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PHYSICS SYLLABUS EXTRACTION

CONTENTS + NOTES (Corrected Methodology)
476 COMPLETE STUDY POINTS
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PART 1: INTERACTION OF MATTER, SPACE & TIME
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TOPIC 1: CONCEPTS OF MATTER

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1. Concept: Simple structure of matter - Define and describe the simple
structure of matter [Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms/molecules)]
2. Concept: Three physics states of matter - Identify solid, liquid, and gas
as the three states [Discuss each state with examples]
3. Evidence of particle nature of matter - State and explain evidence
[Brownian motion experiment demonstrates particle nature]
4. Kinetic theory of matter - State the kinetic theory
[The theory explains the behaviour of particles in matter]
5. Application of kinetic theory to states of matter - Use theory to explain
solid, liquid, gas [Particles in solids vibrate in fixed positions; liquids
flow; gases move freely]
6. Application of kinetic theory to pressure in a gas - Explain gas pressure
using kinetic theory [Pressure is due to collisions of gas particles with
container walls]
7. Application of kinetic theory to evaporation - Explain evaporation
[Particles at surface gain energy and escape]
8. Application of kinetic theory to boiling - Explain boiling
[Boiling occurs when vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure]
9. Concept: Cohesion - Define and explain cohesion
[Attractive force between similar molecules]
10. Concept: Adhesion - Define and explain adhesion
[Attractive force between different molecules]
11. Concept: Capillarity - Define and explain capillarity
[Rise or fall of liquid in narrow tube due to adhesion/cohesion]
12. Comparison: Crystalline vs Amorphous substances - Distinguish between them
[Crystalline: ordered atomic arrangement; Amorphous: random arrangement]
13. Atomic arrangement in crystalline structures - Describe face-centred and
body-centred [Face-centred: atoms at corners and face centres; Body-
centred: atoms at corners and centre]

TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED QUANTITIES AND UNITS

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14. (a) Fundamental quantities - Define and list fundamental quantities
[Length, mass, time, electric current, luminous intensity, thermodynamic
temperature, amount of substance]
15. (a) Fundamental units - State the SI units for fundamental quantities
[m, kg, s, A, cd, K, mol]
16. (b) Derived quantities - Define and give examples
[Volume, density, speed are derived from fundamental quantities]
17. (b) Derived units - State the units of derived quantities
[m3 (volume), kgm-3 (density), ms-1 (speed)]

TOPIC 3: POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

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18. (a) Concept of position as location of point - Define position using
rectangular coordinates [Position of objects in space is described using
X, Y, Z axes]
19. (b) Measurement of distance - List instruments for measuring distance
[String, metre rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauge]
20. (b) Degree of accuracy - Note the accuracy of each instrument
[Vernier calipers (0.01 cm); Micrometer screw gauge (0.001 cm)]
21. (b) Unit of distance - State the SI unit [Metre (m)]
22. (c) Concept of direction - Define direction using bearing
[Use compass and protractor to locate points by bearing]
23. (c) Graphical location by axes - Locate points graphically
[Directions by axes should be stressed]
24. (d) Distinction between distance and displacement - Clearly distinguish
them [Distance: total path length (scalar); Displacement: straight-line
change in position (vector)]

TOPIC 4: MASS AND WEIGHT

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25. Measurement of mass - Identify instruments for measuring mass
[Lever balance, chemical/beam balance, electronic/digital balance]
26. Measurement of weight - Identify instrument for measuring weight
[Spring balance]
27. Distinction between mass and weight - Differentiate clearly
[Mass: amount of matter (kg), constant; Weight: force of gravity (N),
varies with location]
28. Unit of mass - State the SI unit [Kilogram (kg)]
29. Unit of weight - State the SI unit [Newton (N)]

TOPIC 5: TIME
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30. (a) Concept of time - Define time
[Time is the interval between physical events]
31. (b) Measurement of time - List instruments for measuring time
[Heart-beat, sand-clock, ticker-timer, pendulum, stopwatch/clock]
32. (b) Unit of time - State the SI unit [Second (s)]

TOPIC 6: FLUID AT REST

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33. (a) Volume, density and relative density - Determine experimentally for
 solids and liquids [Experimental determination for solids and liquids]
34. (b) Pressure in fluids - Define pressure
[Pressure is force per unit area (P = F/A)]
35. (b) Pascal's principle - State Pascal's principle
[Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions]
36. (b) Application of Pascal's principle - State applications
[Hydraulic press, car brakes]
37. (b) Dependence of pressure on depth - Explain pressure variation with depth
[Pressure increases with depth below liquid surface (P = rhogh)]
38. (b) Atmospheric pressure - Explain atmospheric pressure
[Pressure exerted by the atmosphere]
39. (b) Instruments for measuring pressure - Describe instruments
[Simple barometer, manometer, siphon, syringe, pump]
40. (b) Determination of relative density of liquids - Describe methods
[U-tube and Hare's apparatus]
41. (c)(i) Archimedes' principle - State the principle
[When a body is partially/completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences
an upthrust equal to the weight of fluid displaced]
42. (c)(i) Forces acting on immersed body - Identify the forces
[Weight (downwards) and upthrust (upwards)]
43. (c)(i) Use of Archimedes' principle - Determine relative densities
[Use principle to determine relative densities of solids and liquids]
44. (c)(ii) Law of flotation - State the law
[A floating body displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats]
45. (c)(ii) Conditions for floating - Establish conditions
[Weight of body = Upthrust = Weight of fluid displaced]
46. (c)(ii) Applications of flotation - List applications
[Hydrometer, balloons, boats, ships, submarines]

