The diagram illustrates stages involved in the ( removed) carbonated beverages

production.

Looking from an overall perspective, what is readily apparent is that this process consists
of multiple stages, commencing with water cleaning, progressing through carbonation,
colouring and flavouring, and ending with bottling and canning to be delivered for sales.

The process starts with water cleaning, as raw water passes from A warehouse through A
filtration procedure to get rip of all the impurities and subsequently travels into a tank.
There, water is softened AND PURIFIED as it is treated with water softeners and other
chemicals to remove all the unwanted residues.
The manufacture continues when the clean water now progresses through=> is pumped
into an electric heater TO START THE EVAPORATION AND CẢBONATION STAGE.
SUBSEQUENTLY, THE WATER PROGRESSES THOUGH A COOLING PIPE INTO
A CHAMBER, WHERE CARBONATION TAKES PLACE WITH THE ADDITION OF
CARBON DIOXIDE VIA AN INLET TUPE. Subsequently, carbonating process is
facilitated by carbon dioxide, transported to this tank via an inlet pipe. Once carbonated,
this liquid is again delivered to a mixing tank, before being added and mingled with
colours, syrup, and flavours.

The final phase occurs when the resulting mixture is filtered again, before being bottled
or canned, ready for retail distribution. The manufacture culminates when these products
are packaged and loaded onto trucks to be dispatched to supermakets for sales.

The picture below shows the plan of a museum in 1998 and after some changes were
made in it in 2008. 5- 25

The map provides information about how the floorplan of a museum changed between
1998 and 2008.

Looking from an overall perspective, what is readily apparent is that although the
museum experienced many modifications and rearrangements, the garden and the
entrance remained unchanged.=> the museum layout underwent significant changes, the
most noticeable of which are the addition of new amenities along with the rearrangement
of existing spaces. Additionally, it is also noteworthy that half of the permanent
exhibition rooms was removed to make way for the new development. ( the area
designated for permanent exhibitions was reduced by half to accommodate these
enhancements)

Entering the entrance of this museum, one can immediately see the place to buy tickets
and a garden a little further back, both of which retained their size and position. However,
in 2008, there was a newly constructed fountain facing the entrance and a new adjacent
cafe sitting area in the far-left corner to meet the guests’demands. Beyond this, cafe was
also downsized to make room for a WC.
=>
On entering the museum/ on passing the entrancein 1998, visitors could encounter the
ticket booth, which notably remained unchanged after the renovations. Beyond the ticket
area laid a large central garden, which also retained its size and position. However, in
2008, a fountain was added at the garden’s center, facing the entrance, and a cafe sitting
area was introduced at its far-left corner. The cafe, previously located behind the garden,
was downsized and shifted slightly to the left in the 2008 layout.

Immediately to the left section of this building, there used to be a rectangular temporary
exhibition, but it was enlarged and relocated to a little further back in 2008, adjoining the
garden. This arrangment created room for the bags and coats storage area and the shop,
both of which were relocated from the right-hand side of the entrance. At the far-left
corner of this museum, a restaurant was established, catering to customers’dining needs.
It is also interesting to note all of these developments were capable due to the removal of
half of the permanent exhibition rooms.
The diagram shows rainwater is collected for the use of drinking water in an Australian
town.

The diagram provides information about how rainwater is collected and treated to
produce drinkable water in an Australian town.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that this process is comprised
of several main stages,starting with the collection of water through drains, its repeated
transportation and tratement, and finally reuse as drinking water in homes.

The process starts when rainwater falls on houses’roof, and is collected in a gutter. It then
follows a pipe attached by the side of each house into a drain, subsequently to the
underground pipe system connecting all houses in town together. There, the untreated
water goes through a filtratrion system to remove all dirt and impurities. The resulting
purified/ clean water then travels into a large tank for storage, ready for further
treatments.

The production continues with water progressing through a pipe to another chamber,
where many chemicals are added to ensure that this water is safe to consume. Once
treated, fresh drinking water is directed back to each house through pipes, which are
different from the ones collecting rainwater, to be ready for consumption via a tap/
readily accessible via taps.

The diagram provides information about how smoked fish is made.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that process is comprised of

several key stages, starting when catching fish, through prelimination process, colouring,
and smoking, and culminating in fish products being dispatched to fishshop for sale.

Initially, fish is catched by a large net and loaded onto boats in a port. Caught fish is then
freezed, before leaving to thaw and clean with fresh water, ready for further processing.
Subsequently, fish is cut open and put into a chamber, where a mixture of salt water and
yellow coloring is added.

