
To equal_and_opposite fouces faum a couple
——_|"The_tosque_exewted by cowble wilt be
| T= foyce x 1 distance ~ <
T= 9EX Jasine » —
=
_|
! PEsina
+ _
lf t rae) ar Kolo:
fs
dw = tdo
dul = PESinO de
th i otating_afhole from 6,to 6,
will be
bP.
6.
Lao = {Pe sino-da
a.
= PE (-cos0 7},
“PE (0050s = Cosé1)
~ Pe ( C0562 ~ C0541)
PE (Coss - Cosé2)
wla do
The_wavkdone fs Staved aS potentfal eneroy
O_of df fale
- Loz pe (cose, — C062)
itiad. P “culan 60
p—_|- diect” ir = §o° hen ma
= 90°) and then rmaes on _
bane 6 with fieli (62 =6), the potential __
__} e YOY —— — _— _ —
os v= pe (os go-~ cose) = PE(0- cose) _
, > U= =PE cose oe =
y "YU = Pecos = - BE
Shecial coses i=
; =O°_, then [J =~ PE cose
| [U=~pe
Thus... Eneyey is mointmaum cohen A -0-(eoraltel)
| when 4 = 90°
= - PE 005.90" =0
=O] Thus, Pe (s 2ewo when a=0' (pepe |
§
Positfon of unstable equtlthy fur —_____.
when 6 = 180°
U= PE] Thus, Be 75 roaximum when 6 =180° *
= . Cantiparall el)
4
o (4
‘
o
|Electwic capaci a_condui
II
i Pés_obtlit
to hald chauge =
é
4
¢
Cabacitance = a
potential 4
’ 7
¢
—eopacidonce of a_canttuctos._amay be deined as
in
ile chap eae me the potential ¢
| of Conducts by unft amount - ‘ | Matuye of swatounding medfum-—
i actor Of then Comductan tn ?t_ negghbow-
Dae 1
Page
-d(ze_and Shape of Conducta.
e i S uni: .
| Dimension mace 1?Tt A?)
y 0150 wie Krouw € =
a
Pp = Ey (d-t) + & ++ -
p__|| — above equatforn |
> - —— 3 ee
— ve dx {lo-t)+4] _ _|
-
putting the value tn equalion@) | rT
ea [a= ttt
Teed
Cs A&o
[lg-t)+t7
[td-t 4
Case) Jf +=0 ( nat filled )
| then, C = oe
mM dT filled)
then, C= apt
eB of a ichnes
(es = & A 7) r
t d- (tittotts) + t. +2 é
(tit tot bs “ oe ;
Icoincitm of Capact tay = x
tt copoctiow _in_ sen ies — ‘
whe Z ate
| one copacttay fs conne the positive |
—— Plate of Second amd negative plate OF Second *
to positive of thivd ond S0 on, thus js
| Said to he in Seles. 4
pie a
Pett -
Ct :
r 4 ( Figuwe_, Us Wt Vota —@
Dae 1d
Page
Considen thaee capacitor Ci, Co and Cz all Conn |
ected in Sent i dB fiom _|
puting this _equatfon tn ©
ie Oo + 9 gi OK
Foy Seles combination =
| equat to the sum af the Hecipsocat af the _|
- |The e wivalent capacitance “is Smatten than the _
tndividual capacit . 7”
LSmallest fndividual capacitance | connected to One Common potmd and negative
] +0 another comman “point: >the capaciton (
is said 20 be tn payatlel -
a7 ENE
Ag eye
—
q
X93. 1 tc. {
Ie =[03 fi
La ‘(
fuom frque , 9-9 +942, —( :
Gra capociiaw aque cinnecied between 4
Some point wie te Up = Ug = V_ —~ 6) e
Mow, @,= Cv a
g, = CoV .
Qa = CoV
| gs CV + Gv + CV 8
| g=VvlcretG) — @ fs
4£ i 3 ° -@
22 Cy _ 7 i =U (OtCet+ Cs)
_ = Cit Cot Cg
Te Ceg = Cit Cot Cg |
Fou pavallel Combinaifon of cohacitay —
Ceg is equal £0 5 indr ini acita
The_equivalent capacitance 6 lowgen than larypest}
feauldual_copactéance. —_°_"_|
4 ?, a
|Same +
i Le to
PES f; e+
Enexoy Staved fn _cahoctiay &
The _t ce fy
Capacitax 5 called ety |
let us comer i i)
2, Cy? chay
Capacitas Py ‘dg’ amount of chayoe 000-4,
tS. oa
dgxt
pe
A fea
£ UF], ] i]
Date |
Page
i)
oc
= 4 2
2c
Ww = 41¢2y2
I E
ud = Cu?
