CHAPTER

Probability
14|
Probabilty

Experiment Random Event Outcomes

experiment

Equally likely Sample

Experimental
Complementary space
probability
event

Sure event Favourable

Impossible
event outcomes

Theoritical
or classical

probabilty

KEY POINTS:
1
Probabilityis a quantitative measure of likelihood ofoccurrence ofan event.

Number of outcomes favourable to E N(E)

2 Probabilityof an event (E)=
Total number of possibleoutcomes N(S)

3. 0sP (E) s
1
4. If P(E)=0,then it is an impossible event.

5. If P(E)=1,then it is sure event.

6 IfE is an event,then not E( E) is called complementary event.

7 P(E) = 1 - P(E) P(E) +P(E)= 1

8 Probabilityof an event is never negative.

9 Sample space (S):The collection of all possibleoutcomes of random experiment.

202 Mathematics-X
Examples of Samplespace

1. When one coin is tossed,then S ={H,T}

2. When two coins are tossed,then S = (HH,TT, HT, TH}
B. When three coins are tossed, then S = {HHH, TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, THH,
HTH, HHT}
4. When fourcoins are tossed, then S= (HHHH,TTTT, HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH
HHHT, HHTH,HTHH, THHH, HTHT, THTH,TTHH, HHTT,THHT, HTTH}.
I coin 2coins 3coins 4 coins
2outcomes 2x 2 outcomes |2 x 2 x 2= 8| 2x 2x 2 x 2 = 16
outcomes outcomes

1. When a die is thrown once, then S =1,2, 3, 4,5, 6}, n (S)=6

2 When two dice are thrown together or A die is thrown twice, then
S= {(1, 1), (1,2), (1,3),(1,4), (1,5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2,2),(2,3),(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3,2),(3,3),(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4,2),(4,3),(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5,2),(5,3),(5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6,2),(6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6,6)}
n(S) = 6x6=36
3 When 3 dice are thrown ora die is thrown thrice then

n(S) = 6 x6x6= 216,

n(S) no. of outcomes in sample space

Playing cards n(s) = 52

Red Cards (26) Blaçk Cards(26)

Heart (13) Diamond (13) Club (13)

Spade (13)

Each suit contains 1 ace, 1 king, 1 Queen, 1 jack and nine

number cards2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9, 10

Face card 12 Non face card 40

4 king, 4 Queen & 4 Jack 36 number cards +4 aces
Mathematics-X (203
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which of thefollowing cannot be the probability of an event?

2
(a) 0.7 (b) (d) - 1.5 (d) 15%
3

(ii) Which of the following can be the probability of an event?

18 8
(a)–0.04 (b) 1.004 (c)
23
(iii) An event is very unlikelyto happen, its probability is closest to

(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1

(iv) Out of one digit prime numbers, one number is selected at random. The

(v)
probability

(a) ,
1

When a die is
of selecting an even number

(b) 4
thrown, the
(c)

probability
,
4
is:

(d)

of getting an odd number

2
5
less than 3
is:

(a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 0

(vi) Rashmi has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:

B
If she throws the die once, then the probability of gettingC is:

(b) (e):
(vii)A card is drawn from a well shuffledpack of 52 playing [Link] event E
is that the card drawn is not a face card. The number of outcomes favourable

to the event E is:

(a) 51 (b) 40 (c) 36 (d) 12

204) Mathematics-X
2. Choose thecorrect answer from the given four options

(i) If the probability of an even is 'p' then probability of its complementary

event will be:

(a)p - 1 (b) p (c) 1-p (d) )-!

(i) IfP (Winning) 12. P(Losing) hen the valuc of x'is :

(a)6 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 9

(iii) The probability of a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3,

15 is a multiple of 4 is: (CBSE 2020)

4 2 1

(a) (b) (d)

15 15 (c) 15
(iv) The probability that a non-leap year selected at random will contains 53
Mondays is:

(v)
()
A bag
; contains 6
(b)
2
red and
(e)

5 blue
3
balls. One
(d)
5
7
ballis drawn at random. The
probability that the ball is blue is:

2 5 5 6
(b) (c) (d)
11 6

(vi)One alphabet is chosen from the word MATHEMATICS. The probability

of getting a vowel is:

6 5 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11

(vii) Two coins are tossed [Link] probability of getting at most one

head is

3
(a) (d)
4
3. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability

that the card drawn is neither an ace nor a king.

