2/6/2025 [ICP NOTES]

1st year 1 semester

MUNTAKHIB KHUWAJA
Aligarh Movement

The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in the 19th century
after the War of Independence in 1857. The main aim of this movement was to
improve the social, educational, and political status of Muslims in India, who were
left behind after the British took power.

In 1875, Sir Syed established the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh,

which later became Aligarh Muslim University. Through this institution, he
encouraged Muslims to adopt modern education, especially English and science,
and to stay away from conflict with the British.

Importance of the Movement:

It promoted modern education among Muslims.

It helped reduce misunderstandings between Muslims and the British.

It laid the foundation for future Muslim political movements, including the
Pakistan Movement.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great Muslim reformer, educationist, and thinker of
the 19th century. He was born on October 17, 1817, in Delhi. After the War of
Independence in 1857, he realized that Muslims were falling behind in every field
of life, especially education. He believed that only modern education could help
Muslims progress.
Major Contributions :

1. Aligarh Movement – He started the Aligarh Movement to promote modern

education among Muslims.

2 . Scientific Society (1864) – He established the Scientific Society to translate

Western books into Urdu.

3 . Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College (1875) – He founded this college

at Aligarh, which later became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.

4. Writer and Reformer – He wrote many books including "Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-

Hind" (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) to explain the real reasons behind the
1857 revolt.

5. Two-Nation Theory – He was among the first to realize that Hindus and
Muslims were two separate nations with different cultures and interests.

Importance :

He laid the foundation for the modern education of Muslims in India.

He prepared the Muslim community for future political movements.

He helped Muslims rebuild their identity after 1857.

Death : Sir Syed Ahmed Khan passed away on March 27, 1898, but his efforts
paved the way for the Pakistan Movement.

Khilafat Movement (1919–1924)

The Khilafat Movement was started by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman
Caliphate after World War I. Muslims were upset because the British and their
allies planned to remove the Caliph, who was considered the spiritual leader of
Muslims worldwide.

Main Leaders:

Maulana Mohammad Ali

Maulana Shaukat Ali

Mahatma Gandhi (supported for Hindu-Muslim unity)

Objectives:

1. To protect the Caliphate.

2. To show unity among Indian Muslims.

3. To protest against British injustice.

Key Events:

Formation of Khilafat Committees.

Boycott of British goods and services.

Joined with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

End of Movement : In 1924, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ended the Caliphate in

Turkey, which led to the movement’s decline.

Importance:

First strong Hindu-Muslim unity.

Increased political awareness among Muslims.

Paved the way for future movements like the Pakistan Movement.
Ideology of Pakistan * /two nation theory

The Ideology of Pakistan is based on the idea that Muslims and Hindus are two
separate nations with different religions, cultures, values, and lifestyles. This
concept is known as the Two-Nation Theory.
Main Points:

1. Religious Basis: Islam is the foundation of Pakistan’s ideology. Muslims wanted

to live according to Islamic teachings.

2. Two-Nation Theory: Proposed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and later supported by
Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam. It stated that Muslims and Hindus are two
distinct nations.

3. Allama Iqbal’s Vision: In his 1930 Allahabad Address, he presented the idea of a
separate homeland for Muslims.

4. Quaid-e-Azam’s Role: He emphasized that Muslims need a separate state to

live freely with their own religion and culture.

5. Objective Resolution (1949): Gave a clear direction that Pakistan’s laws would
be based on Islamic principles.

Conclusion: The Ideology of Pakistan is to create a society where Muslims can

lead their lives according to the teachings of Islam in political, social, and
economic fields.

Lucknow Pact (1916)

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and
the All India Muslim League reached in 1916 at Lucknow.
Key Points:

1. It was the first time Hindus and Muslims agreed to work together for India’s
self-rule.

2. Both parties agreed on joint demands to present to the British government.

3. Muslims were given separate electorates and a reasonable share in the

legislative councils.

4. Congress accepted the idea of separate electorates for Muslims, which was a
major demand of the Muslim League.

5. It strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity for a while in the struggle against British

rule.

Importance:

It showed cooperation between two major communities.

It laid the foundation for united political action against British rule.

It was a milestone in Indian nationalist movement.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

The Partition of Bengal was carried out by the British Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905.
The large province of Bengal was divided into two parts:

1. Eastern Bengal and Assam (mostly Muslim majority)

2. Western Bengal (mostly Hindu majority)

Reasons for Partition:

To improve administrative efficiency.

To divide the large province for better governance.

Many believed the real reason was to divide and weaken the growing nationalist
movement by creating religious divisions.

Reactions:

The partition caused great anger among Hindus who saw it as an attempt to
weaken their political influence.

Muslims generally welcomed it because Eastern Bengal had a Muslim majority.

This led to the rise of the Swadeshi Movement where people boycotted British
goods and promoted Indian-made products.
Widespread protests and political agitation followed.

End of Partition : Due to strong opposition, the British government annulled the
partition in 1911.

Importance:

It increased Hindu-Muslim tensions.

It marked the beginning of aggressive nationalist movements like Swadeshi.