The process continues when fish is smoked evenly on pillets, with the resulting smoked
fish being boxed. These boxes are then freezed at 0 Celcius and stored in cold areas. The
manafacturing process finishes when these products are dispatched for sale in fishshop.

The process details the steps by which smoked fish is produced. Looking from an overall
perspective, it is readily apparent that smoking fish can be divided into 3 main stages
beginning with catching and transportation, followed by storage and processing, and
finally further storage and transportation to fish shops for retail.
The process commences when fish are caught in nets and then transported by boat to a
port. From this point, they are frozen and then later undergo a thawing process in fresh
water. The next stage is to slice open the fish and put them in a salt water solution that
also contains some amount of yellow coloring. Following this, the actual smoking takes
place.

After smoking, the fish are packaged in boxes and frozen at zero degrees centigrade in
larger containers. They are finally grouped into cold storage bins and distributed by truck
to shops to sell to consumers.
DANIEL

The process illustrates how smoked fish is made,

Overall, this linear process comprises several main stages, starting with catching fish
from the ocean, continuing with preliminary processing, through smoking, and ending
with packaging and transporting the final product to be sold at fish shops.

After being caught from the ocean using large nets, fish are loaded onto boats to be
transported to the port. Subsequently, the fish are stored in a freezer, after which they are
put into a tank filled with freshwater to thaw. This is followed by a cutting process, with
fish having their heads removed by using a knife, before being submerged in another tank
that contains salt water and yellow food coloring.

Once marinated well, the fish are laid onto a grill to be smoked, followed by the final
product being packaged into individual boxes. In the subsequent step, the packaged
smoked fish are cold-stored at 0 degree Celsius, dispatched by trucks, and finally sold at
fish shops.
The diagram details how recycled paper is made. Looking from an overall perspective, it
is readily apparent that the process involves three main stages beginning with initial
collection and transportation, followed by cleaning and processing, and lastly the rolling
of the final product. The process is entirely man-made.

In order to produce recycled paper, used paper is first sourced and transported by
conveyer belt to a processing plant. The used paper is then made into unfiltered pulp by
using water and various chemicals. The pulp must then be filtered with water being
removed.
After filtering is complete, the filtered paper pulp is sent by a tube to a container with
water and soap to be further cleaned. Air is pumped into the container and ink is
removed. There is then additional cleaning with water and chemicals before the final
rolling stages commence. To create useable recycled paper rolls, the cleaned and filtered
pulp is placed on a conveyor belt where heated rollers flatten the paper and remove
excess water.
The picture details the manufacturing process for instant noodles. Overall, this entirely
man-made operation can be divided into 4 main stages beginning with storage of raw
ingredients, assembling the dry noodles, cooking and finally packaging for later
consumption.
Instant noodles start in storage silos where the flour is kept. The flour is transported,
along with water and oil from another source, to the mixers and rolled into sheets of
dough beginning the assembly line steps. These sheets are cut into strips with factory
machinery and then formed into compact ‘Noodles discs’ to be fried in oil, left to dry and
ultimately placed in cups along with assorted vegetables and spices.
The final preparation step is to label and seal the contents so that the end product is ready
for retail.

The diagram details the process by which leather products are made for retail. Looking
from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that there are 3 main steps to this
entirely man-made process beginning with initial transportation of the raw material to the
factory, followed by preparation and processing of the material, and finally the
production of consumer products.

Firstly, the leather skins from various animals are dried. Subsequent to this, they are taken
to a factory by truck where they are washed in water and lime. The skins are then soaked
in more lime for a period of time before being run through a machine with large rollers
that flattens them out.
Next, the flattened skins are soaked in tannin, which is composed of water and vegetable
matter. They are then polished by another rolling device and taken to another factory by
trucks. In this factory, the final products are crafted and available to consumer shops.

The process shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station. In

general, the diagram can be broadly separated into day and night stages with the daylight
stages involving the generation of electricity from a river and storage of water in a
reservoir. At night the water flows back in the other direction towards an initial reservoir
and the river.
The first stage of the process involves channelling the river into a high-level reservoir
backed up by a dam. There is an intake area leading to the power station that is open
during the day and closes at night. Water flows during the day to generate electricity
through the power station turbines and the resulting electricity is sent to a national grid
through power lines while the water then continues to a low-level reservoir.
The reversible turbines that operate the generator during the day allow the station to
pump the water in the low-level reservoir back into the high-level reservoir for use the
next day.