Mathematics-X (205)
4. Out of 250 bulbs in a box, 35 bulbs are [Link] bulb is taken out at

random from the box. Find the probabilitythat the drawn bulb is not defective.

5. Non Occurance of anyevent is 3:[Link] is the probability of Occuranceof this

event?

6. If 29is removed from (1,4,9, 16, 25,29), then find the probability of getting a

prime number.

7. A card is drawn at random from a deck ofplaying [Link] the probabilityof

getting a face card.

8
In 1000 lottery tickets, there are 5 prize winning tickets. Find the probabilityof

winning a prize if a person buys one ticket.

9. One card is drawn at random from a pack of cards. Find the probability that it is

a black king. (CBSE 2020)

10. A die is thrown once. Find the probabilityof gettinga perfect square.

11. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of thetwo
numbers appearing on the top is more than or equal to 10.

12. Find the probabilityof multiples of 7 in 1, 2, 3, ...3.,34,35.

13. Ifa pair of dice is thrown once, then what is the probability of getting a sum of
8? (CBSE 2020)
14. A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. Determine the probabilitythat
chosen letter is a consonant. (CBSE 2020)
15. Ifthe probability of winninga game is 0.07, what is the probability oflosing it?

(CBSE 2020)

SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS-I

16. Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. If the probability of getting no

head is then find (a+b.

17. Two different dice are rolled together. Find the probability

(a)of getting a doublet,

(b) of getting a sum of 10,of the numbers on the two dice.

(206) Mathematics-X
18. A box contains 12 balls of which some are red in colour. If6 more red balls are

put in the box and a ball is drawn at random, the probability of drawing a red
ball doubles than what it was before. Find the number of red balls in the box.

[CBSE 2018]
19. An integer is chosen random between 1 and 100. Find the probability that (i) it

is divisible by 8, (ii) Not divisible by 8. |CBSE2018]

20. Three different coins are tossed together. Find the probabilityof getting (i)

exactly two heads, (i)at least two heads.

21. Card from 11to 30 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is then drawn
from the box at random. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card
is a prime number.

22. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. Ifthe probability of drawing a
blue ball at random from the bag is three times that of a red ball, find the

number of blue balls in the bag.

23. Two different dice are thrown together,find the probabilitythat the sum of the
numbers appeared is less than 5.

24. Find theprobability that 5sundays occurs in the month ofNovember ofa randomly
selected year.

25. In a family of three children. Find the probability of having at least two boys.

26. In a family oftwo children. Find the probability of having at most one girl.

27. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting different
numbers on the two dice.

28. Ifa number x is chosen at random from the numbers -3,-2,-1,0, 1, 2, 3. What
is probabilitythat xs4?
SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS-II
29. A number x is selected at random from the numbers 1, 2,[Link] number y is

selected at random from the numbers 1,4,9. Find the probability that the product
ofx and y is less than 9.

30. Two dice arethrown atthe same [Link] the probability that the difference
of the numbers on thetwo dice is 2.

Mathematics-X (207
31. An integer is chosen between 0 and 100. What is the probabilitythat it is

(i) divisible by 7?

(ii) not divisible by 7?

32. Two dice are rolled once. Find the probabilityof getting such numbers on the
two dice,

(a) whose product is 12.

(b) Sum of numbers on the two dice is atmost S.

33. Card with number 2 to 101 are placed in a box. A card is selected at random.
Find the probabilitythat the card has (i) an even number (ii) a square number.

34. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 are empty. Find the probabilityof getting

a prize. Also verify P(E) +P(E)= 1 for this event. |CBSE2020]

35. If P(winning) =i,and P(Losing) -,.then find x.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
36. Cards marked with numbers 3, 4,5, ,50 are placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box, find the probabilitythat
the number on the drawn card is

(i) divisible by 7 (i)a two digit number

37. A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red balls, 4 black balls and 2 blue balls. One ball
is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the balls drawn is

(i) White or blue (ii) red or black

(ii)not white (iv) neitherwhite nor black

38. The king, queen and jack of diamonds are removed from a pack of 52 playing
cards and the pack is well shuffled.A card is drawn from the remaining cards.