It affected Indian politics deeply before independence.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher, and politician. He was
born on November 9, 1877, in Sialkot. He is known as the "Poet of the East" and
"Mufakkir-e-Pakistan" (Thinker of Pakistan).

Educational Background:

Studied in Government College, Lahore.

Went to Germany for higher education and earned a PhD.

Also studied law in England.

Main Contributions:

1. Philosophical Poetry: Through his Urdu and Persian poetry, he awakened

Muslims and gave the message of self-respect, unity, and action.

2. Idea of Pakistan: In his famous Allahabad Address (1930), he clearly demanded

a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.

3. Political Role: He was a member of the All India Muslim League and supported
the Two-Nation Theory.

4. Spiritual Reformer: He inspired youth with his poetry and ideas about Islam,
modernism, and the Muslim Ummah.

Famous Books:

Bang-e-Dra

Bal-e-Jibril

Payam-e-Mashriq

Death : Allama Iqbal passed away on April 21, 1938, but his vision became the
foundation of Pakistan.
Conclusion: Allama Iqbal was not only a poet but a visionary leader who dreamed
of a separate state where Muslims could live according to the teachings of Islam.

Founding of All India Muslim League (1906

The All India Muslim League was founded on 30th December 1906 at Dhaka,
under the leadership of prominent Muslim leaders. It was established to protect
the political, religious, and social rights of Muslims in British India.

Background:

Muslims were feeling ignored and insecure under the policies of the British
government and the Indian National Congress.

The Partition of Bengal (1905) benefited Muslims, but Congress strongly opposed
it, which created distrust among Muslims.

Simla Deputation (1906) proved that Muslims needed a separate political

platform.

Founding Meeting:

Held at Shahbagh Palace, Dhaka.

Organized by Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka.

Presided over by Aga Khan III.

Other key figures included Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, and Mohsin-ul-
Mulk.

Objectives of Muslim League:

1. To protect Muslim political rights.

2. To promote loyalty towards the British government.

3. To represent Muslim views in a peaceful and constitutional manner.

4. To promote unity and cooperation among Indian Muslims.

Importance:

Provided Muslims a separate identity in Indian politics.

Played a leading role in the Pakistan Movement later.

Created political awareness among Muslims.

Conclusion:
The founding of the Muslim League was a turning point in the history of Muslims
in India. It gave them a voice and direction, eventually leading to the creation of
Pakistan in 1947.

Elections of 1937

The 1937 elections were held under the Government of India Act, 1935, which
provided for provincial autonomy. These were the first elections in which Indians
had a greater role in governing their provinces.

Key Features:

Elections were held in 11 provinces.

Two major parties took part:

Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League.

Results :

Congress won in 7 out of 11 provinces, mostly in Hindu-majority areas.

Muslim League performed very poorly, winning only 109 out of 485 Muslim seats.

In some Muslim-majority provinces, like Punjab and Bengal, regional Muslim

parties performed better than the Muslim League.
Consequences:

1. Congress refused to form coalition governments with the Muslim League, even
in Muslim-minority provinces.

2. This made Muslims feel politically isolated and insecure.

3. The failure of the Muslim League forced it to reorganize and strengthen under
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

4. It became clear that Muslims needed a separate political identity.

Conclusion:

The 1937 elections were a turning point. The attitude of Congress convinced
many Muslims that their rights could not be protected in a united India. This
strengthened the demand for a separate homeland – Pakistan.

Lahore Resolution (1940)

The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was passed on
23rd March 1940 during the annual session of the All India Muslim League at
Minto Park, Lahore (now Iqbal Park).

Background:
Muslims were increasingly concerned about their future in a Hindu-majority India.

The failure of the 1937 elections and Congress’s attitude convinced Muslims they
needed a separate homeland.

Main Points of the Resolution:

1. Muslims are a separate nation with their own religion, culture, and identity.

2. Independent states should be created in the Muslim-majority areas of India.

3. These states should be autonomous and sovereign.

4. Minority rights in both Muslim and Hindu areas would be protected.

Leaders Involved:

The resolution was presented by A.K. Fazl-ul-Haq (Premier of Bengal).

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah strongly supported it in his presidential

address.

Importance:
It gave a clear direction to the Muslims of India.

It marked the official demand for a separate homeland — Pakistan.

Became the foundation of the Pakistan Movement.

Conclusion:

The Lahore Resolution was a historical milestone in the political struggle of Indian
Muslims. It united them under one goal — the creation of Pakistan, which was
achieved in 1947.

Round Table Conferences (1930–1932)

The Round Table Conferences were a series of three meetings organized by the
British Government in London to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

1st Round Table Conference (1930):

Held from November 1930 to January 1931.

Congress did not attend because many of its leaders were in jail due to the Civil
Disobedience Movement.

Muslim League, Sikhs, Princes, and minorities participated.

Quaid-e-Azam represented the Muslim League.

2nd Round Table Conference (1931):

Held from September to December 1931.

Gandhi represented the Congress after signing the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Quaid-e-Azam did not attend this time.

Major disagreements occurred between Gandhi and minority leaders, especially

Dr. Ambedkar (Dalits) and Muslims.

