Python Programming —

Complete Answer Key

Part A: Theory Questions

1. Basic Datatypes in Python

Python has several built-in datatypes:

int – whole numbers, e.g. x = 10

float – decimal numbers, e.g. y = 3.14

complex – numbers with real and imaginary parts,

e.g. z = 2 + 3j

str – sequence of characters, e.g. name =

"Akshay"

bool – True or False

list – ordered, mutable collection, e.g. [1, 2, 3]

tuple – ordered, immutable collection, e.g. (1, 2,

3)

set – unordered collection of unique items, e.g.

{1, 2, 3}

dict – key-value pairs, e.g. {"a": 1, "b": 2}

NoneType – represents absence of value, None

 print(type(10)) # <class 'int'>
print(type(3.14)) # <class 'float'>
print(type("hi")) # <class 'str'>
print(type([1,2])) # <class 'list'>

2. Type Conversion (Implicit vs Explicit)

Type conversion means changing a value from one

datatype to another.

Implicit conversion: Python automatically

converts a smaller/compatible type to a larger
one, with no data loss, during operations.

a = 5 # int
b = 2.5 # float
c = a + b # Python auto-converts 'a' to
float
print(c, type(c)) # 7.5 <class 'float'>

Explicit conversion (type casting): The

programmer manually converts using functions
like int() , float() , str() .

x = "10"
y = int(x) + 5 # explicit conversion
of string to int
print(y) # 15
 z = str(100) + " apples"
print(z) # "100 apples"

Implicit Explicit

Done automatically by Done manually by

Python programmer

Programmer must ensure

No data loss (usually)
validity

int + float → int(x) , float(x) ,

float str(x)

3. String Operations

s1 = "Hello"
s2 = "World"

# Slicing
print(s1[0:3]) # 'Hel'
print(s1[-3:]) # 'llo'

# Concatenation
print(s1 + " " + s2) # 'Hello World'

# Repetition
print(s1 * 3) # 'HelloHelloHello'

# Comparison
 print(s1 == "Hello") # True
print(s1 < s2) # True (lexicographic
comparison, 'H' < 'W')

4. Mutability in Lists

Lists are mutable — their contents can be changed

after creation.

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1 # reference, NOT a
clone
[Link](4)
print(list1) # [1, 2, 3, 4] ->
original also changed!

# Creating a real clone

list3 = [Link]() # or list1[:], or
list(list1)
[Link](99)
print(list1) # [1, 2, 3, 4]
unaffected
print(list3) # [1, 2, 3, 4,
99]

list2 = list1 copies the reference (both point to

the same object), while .copy() , slicing [:] , or
list() creates an independent clone.
5. Exceptions and Exception Handling

An exception is an error that occurs during program

execution, disrupting normal flow (e.g., dividing by
zero, opening a missing file).

Python handles exceptions using try-except :

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input, enter a number!")
else:
print("Result:", result)
finally:
print("Execution complete.")

try : code that might raise an error

except : handles specific error types

else : runs if no exception occurred

finally : always runs (cleanup code)

6. Class, Object, Instance Variables

Class: A blueprint for creating objects, defining

attributes and methods.
 Object: An instance of a class — an actual entity
created from the blueprint.

Instance variable: A variable that belongs to a

specific object (unique per object).

class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, color):
[Link] = brand # instance
variable
[Link] = color # instance
variable

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red") # object

car2 = Car("Honda", "Blue") # object

print([Link], [Link]) # Toyota

Red
print([Link], [Link]) # Honda
Blue

7. Program, Debugging, and Error Types

A program is a set of instructions written in a

programming language that a computer executes to
perform a task.

a) Debugging: The process of finding and fixing

errors (bugs) in code.

b) Syntax Errors: Errors due to incorrect

grammar/rules of the language (e.g., missing
 colon). Detected before execution.

if True
print("hi") # SyntaxError: missing
colon

c) Runtime Errors: Errors that occur while the

program is running (e.g., division by zero).

print(10/0) # ZeroDivisionError

d) Semantic Errors: Code runs without crashing

but produces wrong/unintended results (logic
errors).

def add(a, b):

return a - b # wrong operator, no
crash, but wrong result

e) Runtime Errors (repeated in question): same as

(c).