Find the probabilityof getting a card of

(i) diamond (i)a jack

39. The probabilityof a defective egg in a lot of 400 eggs is 0.035. Calculate the
number of defective eggs in the lot. Also calculatethe probabilityof taking out
a non defective egg from the lot.

Mathematics-X
(208
40. Slips marked with numbers 3,3,5,7,7,7,9,9,9, 1 l are placed in a box at a game
stall in a fair. A person wins ifthemean ofnumbers are writtenon the slip. What
is the probabiltyofhis losingthe game?
41. AbOx contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn
at random from the box, find the probabilitythat it bears

(i) a two digit number (ii) a perfect square number

(iiil) a number divisible by 5.

42. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffleddeck ofplaying [Link] the

probabilitythat the card drawn is

(i) a card of spade or an ace (ii) a red king

(iii) neither a king nor a queen (iv) either a king or a queen

43. A card is drawn from a well shuffleddeck of playing cards. Find the probability

that the card drawn is

(i) a face card (ii) red colour face card

(ii)black colour face card

44. Ramesh got 24000 as festival Bonus. He donated 5000 to temple. He gave 12000
to his wife, ? 2000 to his servant and gave rest of the amount to his daughter.
Calculate the probabilityof

(i) wife's share (ii) Servant's Share

(ii)daughter's share.

45. 240 students reside in a50% go forthe yoga classes early

hostel. Out of which
in the morning,25% go for the Gym club and 15% ofthem go for the morning

walk. Rest thestudents have joined the laughing [Link] is the probability
of

of studentswho have joined laughing club?

46. A box contains cards numbered from 11 to 123. A card is drawn at random from
the box. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is:

(i) A square number (ii) a multiple of 7.

47. A die is thrown twice. Find the probabilitythat:

(i) 5 willcome up at least once

(ii) 5 will not come up either time

Mathematics-X 209
48. Cards marked 1,3, 5 ....49 areplaced in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card
is drawn from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card is :

|CBSE 2017|
(i) divisible by 3 (ii) a composite number
(ii) not a perfect square (iv) multiple of 3 and 5

49. 50A child's game has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red, and 10
squaresof which 6 are blue and rest are red. One piece is lost at random. Find
the probability that it is a

(i) triangle (ii) square

(iii) square of blue colour (iv) triangle of red colour

50. A bOx contain 24 balls ofwhich x are red, 2x are white and 3x are blue. A ball is

selected at random. What is the probability that it is

() not red?
(i))White?

ANSWERS AND HINTS

1. (i) (c)-1.5 (ii) (c)

(iii) (a) 0.0001 (iv) (b)

(V) (a) (vi) (a)

6
8-+13
(vii)(b)40

2. (i) (c) 1-P

(ii) (b) 8

(ii) (d)(Probbility -)
(iv)(a)(Total wecks - 52, Remaining day 1, Sample space -{S, M, Tu,
W, Th, F, Sat})
(v) (c)
11
4
(vi) (d) (vowels A,A, E,

(vii) (d)
3
4

210 Mathematics-X
3. Total Cards =52
No. ofAces =4
No. ofkings =4
44 11
P (neitherace nor king) =
52 13

35 43
4. P (notdefective bulb) = 1-
250 50
5. Total case =3+4=7
4
P(occurrence) =7
6. P(prime no.) =0
7. No. of face card = 12
12 3
P(face card) = 52 13

5
8. Probabilityof winning =0.005
1000
9, Total black king =2
2 1

P(Black King)
52 26
=
10. Sample space : {1, 2,3,4,5,6}

Perfect square: 1,4

P(perfect square) = 2_1

6 3
11. Total cases = 36
Favourable cases:{(4, 6), (5,5),(6, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6,6)}