3rd Round Table Conference (1932):

Held in November–December 1932.

Congress boycotted again.

Few Indian leaders participated.

It was largely unsuccessful.

Importance:
Highlighted the differences among Indian political groups.

Showed that Muslims were a separate political entity.

Led to the Communal Award (1932) and later the Government of India Act 1935.

Conclusion:

The Round Table Conferences failed to bring all Indian parties together but played
a major role in shaping the political future of India and the path toward the
creation of Pakistan.

Indian National Congress (INC)

The Indian National Congress (INC) was the first major political party in British
India. It played a leading role in the Indian independence movement.

Formation:

Founded on 28 December 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai).

A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, was the main founder.

Early leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, W.C. Bonnerjee, and Gopal Krishna
Gokhale.
Objectives:

1. To get a greater share in government for educated Indians.

2. To promote political unity among Indians.

3. To present Indian demands to the British in a peaceful way.

Phases of Congress:

Moderate Phase (1885–1905): Used peaceful methods like petitions and

meetings.

Extremist Phase (1905–1919): Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak demanded Swaraj
(self-rule).

Gandhian Phase (1919–1947): Under Mahatma Gandhi, Congress led mass

movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India Movement.

Congress and Muslims:

In the beginning, some Muslims supported Congress.

But later, Muslims felt ignored and underrepresented.

Congress opposed the Partition of Bengal (1905) and separate electorates,
creating mistrust.

This led to the formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906.

Conclusion:

The Indian National Congress played a key role in ending British rule, but its
failure to address Muslim concerns led to the rise of the Pakistan Movement and
the eventual creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Constitution of 1956:

The Constitution of 1956 was the first constitution of Pakistan. It was passed on
23rd March 1956 and declared Pakistan as an Islamic Republic. This constitution
replaced the Government of India Act 1935.

It provided a parliamentary form of government with a President as the head of

state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. It made both East and
West Pakistan equal in representation, even though East Pakistan had more
population.

The constitution also stated that no law would be made against the teachings of
Islam. It guaranteed fundamental rights to all citizens.
However, this constitution could not last long. It was abrogated in 1958 when
Martial Law was imposed by President Iskander Mirza. The Chief Administrator of
this Martial Law was General Ayub Khan.

Constitution of 1962:

The Constitution of 1962 was the second constitution of Pakistan. It was

introduced by President Ayub Khan on 1st March 1962.

This constitution introduced a presidential form of government. The President

had a lot of powers and was both the head of state and the head of government.
The Prime Minister's post was removed.

It also introduced the system of Basic Democracies, where people indirectly

elected the President through local bodies. The constitution declared Islam as the
state religion and provided for Islamic laws.

It gave fundamental rights to citizens but also gave more power to the central
government than the provinces.

The Constitution of 1962 remained in action until 1969, when Ayub Khan resigned
and handed over power to General Yahya Khan, who later suspended the
constitution.

Constitution of 1973:
The Constitution of 1973 is the third and current constitution of Pakistan. It was
passed by the National Assembly on 10th April 1973 and came into force on 14th
August 1973. It was made with the agreement of all major political parties.

This constitution introduced a parliamentary form of government, where the

Prime Minister is the head of government, and the President is the ceremonial
head of state.

It declared Islam as the state religion and ensured that no law would be made
against the teachings of Islam. It also gave fundamental rights to all citizens,
including freedom of speech, religion, and equality.

It gave more powers to the provinces and created a balance between the center
and provinces. The Constitution of 1973 is still in use today, with some
amendments made over time.

Quaid-e-Azam’s Life for Pakistan and it's 14 points:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan. He was born
on December 25, 1876, in Karachi. He was a great leader, lawyer, and politician.
He worked hard for the rights of Muslims in India. He believed that Muslims
needed a separate country to live freely according to their religion. He gave the
idea of Pakistan and led the struggle with peace and wisdom. On August 14, 1947,
Pakistan came into being because of his efforts. He became the first Governor
General of Pakistan. He worked day and night for the progress of the new
country. He died on September 11, 1948. Quaid-e-Azam is known as the "Father
of the Nation." His famous saying is: "Unity, Faith, Discipline."
14 points of Quaid e azam:

1 . Future Constitution of India should be federal (power should be shared

between center and provinces).

2 . All religious communities should be given freedom to practice their religion.

3 . All minorities should be protected and given equal rights.

4 . All religions and cultures should be respected equally.

5 . Every group should have the freedom to worship, follow their religion, and
spread their beliefs.

6 . All communities should be given equal rights in government jobs and services.

7 . Muslims should be given their own culture, education, religion, and charities.

8 . There should be separate electorates for Muslims (Muslims should vote for
their own representatives).

9 . Muslims should be given full freedom to protect and develop their religion
and culture.

10 . Muslim religious customs and beliefs should be respected.

 11 . Muslims should be allowed to follow Sharia laws in their personal matters
(like marriage, inheritance, etc.).

12 . Muslims should be given a fair share in government, army, and other

services.

13 . Muslim-majority areas should be given protection and independence.

14 . Muslims should be given the right to develop their language, culture,

education, and religion.