! 2
o This wWayukdon
e Stayed fn _
— fosrm of potential enengy
i
| Otic 2
z
‘
in_tevms Of @ and Vv 2 b= £au ;
L
In_toms of Gand C3 y= @2 | :
i 2C ‘
4
atic field +
1.[ fuer eboctunstaric fields 26 zev0 in intewtaw
| x ‘4
‘
Lu ic fi é o th
Surface»
4
“g. The net chasige_tn the inteviax of a Conduciay
18 _2e10_an eaccess Change A1eSIdCS Op
| 7t5 Swrfoce at 4 : potential fs _constant within and_on the switace
ae tt
Pave
Of Conducta:
claw is pwobautvonal to the Swrface ~C
| Electwic_freld_at the Suxface of 0 a_chay sige condy- |
chawee
density «
Gl Etockirc field 5 zexo In the coutty af_a halled
Chayge Conducta:
Enewy dens t of _an electsyic ae
a i érnptite a
enexgy fs Stawed fn the
Considen a
auea A and plate Sehayva 0
Capacitance of the pavallel ‘plate =
C= fall
if © i he snk aap sy te
cite, then the elects Lreld eon plate — |
Ese
&o
© = E:&
chayoe on either plate the plate of cabacftay 7s
g = ©f = &&7A
- - 2
: Enewoy taved ~n cabachtoy 0 = £
“p: (&6A = 4 & bpd -
968A.
_ sey 7 = Oo td
__Th eenevgy sinwed pew unit uolume as electric
Fits hag iy fa gto hye
-
1
cis ae 7 :
___| Frrben 4100 conduc we Connected] |
1 itance 0H Conduct.
1s, CisVi and 92; [Link] hos paxometen then |
| ith -
| Befove Connectfon |
Qs = OY
I = CoV
Aftey Connectfon
total Change = 21+ 2.
| total Cc Hance = C+ Co
Vearaman = total choxsge = Ut%
total capaertance Cit Ce
[ Veoroman = GU + Cove [
C.4+Ce
on | al ll tf el tlCi klk
s
___Lieleciule 3 A dieleckuic (5 a Substance tohich «
5 does not allow the flow hange though
it_but permits therm 10_exert elerdnostarre t
___ foxice On anothex though ft: ‘
eg Gloss , wax , walet, ai ,vubhey etc. 4
St
T < Dielectuic ave Of tu Of ffs
tj Palas dielechwic 4 . |
iil Mon- polax dialectwic i ___|
Polaw Dielectsfe £ SS
A mnolecule in which centue of _
mas (eri insid
Loith a:
| haw
9 HCl; UH3 s Hed etc.
Non = palay Dielectuic = A rmolecite in which the
Ce @ ith ini
With centwe Of mass of negate ch :
age
92 Mp, Ho, Co ,CHy , benzene etc:
Polaxisation i ies +
potas di i
in / ctwic Field
This fact d in i fa
b ° :
unft Vo
The_tncluced dipole moment developed per
dume_of a _dielertsife when blace fn
Lon external field A eee _
fone = ie
f
{ aa The_polouisation 2
i iki ed
* 7
i ffeld- FE extsting in the déelectwic. ‘
| 7
I Pye
P= &xXF 7
Whee ois pyo, f ee tant
opep a. :
1
x= fp
@E 7
Thus the ..atio of polanfsatron density to &
tfmes the electywic freld fs called “the
in the dielectwic is called di@lectsic |
Constant
K= fs OH kK = Ex '
Ee Ein
Qu k= Ee Owe it
Page
Violectwit Siuenath = The moaxfmurn efectsuc-
|| freld_ that cari’ exist tna _drelectwic without
Causing the byeakdown of fis (nsulating
psopeaty fs called dinlectufe stuength of
the matenfaf.
“The unit of Dielectuic stuength —
Vin-! an kvm.
Gl
Two chawges 5x10°8 cand _-3x 10-8 C_ ave Jocated
16 cm hawt. At What potnt (3) an the Sing
7
oining the two is the electuic
. 2 Ta . inkinibe
to be Zend.
SoM Ale
9, = 5x 10-8C
; Jo = -8x10"8c
Jue = 16 cm
hen pind is hetmeen the chayges
gysBK08 KO
'
Ke-30 +t
f : a
_ Fox Zero potentfat — ___ —
= v=0 _ -
> Ut Ve = 0
gt + _i_- de =O —
FNEo ot FE 3 — He Ca , ak
[
er
a v2
§xJo-8 + (-3x10-8) = 0
x 16-2
Sx lok =
x 16-2C
3a = 80-52
20t+5% SO
Bac = BO
2 = [Link]:
| Case - TT
When poi? is out of the chayoes .