P(sum twonumbers is 2 10) = 36616

of
12. Multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21,28,35

P(multiple of 7) = 7
35

Mathematics-X 211
 5
13. P(sum of8) = 36
21
14. P(consonant) = 26
15. P (losing) = 1 -0.07 =0.93
16. (a + b)² = 25
17. (i) Doublets are {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4,4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}

Required probability = 36 61
(ii) Sum 10 cases : ((4,6),(5,5),(6,4)}
3 1

Required probability
36 12

X+6
18.
18

19. Total outcomes between land 100 =98

(i) Nos. divisible by 8:{8, 16, 24,..,.96}
favourable cases = 12
12 6
Required probability = 98 49

43
(ii) Probability(integeris not divisible by 8) = 1
49 49
20. Sample space: {HHH, TTT, HTT,THT,TTH, THH, HTH, HHT}
3
(i) P(exactly 2 heads) =

4
(ii) P(atleast 2 heads) =
2
21. Total cards =20

Prime Nos. are {11, 13, 17, 19, 23,29}

6 3
Required probability
20 10

Mathematics-X
22. Let the number of blue balls =x
Total balls =(5 +x)
P (Blue ball) =3 x P (Red ball)

5+x
=15
23. Favourable outcomes : (1, 1), (1,2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2,2), (3, 1)}

6 1

P (sum less than 5) = 36 6

24. Number of total days in the month of November =30
i.e. 4 complete weeks and 2 days.

.:. P (5 Sundays)

4 1

25. P (atleast two boys) =

2
3
26. P (atmost one girls) =4
30
27. P (Differentnumbers)
36 6

28. Favourable outcomes : (2,-1,0, 1, 2}

5
P(S4)-
29. Sample space = {(1, 1), (1,4), (1, 9)

(2, 1), (2, 4),(2, 9)

(3, 1), (3,4), (3, 9)}

Favourable cases :xy <9 {(1,1)(1,4) (2, 1) (2,4) (3,1)}

Required probability

30. Total outcomes =36

Favourable outcomes = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3,5), (4, 2), (4, 6), (5, 3), (6,4), (3,1)}
2
Required probability
36
Mathematics-X 213)
31. Total number of integers=101
(a) Favourable out conmes =7,14, 21,28,35,42,49,56,63,70, 77, 84, 91,98}
14
Required probability
101
87
(b)
101 101

32. (a) S- [(1, 1) (1, 2) (1,3) (1,4)(1, 5) (1,6)]

(2, 1)(2,2) (2,3) (2,4)(2, 5) (2,6)
3, 1) (3, 2) (3,3) (3,4)(3, 5) (3, 6)

|(4, 1)(4, 2) (4,3) (4,4)(4, 5) (4, 6)

|(5, 1)
(5, 2) (5,3) (5,4)(5, 5) (5, 6)|

Favourable outcomes: ((2,6),(3,4), (4,3),(6,2)}

4
Required probability
36
(b) Favourable outcomes (sum 5)
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) (1, 4) (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (3, 1)(3, 2) (4, 1)}
10 5
Required probability = 36 18
33. (i) Total cards = 101-2 + 1= 100, Even numbers =2, 4,...,100 =50
50 1

Required probability = 100 2

(ii) Square number = {4,9, 16,25, 36 ,49, 64, 81, 100}
9
Required probability = 100-=0.09
34. Total tickets =35
10 2
P(E) =P(gettinga prize) = 35 7
25 5
P(E) P(not gettingaprize) -

(214) Mathematics-X
 P(E) + P() -+=l
77
5 7
7
35. P(winning) +P(losing) =

1
+1x8
12 3
36. Total cards =50-3+ =48 l

(i) No. divisible 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 3S, 42, 49

by
7
Required probability = 48
(ii)Two digit no. are 10, 11, 12, .... 50
No. of favourable outcomes=50–10+1=41
4
Required probability
48
5+2 7 7+4 1I
37. (i)
18 (ii)
18 18 18
7+4+2 13 7+2 9
(ii) (iv) - 18
18 18 18 2
38. (i)Remaining cards =52 -3 =49
Remaining diamonds = 13-3 = 10

Required probability = 49
3
(ii) = 49
P(jack) (as 1 jack has been removed)

