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Entry Level SQL and Python Interview Handbook

The document is a handbook for entry-level SQL and Python interviews, covering essential concepts such as database management, SQL queries, filtering, aggregate functions, joins, and CRUD operations. It also outlines Python basics including variables, control flow, functions, data structures, and object-oriented programming. Additionally, it provides interview Q&A on key differences in SQL and Python functionalities.

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haridraj05
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2 views2 pages

Entry Level SQL and Python Interview Handbook

The document is a handbook for entry-level SQL and Python interviews, covering essential concepts such as database management, SQL queries, filtering, aggregate functions, joins, and CRUD operations. It also outlines Python basics including variables, control flow, functions, data structures, and object-oriented programming. Additionally, it provides interview Q&A on key differences in SQL and Python functionalities.

Uploaded by

haridraj05
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Entry-Level SQL & Python Interview Handbook

SQL Basics
Database: Organized collection of data.
DBMS: Software to manage databases.
RDBMS: DBMS using related tables (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each row.
Foreign Key: Links two tables.
NULL: Missing/unknown value.

SQL Queries
SELECT retrieves data. WHERE filters rows. ORDER BY sorts results. DISTINCT removes
duplicates. LIMIT restricts number of rows.
Example: SELECT name FROM employees WHERE salary>50000 ORDER BY salary
DESC LIMIT 5;

Filtering
Operators: AND, OR, NOT, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL.

Aggregate Functions
COUNT counts rows, SUM totals values, AVG computes average, MAX largest, MIN
smallest.

GROUP BY & HAVING


GROUP BY groups rows. HAVING filters groups after aggregation.

Joins
INNER JOIN: matching rows.
LEFT JOIN: all left rows + matches.
RIGHT JOIN: all right rows + matches.
FULL OUTER JOIN: all rows from both (if supported).

CRUD
CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Transactions
COMMIT saves changes. ROLLBACK undoes changes. SAVEPOINT creates rollback
points.

Normalization
1NF: atomic values. 2NF: remove partial dependency. 3NF: remove transitive
dependency.

Python Basics
Variables store data. Common types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict.
Operators
Arithmetic (+,-,*,/), Comparison (==,!=,<,>), Logical (and, or, not).

Control Flow
if/elif/else choose paths. for and while repeat tasks. break exits loop, continue skips
iteration.

Functions
Define using def. Use parameters and return values.

Data Structures
List: mutable ordered. Tuple: immutable ordered. Set: unique items. Dictionary:
key-value pairs.

Strings
Useful methods: split, join, replace, find, strip, upper, lower.

Exceptions
Use try/except/finally to handle errors gracefully.

Files
open(), read(), write(), append(), close() or use with statement.

OOP
Class is blueprint. Object is instance. __init__ is constructor. Inheritance reuses code.

Useful Libraries
math, random, datetime, os, sqlite3.

Python + SQL
Use sqlite3 to connect to databases, execute queries, fetch results, commit changes.

Interview Q&A;
WHERE vs HAVING: WHERE filters rows before grouping; HAVING filters grouped data.
DELETE vs TRUNCATE vs DROP: DELETE removes rows, TRUNCATE removes all rows
quickly, DROP removes the table.
List vs Tuple: List is mutable; Tuple is immutable.
== vs is: == compares values; is compares object identity.
Mutable vs Immutable: Lists are mutable; strings and tuples are immutable.

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