8. Step-by-step Expression Evaluation

a) 18 + (5 // 2) + 8 % 2

1. 5 // 2 = 2 (floor division)

2. 8 % 2 = 0 (modulus)

3. 18 + 2 + 0 = 20
Result = 20

b) (2**3)**2 + 3

1. 2**3 = 8

2. 8**2 = 64

3. 64 + 3 = 67

Result = 67

9. Decision-Making Statements

a) if–else

age = 20
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")

b) if–elif–else

marks = 75
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade B")
else:
print("Grade C")
10. break and continue

# break - exits the loop entirely

for i in range(1, 10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i) # prints 1 2 3 4

# continue - skips current iteration,

continues loop
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i) # prints 1 2 4 5

11. Lists

A list is an ordered, mutable collection that can hold

items of different datatypes.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(fruits) # ['apple',
'banana', 'cherry']
[Link]("mango")
print(fruits[1]) # banana

12. Tuples — Packing and Unpacking

A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection defined
with parentheses () .

# Packing - combining values into a tuple

person = ("Akshay", 25, "Engineer")

# Unpacking - extracting values into

variables
name, age, profession = person
print(name) # Akshay
print(age) # 25
print(profession) # Engineer

13. File Handling

File handling allows a program to create, read, write,

and manipulate files stored on disk.

# Opening and reading a file

file = open("[Link]", "r") # 'r' =
read mode
content = [Link]()
print(content)
[Link]()

# Better approach - using 'with' (auto-

closes file)
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
for line in file:
print([Link]())
Common modes: "r" (read), "w" (write, overwrites),
"a" (append), "r+" (read/write).

Part B: Scenario-Based Questions

1. Arithmetic Expression & String

Concatenation Error

An arithmetic expression combines

numbers/variables with operators ( + , - , * , / ) to
compute a value.

print('Hello' + 100 + 'how are you')

This produces a TypeError : can only concatenate

str (not "int") to str .

Reason: The + operator between strings performs

concatenation, but Python does not automatically
convert int to str (no implicit conversion for this
case). You must explicitly convert: 'Hello' +
str(100) + 'how are you' .

2. Arithmetic Operations Menu & Senior Citizen

Check
# Program 1: Arithmetic operations
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number:
"))
print("1-Add 2-Subtract 3-Multiply 4-
Divide")
choice = int(input("Enter choice: "))

if choice == 1:
print("Result:", num1 + num2)
elif choice == 2:
print("Result:", num1 - num2)
elif choice == 3:
print("Result:", num1 * num2)
elif choice == 4:
if num2 != 0:
print("Result:", num1 / num2)
else:
print("Error: Division by zero")
else:
print("Invalid choice")

# Program 2: Senior citizen check

name = input("Enter name: ")
birth_year = int(input("Enter year of
birth: "))
current_year = 2026
age = current_year - birth_year

if age >= 60:

print(f"{name} is a senior citizen.")
else:
 print(f"{name} is not a senior
citizen.")

3. Traffic Light Simulation

signal = input("Enter signal

(red/yellow/green): ").lower()

if signal == "red":
print("Stop")
elif signal == "yellow":
print("Get Ready")
elif signal == "green":
print("Go")
else:
print("Invalid signal")

4. Employee Tuple

employee = (101, "Ravi Kumar", "IT", 55000)

def display_employee(emp):
print("ID:", emp[0])
print("Name:", emp[1])
print("Department:", emp[2])
print("Salary:", emp[3])

def get_name_salary(emp):
 return (emp[1], emp[3])

display_employee(employee)
name_salary = get_name_salary(employee)
print("Name & Salary:", name_salary)

5. Read Text File — Lines, Words, Characters

try:
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
content = [Link]()
lines = [Link]()
words = [Link]()

print("Number of lines:",
len(lines))
print("Number of words:",
len(words))
print("Number of characters:",
len(content))

except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: File not found.")
except PermissionError:
print("Error: Permission denied.")
except Exception as e:
print("An unexpected error occurred:",
e)
6. Single Inheritance — Person and Student

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age

def display(self):
print(f"Name: {[Link]}, Age:
{[Link]}")

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, marks):
super().__init__(name, age)
[Link] = marks

def result(self):
if [Link] >= 40:
print(f"{[Link]} has PASSED
with {[Link]} marks.")
else:
print(f"{[Link]} has FAILED
with {[Link]} marks.")

s1 = Student("Anita", 20, 65)

[Link]()
[Link]()