39. Totaleggs =400

P(defective eggs) =0.035
Let defectiveeggs =X
=0,035
400
X=400 x 0.035
X= 14
P(non defective eggs) = 1-0.035 =0.965
3+3+5+7+7+7+9+9+9+11 70
40. Mean -=7
10 10

P(loses) = | 3
10
7
10
Mathematics-X 215
41. Total no, =90
(i) Two digit no.s are 10, 11, 12,...., 90
No. of favourable cases =90 – 10 + 1=81
81
Required probability = 90 10

(ii) Perfectsquare [Link] 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81

1
Required probability = 90 10
(iv) No.s divisible by 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50, 55, 60,
65,70, 75, 80, 85, 90
18 1

Required probability
90 5
13+3 16 4
42. (i) P(a card of spade or an ace))=
52 52 13

2
(ii) P(red king)= 52 26

(i)P(neither a king nor a queen) l-1- 8

52 13 13
8 2
(iv)P(eithera king or a queen) = 52 13
3 6 3 6 3
43. (i) (ii) = 26 (ii)
52 52 26
12000
44. (i) P(wife's share) = 24000
2000
(ii) P(servant's share)
24000 12
5000
(ii)P(Daughter's share) = 24000 24
45. 10% studentsjoined laughing club
10
P(students who have joined laughing clubs)
100 10

(216) Mathematics-X
46. Total cards =123 - 11 +1 =113
(i) Square numbers : 16, 25,36,49,64,81, 100, 121
8
Required probability = 113
(ii) Multiple of 7 are 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105,
112, 119,

16
Required Probality = 113
47. Total outcomes =36
11
(i) P(S will come up at least once) = 36
Favourable cases {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5),(6, 5),(5, 1), (5, 2),
(5,3), (5, 4), (5,6)}

11 25
(ii) P(5 will not come up either time) = 1
36 36
48. S= 1,3, 5, ..., 49. Total outcome =25
(i) No. divisible by 3 are 3,9, 15, 21,27, 33, 39, 4S
8
Required probability = 25
(ii) Composite Nos are 9, 15, 21, 25, 27, 33, 35, 39,45, 49

10
Required probability
25 5
(iii)P(not a perfect square) = 1 - P(perfectsquare) {Perfectsquare [Link] 1, 9,
25,49}

4 21

25 25
(iv) Multiple of 3 and 5

Multiple of 15 = 15, 45
2
Required probability = 25

Mathematics-X
 8 4 10 5
49. (i) (ii) =
18 18 9
6 5
(iii) (iv)
18 3 18

20 5
50. (i) P(not red) = 24 6

(ii) P(white)
81
= 24 3
rrr

(218) Mathematics-X
 PRACTICE-TEST
Probabiltiy
:
Time 45 Minutes M.M. 20 :
SECTION-A
1 When a die is thrown once, the probability of getting an odd number less than
3 is: 1

(a) (b)
6 3

(d) 0
2. A bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7 white balls. One ball is drawn at random
from the bag, find the probability of getting neither green ball nor red ball. 1

3. One card is drawn at random from the well shuffled pack of 52 cards, Find the

probability of getting a non face card. 1

4 Cards are marked with numbers 5, 6, 7,...5.0 are placed in the box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability
1
of getting a two digit number?

SECTION-B
A letter is chosen at random from 26 [Link] the probability that the
letter chosen is from the word 'ASSASSINATION, 2
6. Out of 400bulbs in a box, 15 bulbs are defective. One bulb is taken out at random
from the box. Find the probability that the drawn bulb is not defective. 2
7. Find the probability of getting 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays in a leap yea. 2

SECTION-C
8 Daksh and Moksh are [Link] is the probability that both will have
(i) different birthdays? (i)the same birthday? (ignoring a leap year).

9 Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that sum oftwo numbers will
be a multiple of4. 3

Mathematics-X
 SECTION - D
10. Five cards the ten, jack, queen, king and ace ofdiamonds, are removed from
the well-shuffled 52 playing [Link] card is then picked up at random. Find
the probabilityof getting:

(a) neither a heart nor a king

(b) either a heart or a spade card

(c) neither a red card nor a queen card

(d)a black card or an ace. 4

(220 Mathematics-X