GURUKUL COACHING CENTRE
LIFE PROCESSES
NOTES
1. Meaning of life processes
The basic functions performed by our body such as ingestion, digestion,
assimilation, respiration and transportation by living organism to
maintain their life on the earth.
2. Nutrition- It is a process of taking nutrients into our body and utilize
them. There are two types of nutrients such as
1. Autotrophic nutrition- It is a mode of nutrition where organism
prepare their own food .e.g green plants
2. Heterotrophic nutrition- In this mode of nutrition organisms depend
on the plants and animals for food . There are three types of
heterotrophic nutrition such as
A. Saprophytic Nutrition- It is a mode of nutrition where organisms
depend on decay matter. They secrete enzymes to break down
complex food into simpler ones. examples fungi, bacteria
B. Parasitic nutrition- it a mode where organism depend on the
host organism for food examples tapeworms, lichen etc
C. Holozoic nutrition-it is a mode where organism ingest the whole
food , digest them and absorb the nutrients into the body.
Human beings is an example .
3. Meaning of photosynthesis
It is process due to which plants make their own food with the help of
some factors such as sunlight, water ,chlorophyl, carbon dioxide .
a. Chlorophyll is the green pigment stored in the chloroplast( cell
organelles ) that help to capture the sunlight and make light energy
into chemical energy. It also splits water into hydrogen and water.
b. The food prepared by the green leaves of the plants is the simple
sugar( glucose). Some of the extra sugar converts into starch.
c. The water is taken by the plants from the soil by the process is
osmosis.
4. Salivary gland – the gland is present in our mouth which secrete saliva
helps to broken down the complex sugar into simple.
5. The enzyme is present in saliva is salivary amylase
6. Oesophagus is the food pipe in our body.
7. The three gastric juices present in our stomach such as hydrochloric
acid, pepsin and mucus.
a. HCL- it converts food into acidic nature. So, the bacteria and germs
get killed by the reaction. However pepsin reacts with food when it
is in acidic medium.
b. Mucus- It helps to protect the inner lining of stomach from the
reaction of stomach.
c. Pe
d. psin – pepsin is an enzyme that helps to digest protein into amino
acid.
8. Small intestine
It is the site of complete digestion of food. Here, carbohydrate, protein,
and fats converts into glucose ,amino acid and fatty acid or glycerol.
9. Liver
It is the largest gland present in a body which secretes two digestive
juices such as bile juice and bile salt.
Bile juice- it makes the food alkaline so that pancreatic juice can act on
it.
Bile salt- it breaks the fats present in the food into small globules.
10. Pancreas
It is a gland which secretes pancreatic juice such as trypsin and lipase.
Trypsin- it is an pancreatic enzyme primarily involve in the digestion of
protein.
Lipase- it involves in the break down of emulsified [Link] process is
called emulsification.
11. Villi – villi are small finger like projections that are present in the small
intestine. It contains a network of blood vessels absorb digested food
and mix them with blood.
12. Large intestine- it is responsible for absorbing water and salts from the
undigested food . the undigested food eliminates through the anus
during defacation. It is also known as colon.
13. Respiration
It is the process by which living organism take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide to produce energy. There are two types of respiration
such as
a. Aerobic respiration-this type of respiration happens with the help of
oxygen. The by products of this respiration are ATP, WATER AND
CARBON DIOXIDE.
b. Anaerobic respiration- the respiration which takes place without
oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
The products formed by anaerobic respiration are ethanol, water,
carbon dioxide.
There is a situation of lack of oxygen in a human body where
produces lactic acid .
14. Pyruvate – it is the process that breaks down glucose to extract
energy.
15. Respiration in plants- the various ways through which plants get the
oxygen for making energy. They take oxygen through root hair, leaves
of roots ,stomata.
16. Explain the process of breathing in man
The various parts involved in the breathing in human being are nostrils,
pharynx, trachea, rings of cartilage, bronchi, lung, alveoli, diaphragm.
17. Alveoli- these are the ballon like structures present in lungs provide the
surface area for exchanging gases like co2 and oxgen by diffusion.
18. Rate of breathing in aquatic animals is greater than the terrestrial
animals because aquatic animals get the oxygen in dissolved form.