7. Area of a Triangle (Heron's Formula)

 a, b, c = 50, 75, 100

s = (a + b + c) / 2 # semi-perimeter
area = (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c)) **
0.5

print(f"The area of the triangle is

{area:.2f} sq. m")

8. Fahrenheit to Celsius Converter

fahrenheit = float(input("Enter temperature

in Fahrenheit: "))
celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9

print(f"{fahrenheit}°F is equal to
{celsius:.2f}°C")

9. Factorial of a Number

def factorial(n):
if n < 0:
return None
result = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
result *= i
return result
 num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
fact = factorial(num)

if fact is None:
print("Factorial not defined for
negative numbers.")
else:
print(f"Factorial of {num} is {fact}")

10. Count Characters Without String Functions

text = input("Enter a string: ")

count = 0
for ch in text:
count = count + 1

print("Number of characters:", count)

(Uses a manual loop instead of len() or other built-

in string functions.)

11. List, Dictionary, Set Operations

# (a) Remove duplicates and sort a list

numbers = [5, 2, 8, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8]
unique_sorted = sorted(set(numbers))
print("Unique sorted list:", unique_sorted)
 # (b) Dictionary of student grades
students = {"Amit": 82, "Bhavna": 68,
"Chetan": 91, "Divya": 55}
print("Students scoring above 75%:")
for name, grade in [Link]():
if grade > 75:
print(name, "-", grade)

# (c) Set operations

set_a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
set_b = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

print("Union:", set_a | set_b)

print("Intersection:", set_a & set_b)
print("Difference (A-B):", set_a - set_b)

12. Section A/B Roll Number Count

roll_numbers = [101, 102, 103, 104, 105,

106, 107, 108]

section_a = 0 # even
section_b = 0 # odd

for roll in roll_numbers:

if roll % 2 == 0:
section_a += 1
else:
section_b += 1
 print("Section A (even roll numbers):",
section_a)
print("Section B (odd roll numbers):",
section_b)

13. Python Modules

A module is a file containing Python code (functions,

classes, variables) that can be imported and reused in
other programs, promoting organization and
reusability.

Types of modules:

1. Built-in modules: Come pre-installed with Python

(e.g., math , os , random , sys ).

import math
print([Link](16)) # 4.0

2. User-defined modules: Created by the

programmer as .py files and imported.

# [Link]
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

# [Link]
import mymodule
print([Link]("Akshay"))
 3. Third-party/external modules: Installed via pip
(e.g., numpy , pandas , requests ).

import requests

14. Student Management Class

class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age
[Link] = grade

def display(self):
print(f"Name: {[Link]}, Age:
{[Link]}, Grade: {[Link]}")

student1 = Student("Riya", 16, "10th")

student2 = Student("Karan", 17, "11th")

[Link]()
[Link]()

15. Calculator with Inheritance

class Calculator:
def __init__(self, num1, num2):
 self.num1 = num1
self.num2 = num2

class Operations(Calculator):
def add(self):
return self.num1 + self.num2

def subtract(self):
return self.num1 - self.num2

def multiply(self):
return self.num1 * self.num2

def divide(self):
if self.num2 != 0:
return self.num1 / self.num2
return "Cannot divide by zero"

calc = Operations(20, 5)
print("Addition:", [Link]())
print("Subtraction:", [Link]())
print("Multiplication:", [Link]())
print("Division:", [Link]())

16. Linear Search for Roll Number

roll_numbers = [101, 105, 110, 115, 120,

125]
target = int(input("Enter roll number to
 search: "))

found = False
for index in range(len(roll_numbers)):
if roll_numbers[index] == target:
print(f"Roll number {target} found
at position {index + 1}")
found = True
break

if not found:
print(f"Roll number {target} not found
in the list")

Analysis (Linear Search): The algorithm checks each

element in the list sequentially, starting from the first,
comparing it with the target value. If a match is found,
the search stops and returns the position. If the loop
completes without a match, the element is not in the
list. This has a time complexity of O(n) in the worst
case, since it may need to check every element.

17. Student Marks — Highest, Lowest, Average

n = int(input("Enter number of students:

"))
marks = []

for i in range(n):
m = float(input(f"Enter marks of
student {i+1}: "))
[Link](m)

print("All marks entered:", marks)

print("Highest mark:", max(marks))
print("Lowest mark:", min(marks))
print("Average marks:", sum(marks) /
len(marks))