Answers:
hydroelectric power station: a place that produces electricity by using water
broadly separated: divided generally into
involving: includes
flows back: goes back in the direction of
channelling: forcing into a certain direction
backed up by: supported by
leading to: going towards
open during the day: not closed during daytime
flows: goes
through: pass into and out of
resulting: the result or effect/impact
operate: function/work
pump back: push the water to where it came from
for use: to be used
The diagram illustrates the linear process of producing fresh and concentrated orange
juice for the purposes of selling in supermarkets. There are total of 17 steps which can be
organised into three main stages. These include producing and delivering fresh orange
juice to supermarkets, processing the fresh juice to create concentrated juice for storage,
and finally producing reconstituted orange juice which is then sold to the general public.

The process commences with fresh oranges being delivered to a factory, where the raw
product is washed and juice is extracted with excess solid waste being used as animal
feed. At this point in the process the fresh juice is either delivered in refrigerated trucks
for evaporation or packaged and transported to supermarkets for selling to customers.
Evaporation is carried out at a separate facility, removing water and resulting in the
production of concentrated orange juice, which is subsequently canned and stored in a
warehouse. As required, the orange concentrate is then processed in a third and final
plant, where it is mixed with water in order to produce reconstituted orange juice, which
is then packaged and ultimately delivered to supermarkets.

The diagram featured above details the steps by which pu’erh raw and ripened tea are
produced. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that there are 3 main
stages beginning with initial deactivation and drying, followed by either aging or
fermentation and finally storage in the case of the raw tea and compression for the ripe
tea.

The process for both varieties of tea commences when the leaves are fried in pans in
order to deactivate specific enzymes. This is followed by rolling of the fried leaves and
drying in the sun. In the next stage, the two kinds of tea are treated in different ways.
For the ripe tea, the loose raw tea is fermented with mold and then compressed to form
the final product. In terms of the raw tea, the leaves are first compressed. Subsequent to
this step, the tea is aged, rather than fermented, and the pu’erh raw tea is then available
for use.

The diagram delineates the steps involved in making wools and wool products,

Overall, this linear process comprises four main stages, starting with sheep shearing,
through cleaning and drying, continuing with spinning into threads and tufts, which are
later used for various purposes.

In the first step, sheeps are sheared for wool, which later undergoes thorough cleaning to
remove all impurities, and then dried under the sun. Following this, the now clean and
dry wool is subsequently spun into threads using a spinning wheel, with the by-products
from this step (strings) being collected and recycled.

The process continues when spun threads are formed into tufts, after which it is boxed
and put in storage, ready for further steps. Finally, balls of yarn of different colours are
made from the wool tufts, which then are then utilised for either knitting purposes or for
manufacturing of consumer items such as jackets or carpets.
The floorplans illustrate the layout of the ground floor of a library in 2001, and the
changes that had occurred by 2009.

Overall, the library's bookshelves were reorganized to accommodate the

expanded catalogue with a broader range of genres, while a new area for
children, with age-appropriate books, was built to replace the fiction section at
the far end of the library.

Upon entering the library, in 2001, visitors first saw a librarian's desk and the
stairs to its right, both of which had remained unchanged in terms of location
and design, while two computer stations had been set up near the stairs by 2009.
Beyond the librarian's desk, there used to be eight centrally located tables, with
shelves for newspapers and periodicals to the right. After 8 years, the smaller
tables had been replaced by four larger ones, and the shelves had been
designated for films and DVDs instead.
The left-hand side of the library was lined with bookcases throughout in both
years. In the original layout, there were just two sections, namely self-help and
history, and in 2009, there were six, for history, fiction, self-help, kitchen,
economics, and finally a small section for law. In 2009, at the far end of the
library, replacing the fiction section, there was a children's book section, and a
designated space in front for children to read them.

The diagram delineates the steps involved in making wools and wool products,
Overall, this linear process comprises four main stages, starting with sheep shearing,
through cleaning and drying, continuing with spinning into threads and tufts, which are
later used for various purposes.

In the first step, sheeps are sheared for wool, which later undergoes thorough cleaning to
remove all impurities, and then dried under the sun. Following this, the now clean and
dry wool is subsequently spun into threads using a spinning wheel, with the by-products
from this step (strings) being collected and recycled.

