Here is a comprehensive formula sheet for Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Physics, organized
chapter-wise to help you solve numerical problems efficiently.
1. Electric Charges and Fields
● Coulomb's Law: F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} (where
\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} = 9 \times 10^9 \text{ N m}^2/\text{C}^2)
● Electric Field Strength: E = \frac{F}{q} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q}{r^2}
● Electric Dipole Moment: p = q \times 2a
● Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field: \tau = pE \sin\theta
● Electric Flux: \Phi = \oint E \cdot dArea = E Area \cos\theta
● Gauss's Law: \Phi = \frac{q_{\text{enclosed}}}{\varepsilon_0}
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
● Electrostatic Potential: V = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q}{r}
● Potential Energy of a System of Charges: U = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1
q_2}{r_{12}}
● Capacitance: C = \frac{Q}{V}
● Parallel Plate Capacitor: C = \frac{\varepsilon_0 A}{d} (with dielectric: C =
\frac{K\varepsilon_0 A}{d})
● Capacitors in Series: \frac{1}{C_s} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \frac{1}{C_3} + \dots
● Capacitors in Parallel: C_p = C_1 + C_2 + C_3 + \dots
● Energy Stored in a Capacitor: U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2 = \frac{1}{2}\frac{Q^2}{C} =
\frac{1}{2}QV
3. Current Electricity
● Ohm's Law: V = IR
● Resistance and Resistivity: R = \rho \frac{l}{A}
● Current Density and Drift Velocity: I = nAev_d \implies v_d = \frac{I}{nAe} =
\frac{eE\tau}{m}
● Temperature Dependence of Resistance: R_T = R_0[1 + \alpha(T - T_0)]
● Resistors in Series and Parallel: * Series: R_s = R_1 + R_2 + \dots
○ Parallel: \frac{1}{R_p} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \dots
● Cell EMF and Internal Resistance (r): V = E - Ir
● Kirchhoff's Laws:
○ Junction Rule (KCL): \sum I = 0
○ Loop Rule (KVL): \sum \Delta V = 0
● Wheatstone Bridge (Balanced Condition): \frac{P}{Q} = \frac{R}{S}
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism
● Biot-Savart Law: dB = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{I \, dl \sin\theta}{r^2} (where
\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} = 10^{-7} \text{ T m/A})
● Magnetic Field due to a Straight Wire: B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}
● Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular Loop: B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2R} (For N turns: B
= \frac{\mu_0 NI}{2R})
● Ampere's Circuital Law: \oint B \cdot dl = \mu_0 I_{\text{enclosed}}
● Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid: B = \mu_0 n I (where n = \frac{N}{l})
● Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge (Lorentz Force): F = q(v \times B) \implies F =
qvB\sin\theta
● Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor: F = I(l \times B) \implies F =
IlB\sin\theta
● Force Between Two Parallel Current Conductors: \frac{F}{l} = \frac{\mu_0 I_1 I_2}{2\pi
d}
5. Magnetism and Matter
● Magnetic Dipole Moment (M): M = N I A
● Torque on a Magnetic Dipole: \tau = M \times B \implies \tau = MB\sin\theta
● Magnetic Permeability/Susceptibility Relationship: \mu_r = 1 + \chi_m
6. Electromagnetic Induction
● Magnetic Flux: \Phi_B = B \cdot A = BA\cos\theta
● Faraday's Law of Induction: \varepsilon = - \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} (For N turns: \varepsilon =
-N \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt})
● Motional EMF: \varepsilon = Blv
● Self-Induction: \Phi = LI \implies \varepsilon = -L \frac{dI}{dt}
● Mutual Induction: \Phi_2 = MI_1 \implies \varepsilon_2 = -M \frac{dI_1}{dt}
7. Alternating Current
● Alternating Voltage and Current: V = V_0 \sin(\omega t), \quad I = I_0 \sin(\omega t)
● RMS Values: I_{\text{rms}} = \frac{I_0}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.707 I_0, \quad V_{\text{rms}} =
\frac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.707 V_0
● Reactance:
○ Inductive Reactance: X_L = \omega L = 2\pi f L
○ Capacitive Reactance: X_C = \frac{1}{\omega C} = \frac{1}{2\pi f C}
● Impedance in LCR Series Circuit: Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}
● Resonant Frequency: f_r = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}
● Power Factor: \cos\phi = \frac{R}{Z}
● Transformer Formula: \frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p} = \frac{I_p}{I_s}
8. Electromagnetic Waves
● Speed of EM Waves: c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \varepsilon_0}} = \frac{E_0}{B_0} = 3 \times
10^8 \text{ m/s}
9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
● Mirror Formula: \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}
● Linear Magnification (Mirrors): m = -\frac{v}{u} = \frac{h_i}{h_o}
● Refractive Index (Snell's Law): n_{21} = \frac{\sin i}{\sin r} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} =
\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_2}
● Critical Angle (\mathbf{i_c}): \sin i_c = \frac{1}{n}
● Lens Maker's Formula: \frac{1}{f} = (n - 1) \left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2}\right)
● Thin Lens Formula: \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}
● Power of a Lens: P = \frac{1}{f \text{ (in meters)}} = \frac{100}{f \text{ (in cm)}} (Unit:
Dioptre, D)
● Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact: \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{f_1} + \frac{1}{f_2} + \dots
\implies P = P_1 + P_2 + \dots
● Refraction through a Prism: n = \frac{\sin\left(\frac{A +
D_m}{2}\right)}{\sin\left(\frac{A}{2}\right)}
10. Wave Optics
● Fringe Width in Young’s Double Slit Experiment (YDSE): \beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d}
● Condition for Maxima (Bright Fringe): \Delta x = n\lambda \quad (n = 0, 1, 2, \dots)
● Condition for Minima (Dark Fringe): \Delta x = (2n - 1)\frac{\lambda}{2} \quad (n = 1, 2,
\dots)
11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
● Energy of a Photon: E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda} (where h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \text{ J
s})
● Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: K_{\text{max}} = hf - \phi_0 \implies e V_0 = hf - hf_0
(where V_0 is stopping potential, \phi_0 is work function)
● de Broglie Wavelength: \lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2mK}} =
\frac{h}{\sqrt{2mqV}}
● For an Electron accelerated through V volts: \lambda = \frac{1.227}{\sqrt{V}} \text{ nm}
12. Atoms
● Radius of n^{\text{th}} Bohr Orbit: r_n \propto n^2 \implies r_n = \frac{n^2 h^2
\varepsilon_0}{\pi m e^2}
● Energy of Electron in n^{\text{th}} Orbit: E_n = -\frac{13.6}{n^2} \text{ eV}
● Rydberg Formula for Wave Number: \frac{1}{\lambda} = R \left(\frac{1}{n_1^2} -
\frac{1}{n_2^2}\right) (where R = 1.097 \times 10^7 \text{ m}^{-1})
13. Nuclei
● Nuclear Radius: R = R_0 A^{1/3} (where R_0 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{-15} \text{ m})
● Mass-Energy Equivalence: E = \Delta m c^2 (where 1 \text{ amu} = 931.5 \text{ MeV})
14. Semiconductor Electronics
● Number Density of Carriers: n_i^2 = n_e \cdot n_h