-
Se eetiodaiet ieee
Q
k_——— £&
Fou Zevo potential
a
V=0
3 Utve = O
» i. + i + % =0
TE 4a F7Eo te
2) 91 +% | =0
4 Eo yt He
3 41 + Ge = 0
an 7a ae
48 x48 + Camel axe) 0 fe ipin he ui chayges fs the electu’c
) -
= 2ev0 ? Take? the potential at inizz,
be 2eH0- _
)
& Ale to question
; Qs = 3x 108C
Yo = -2x 10°C
> de = 150m
J
>» -Le
; when point ts between th
y a age ot
4 ’ &
» H i-——
| k— 15-x—4
» | Fou 2eno podendfat
; _ VeQo
ae 3 Vit Ve = 0 ==
, do Gi + toe. = ©
> qe 1 IME Ve
~ Date
Page
——__|_» 4 4: + le
dre, a4 te )
= qi + 4 =Q
ot v2
=} Silo* of (- 2x 8) es
\ 15-20
| = 2x10
| aoe 15-20
| 3 2% = 45-390
{ 3 2904 30 = $5
S90 845
ia 2S
I 3 X= 9
| Cose~II +
| When point (5 out of the chawoe
Q
~———— 7 |
Fo x-1F
PrP
—Fox ZeHO nial
uh
3 Vite =0
yt 9, + 1 4 ~ 0
We 1 a
4 Qi + % \ =O
ee ee,
——___|_—_—— a
___}| + nt Be Be = Oe. =
js —_— - ee |" x -15
9 att = ox 10% |
oc OC-15
4 __29c = 300— $5
320 ~ 390 = “5
{ 3 ~ m= ~F5
Q
what wtl the the capacitance ff the distonceé
between the plates [5 seduced by half and
the_shace betureen 7 is C2(Ted with @
ant 6 ?
ame A/a.
‘ p= O&A = Spe
, ad
, Ex, = 4
' di-d
Ete = 6
, de = A
) ae
, = oe
=
; C= Sip —— O
di
! L C= &érA owe 1
Pre
@/o
Cr = &faA / &€re-A
Ca qi de
1
| Ci = Ey y de 4
| Ce di Eee 4
y 9 = 1 y d/e
* Co d 6 {
| 39 = 4 {
| Co 12 1
| » Cp = 96 pF osrs 4
Ii
QE f Q, (FE: a
Ici 5 ° ceucise 98 3 (
| thé i re ic onstant =
| 6 i d €e ‘ates.
(ol) while the voltage subbly sernained unnected
i
Jol C= &&f 4
aa 4
[| 3 C = €oA x Ex
[ d
| 3 C = [RpF x6 ‘
| 3 C_= 108 pF 4
Vz 100 v 4
Q@ = Cv ~4
| 3 6 = 103 x 1o!® x 10-®
= (08 x 107! 4
os 0g 08 Come “ull Afton the supply was lisconr ected « e
Sol" _C = 108 pF
Q = 4:8 x 1079
pe
= 49 xX10°9
103 x1o7!2
[ 2 166 ome
Q){ B_900 pF capocttoy is
‘ hb atic ~e
paee by the capacitow 24q =o
+ >
Sol" C= $00 pF — | £
= 900x Jol? F ak
= IK 107M 460%
E a)
y Vz l00Vv
Us?
)
: =i
2
) = feloka
2
= ixgxio Px jot
2
= 45x 10°! xX 104
he A in ol st, i oe OU | ll
= 45x 108d are 1
ne
0 The_cofacton is disconnected fuom the —_
Ltewy and Comected 10 another JOOpt
—Capactiaw- what js the electuostatic ensigy —
Ls towed bythe Syaltins at a2)
= a:
| C, = 900 pF
1 = 9X 10-Pr Y -~Ye
1 Vi= 100 4 E
Co = s I -10
Ve = 0
Rest enowoy =
i ae
| Ave 4 CiCe ( Vi-Vvs)*
\ 2 Cte
| q 10 10 00-0)2
{ 2 9X 10-!0 4 9x 10°10
1 i
~
! i x 9X 9X Io"'0 y 04
1 g gx 10"
|
- 4
| = = Ox ov
| 2x ook 7
1 4
= 2:95 x 10-8 T \
~ 4. 6 9. =6
Rest energy = $¢-5X 10 2:95 X 107° J 4
9:25 x 10°F J amy