The process continues when spun threads are formed into tufts, after which it is boxed
and put in storage, ready for further steps. Finally, balls of yarn of different colours are
made from the wool tufts, which then are then utilised for either knitting purposes or for
manufacturing of consumer items such as jackets or carpets.
The floorplans give information about how the layout of a student common room
looked 5 years ago and in the present.
Overall, the room has seen changes in terms of facilities like a new drinks
machine, a television, and a place for students to use their laptops, and there are
now fewer tables.
Looking to the left-hand side of the entrance, the common room has generally
retained its amenities along the wall, namely a sink, a cupboard, a bench, a
microwave and a refrigerator, over the 5-year period. However, this area has
seen the replacement of one of the two benches with an additional microwave,
and a large drinks machine has also been installed next to the refrigerator.
Furthermore, while there used to be four circular tables with six chairs each
spread throughout the room, one of them has been replaced by a rectangular
desk with eight seats, accommodating larger gatherings.
Turning to the right-hand side of the entrance, a bench intended for laptop users
has replaced one of the tables and chairs which were previously located further
back on the right. Additionally, where there was once only a bookshelf in the
far-right corner, the area has been repurposed and upgraded to accommodate a
flat-screen television and three armchairs.
The diagram illustrates the stages involved in the recycling of used paper.

Overall, the process encompasses a series of distinct phases, namely pulping,

filtering, cleaning, and paper making. Specifically, it starts with a conveyor
belting moving used paper and the final stage is when the paper is fully recycled.

Initially, used paper is conveyed on a belt to a vat, where it is mixed with water
and chemicals to break it down into fibers, commonly referred to as unfiltered
pulp. Following this, the substance is subjected to a filtration process to
eliminate larger particles. The next phase is deinking, which involves the filtered
pulp being treated with a mixture of water and soap to remove any remaining
impurities. During this stage, an air pump is introduced to create bubbles,
causing the ink to rise to the surface, which is then removed through a dedicated
pipe. This step is essential for ensuring that the final product is free from any
residual printing substances.

Once the pulp is cleaned, it is formed into rolls of recycled paper through the
utilization of heated rollers, which expels any remaining water and facilitates the
solidification of the paper into its final form
The given maps illustrate changes made to the ground floor of a building from 1958 to
the present.

Overall, with the exception of the kitchen, the floor’s facilities underwent major
modifications when it was repurposed into an apartment and a flower shop.

Looking first at the top-right corner, there is a kitchen, which has remained unchanged
throughout the period. However, while the floor was originally designated for office use
between 1958 and 1984, a manager's office and a reception ran along the same side,
which were then converted into two bedrooms when the floor became an apartment from
1985 to 2000. From 2001 onwards, one bedroom was turned back into an office while the
other near the entrance became an open section for flowers of a flower shop.

Regarding the opposite side, initially, a meeting room was located in the top corner, and
running along the left wall was two offices for an assistant and a secretary, and a toilet.
After 1984, these rooms were merged into one larger living room in the back, and a
bathroom and shower near the entrance of the apartment. Finally, when the floor was
utilized as a flower shop, the living room was then demolished to become an open space
dedicated to gift cards and flowers while the washroom was replaced by a pay area.

The maps give information about a bookstore as it was in 2000 and how it looks
now.
Overall, there have been many changes made to the layout of the bookstore,
with the most notable being the replacement of the bookshelves in the middle
section of the bookstore with facilities catering to sit-down customers.

Upon entering the bookstore, visitors were immediately greeted with a table for
new books and a service desk to their right, both of which still remain there.
However, the bookcase on their left, which was and still is used to store travel
books, has been slightly expanded.

Further into the bookstore, in 2000, there were three bookcases for titles
related to cookery, hobbies, and art from left to right. These bookcases have
been replaced by three tables, with four chairs each, and visitors can now find
books of the aforementioned genres in the same order on a shelf on the left side
of the bookstore, which used to be dedicated to fiction books exclusively.

Regarding the remaining sections of the bookstore, there used to be a shelf

for non-fiction titles on the right side of the bookstore, which has been replaced
by a cafe. Visitors can now find such books on the far-left shelf of the
bookstore, which used to house works of fiction

LIVERTON dock

The maps illustrate the changes that have been made to Liverton docks since
1980.

Overall, the area has undergone a complete renovation to and repurposing of the
facilities, with the most noticeable being the establishment of new amenities for
visitors, and the introduction of a bridge and flood barriers to enhance
connectivity and safety in the area.

