STRING METHODS:
🔠 What is a String in Python?
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single ('), double ("), or triple quotes (''' or """).
# Examples of string:
name = 'Python'
quote = "Learning is fun"
multiline = '''This is a multiline string.'''
Strings are immutable, meaning once created, you cannot change their content directly.
🧰 What are String Methods?
String methods are built-in functions that can be called on string objects to perform common
operations like changing case, finding substrings, replacing text, and more.
🎯 Where Do We Use String Methods?
1. Data Cleaning: Removing whitespace, converting cases.
[Link] Processing: Extracting information, formatting.
[Link]: Checking if user input is alphabetic, numeric, etc.
⭐ 1. Indexing in Python
Indexing means accessing individual characters or elements of a string/list using their position.
✔ Index always starts from 0 (left side)
s = "python"
Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
Letter: p y t h o n
✔ Access using []
print(s[0]) # p
print(s[3]) # h
print(s[5]) # n
✔ Negative Indexing (from right side)
s = "python"
Index: -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Letter: p y t h o n
Examples:
print(s[-1]) # n
print(s[-3]) # h
print(s[-6]) # p
⭐ 2. Slicing in Python
Slicing means extracting a part of the string/list.
✔ Syntax:
string[start:end]
start → starting index (included)
end → ending index (excluded)
✔ Example:
s = "python"
print(s[0:3]) # pyt
print(s[2:6]) # thon
✔ Omitting values:
print(s[:4]) # pyth (start from 0)
print(s[3:]) # hon (end till last)
print(s[:]) # python (whole string)
✔ Negative slicing:
s = "python"
print(s[-4:-1]) # tho
print(s[-6:-3]) # pyt
✔ Step value in slicing (jumping)
Syntax:
string[start:end:step]
Examples:
print(s[0:6:2]) # pto
print(s[::-1]) # nohtyp (reverse string)
print(s[::2]) # pto
⭐ 3. Length in Python
To find number of characters/elements → use len() function.
✔ Example:
s = "python"
print(len(s)) #6
Works for:
strings
lists
tuples
dictionaries (counts keys)
Example:
l = [10, 20, 30, 40]
print(len(l)) # 4
🎯 Summary Table
Concept Meaning Example
Indexing Accessing single elements s[2] → 't'
Negative Indexing From last to first s[-1] → 'n'
Concept Meaning Example
Slicing Extracting part of string s[1:4] → 'yth'
Slicing with step Jumping characters s[0:6:2] → 'pto'
Reverse slicing Reverse string s[::-1]
🔹 String Indexing
s = "python"
print(s[0]) # p
print(s[5]) # n
print(s[-1]) # n
print(s[-2]) # o
🔹 String Slicing
s = "python"
print(s[1:4]) # yth
print(s[:3]) # pyt
print(s[3:]) # hon
print(s[::-1]) # nohtyp
🔹 1. lower() / upper()
Converts the string to lowercase or uppercase.
s = "Hello"
print([Link]()) # hello
print([Link]()) # HELLO
🔹 2. title() / capitalize()
s = "hello world"
print([Link]()) # Hello World
print([Link]()) # Hello world
🔹 3. strip() / lstrip() / rstrip()
Removes spaces.
s = " python "
print([Link]()) # python
print([Link]()) # python
print([Link]()) # python
🔹 4. replace(old, new)
s = "I love python"
print([Link]("python", "coding"))
🔹 5. split()
Converts string → list
s = "apple,banana,orange"
print([Link](","))
🔹 6. join()
List → String
words = ["hello", "world"]
print(" ".join(words)) # hello world
🔹 7. startswith() / endswith()
s = "python"
print([Link]("py")) # True
print([Link]("on")) # True
🔹 8. find() / index()
Search substring.
s = "programming"
print([Link]("g")) # 3
print([Link]("g")) # 3
9. count()
s = "banana"
print([Link]("a")) # 3
🔹 10. isnumeric(), isalpha(), isalnum(), isspace()
"123".isnumeric() # True
"abc".isalpha() # True
"abc123".isalnum() # True
" ".isspace() # True
🔹 11. len()
(Not a method, but commonly used)
len("python") # 6
Using f-Strings (Best & Most Used) ✅
👉 Introduced in Python 3.6
👉 Fast, readable, interview favorite
name = "Jaya"
age = 20
print(f"My name is {name} and my age is {age}")
problem solving:
✔️1. Reverse a string
s = "python"
print(s[::-1])
✔️2. Count vowels
s = "education"
count = 0
for ch in s:
if ch in "aeiouAEIOU":
count += 1
print(count)
✔️3. Check palindrome
s = "madam"
print(s == s[::-1]) # True
✔️4. Remove spaces
s = "a b c d"
print([Link](" ",""))
✔️5. Count words
s = "python is easy"
print(len([Link]()))
Total String Methods: 47
Case Conversion
lower(), upper(), title(), capitalize(), swapcase(), casefold()
Search / Find
find(), rfind(), index(), rindex()
Check / Test
isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isnumeric(), isdecimal(), islower(), isupper(), istitle(), isspace(),
isidentifier(), isprintable(), isascii()
Replace / Trim
replace(), strip(), lstrip(), rstrip()
Split & Join
split(), rsplit(), splitlines(), join()
Alignment / Padding
center(), ljust(), rjust(), zfill()
Count & Formatting
count(), format(), format_map(), encode()
Start / End Check
startswith(), endswith()
Translation
maketrans(), translate()
New Methods
removeprefix(), removesuffix()
Others
partition(), rpartition(), expandtabs()