Looking first at the northern side of the river, while this area was previously
characterized by two warehouses positioned at either end and a crane
situated in between them, these structures have been replaced by an
education center, a sailing club, and a children's playing area, heading along the
river from the inland towards the coast.
With regard to the southern bank, the sole warehouse on this side has been
converted into apartments, which are situated in the middle of a newly
constructed hotel to the west, and an accompanying convenient parking area to
the east. In addition, running alongside the river, a walkway has been built,
which leads from the bridge to all of the nearby facilities.

Turning finally to the river itself, what was once a thriving shipping lane, has
been replaced in favor of a ship museum. On the easternmost side towards
the coast, the addition of a bridge and a flood barrier promotes better access
across the river while simultaneously safeguarding the area from potential
flooding.

The three maps illustrate the changing land‑use patterns and industrial development in
Brindell and its environs in 1800, 1900 and 2000.

Overall, the area has undergone a clear transition from predominantly agricultural and
woodland use at the start of the nineteenth century to a mixed landscape with significant
industrial and residential expansion by 2000.

In 1800, Brindell lay at the southwestern edge of the region, bordered to the north and
east by extensive tracts of crop farmland and woodland respectively. To the southeast lay
animal farmland, bisected by the gently curving Stour River. No industrial activity or
worker settlements were present at this time.

By 1900, crop farmland had retreated slightly westward, while woodland persisted in the
northeast. The arrival of industry on the eastern bank of the Stour led to the establishment
of a linear workers’ village, “Bun Hill Village”,“ perched between the factory zone and
Brindell. The river still delineated farmland from the new industrial precinct, and Brindell
itself remained unchanged in location.

By 2000, industrial zones had expanded further inland, enclosing the southern flank of
Bun Hill Village, which had grown into a more substantial residential enclave. Woodland
to the northeast had contracted, giving way to a public park on Bun Hill’s slopes. Crop
farmland now occupied a smaller, more fragmented zone to the northwest, while animal
husbandry land near Brindell had all but disappeared. These changes reflect a gradual but
pronounced shift from an agrarian landscape towards one dominated by industry and
supporting housing, alongside recreational green space.

BÀI NÚI

The diagram illustrates the temperature zones and vegetation in tropical and temperate
mountains.

Overall, tropical mountains have a broader range of temperature zones than their
temperate counterparts.

Tropical mountains' warm zone extends from sea level and it is suitable for cultivating a
wide range of tropical crops. Immediately above this part is the temperate zone, whose
height could reach a maximum of 1,600 metres (5,800 feet). Its environment is suitable
for growing coffee and cocoa. However, these two zones are non-existent in the case of
temperate mountains.

The other four zones are similar in both kinds of mountains. As for the cool zone, it starts
at 1,600 metres in tropical mountains, but at sea wel in temperate mountains. It is
possible to grow grain in this zone in both types of mountains. Beyond this level, we can
find the forest layer, with broad-leaf trees growing at a height streching from 3,100
metres (5,800 feet) to 4000 metres (14,100 feet) in tropical mountains, but only from
1,300 metres (4,800 feet) to 1,700 metres (6,100 feet) in temperate mountains. The next
level is alpine meadows, observable from 4,000 metres (14,100 feet) to 4,300 metres
(16,000 feet) and 1,700 metres (6,100 feet) to 2,800 metres (10,000 feet) in tropical and
temperate mountain regions. At this height, a mix of pine and firs can grow in the former,
while only spruce can be found in the later. Finally, while the snow line begins at about
2,800 metres (10,000 feet) in temperate mountains, it starts at a significantly higher
altitude of approximately 4,300 metres (16,000 feet) in tropical mountains. Permanent
snow is found 1000 metres above this line in both types of mountains.
The pictures show how the horse has evolved over the course of 40 million years.
Overall, the size of the horse has increased significantly with the emergence of new
features such as a mane and hooves.

Forty million years ago, the Eohippus, which was the first in its lineage, had a short neck
and tail and it had four similar-sized toes on each foot. Ten million years later, the
Eohippus had evolved into the Mesohippus, which was almost double its ancestor in
terms of size, and tail and neck length. The foot structure of the latter creature had also
changed as it had only 3 toes, with the middle one being slightly bigger than the side
ones.

About 15 million years ago, the Merychippus, which had evolved from the Mesohippus,
had a discernible mane and the tail was a bit thicker and longer than that of the
Mesohippus'. Its body size and other features were similar to those of its closest ancestor,
but the toes of the Mesohippus had become much bigger, with the size of the middle one
being double that of the other phalanxes/toes. Finally, the present-day horse has become a
bit taller and larger than the Merychippus. It has lost its side toes and developed large
hooves. Its tail and mane are distinctively longer than those of its ancestors.