TOPIC 7: MOTION
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47. (a) Types of motion: Random - Define and give examples
[Only qualitative treatment required; give illustrations]
48. (a) Types of motion: Rectilinear - Define and give examples
[Motion in a straight line]
49. (a) Types of motion: Translational - Define and give examples
[Motion where all parts move the same distance]
50. (a) Types of motion: Rotational - Define and give examples
[Motion about an axis]
51. (a) Types of motion: Circular - Define and give examples
[Motion in a circular path]
52. (a) Types of motion: Orbital - Define and give examples
[Motion of one body around another]
53. (a) Types of motion: Spin - Define and give examples
[Rotation about own axis]
54. (a) Types of motion: Oscillatory - Define and give examples
[To-and-fro motion]
55. (b) Relative motion - Explain relative motion
 [Solve numerical problems on co-linear motion]
56. (c) Cause of motion - Identify the cause
[Force is the cause of motion (push and pull)]
57. (d)(i) Contact forces - Define and give examples
[Forces requiring physical contact (e.g., friction, tension)]
58. (d)(ii) Non-contact forces (field forces) - Define and give examples
[Electric and magnetic attractions/repulsions, gravitational pull]
59. (e) Solid friction - Define and explain types
[Static friction (between stationary bodies), Dynamic friction (between
moving bodies)]
60. (e) Coefficient of limiting friction - Define and determine
[Determine coefficients experimentally]
61. (e) Advantages of friction - List advantages
[Locomotion, friction belt, grindstone]
62. (e) Disadvantages of friction - List disadvantages
[Reduction of efficiency, wear and tear of machines]
63. (e) Methods of reducing friction - Describe methods
[Ball bearings, rollers, streamlining, lubrication]
64. (f) Viscosity - Define viscosity [Friction in fluids]
65. (f) Effects of viscosity - State effects
[Fluid friction affects motion through fluids]
66. (f) Terminal velocity - Define and determine
[Terminal velocity is reached when weight equals viscous drag; determine
experimentally]
67. (g) Simple ideas of circular motion - Demonstrate circular motion
[Experiment with string tied to stone whirled around]
68. (g) Angular speed vs angular velocity - Distinguish between them
[Angular speed is magnitude; angular velocity includes direction]
69. (g) Centripetal force - Define and illustrate
[Draw diagram to illustrate centripetal force]
70. (g) Banking of roads - Explain qualitatively
[Banking reduces sideways friction]

TOPIC 8: SPEED AND VELOCITY

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71. (a) Concept of speed - Define speed
[Speed is change of distance with time (speed = distance/time)]
72. (a) Unit of speed - State the SI unit [Metre per second (ms-1)]
73. (a) Determination of speed - Describe how to determine
[Use ticker-timer or similar devices]
74. (b) Concept of velocity - Define velocity
[Velocity is change of displacement with time (v = s/t)]
75. (b) Unit of velocity - State the SI unit [Metre per second (ms-1)]
76. (b) Determination of velocity - Describe how to determine
[Use ticker-timer or similar devices]
77. (c) Uniform/non-uniform speed/velocity - Distinguish between them
[Uniform: constant rate; Non-uniform: changing rate]
78. (d) Distance/displacement-time graph - Interpret graphs
[Determine instantaneous speed/velocity from graph and by calculation]
TOPIC 9: RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION
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79. (a) Concept of Acceleration - Define acceleration
[Acceleration is increase in velocity with time (a = v/t)]
80. (a) Concept of Deceleration - Define deceleration
[Deceleration is decrease in velocity with time (negative acceleration)]
81. (a) Unit of acceleration - State the SI unit [Metre per second squared
(ms-2)]
82. (b) Uniform/non-uniform acceleration - Distinguish between them
[Uniform: constant acceleration; Non-uniform: changing acceleration]
83. (b) Determination of acceleration - Describe how to determine
[Use ticker-timer or similar devices]
84. (c) Velocity-time graph - Interpret velocity-time graphs
[Determine acceleration from slope; determine displacement from area under
graph]
85. (d) Equations of motion with constant acceleration - State and apply
[v = u + at; s = ut + 1/2at^2; v^2 = u^2 + 2as; s = 1/2(u+v)t]
86. (d) Motion under gravity - Treat as special case
[Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 ms-2); equations apply with a = g]

TOPIC 10: SCALARS AND VECTORS

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87. (a) Concept of scalars - Define scalars
[Physical quantities with magnitude and no direction]
88. (a) Examples of scalars - List examples [Mass, distance, speed, time]
89. (b) Concept of vectors - Define vectors
[Physical quantities with both magnitude and direction]
90. (b) Examples of vectors - List examples
[Weight, displacement, velocity, acceleration]
91. (c) Vector representation - Represent vectors graphically
[Vectors shown by arrows (length = magnitude, direction = arrow direction)]
92. (d) Addition of vectors - Add vectors
[Use force board to determine resultant of two forces]
93. (e) Resolution of vectors - Resolve vectors
[Resolve forces into two perpendicular directions]
94. (f) Resultant velocity - Determine resultant velocity
[Obtain resultant of two velocities analytically and graphically]

TOPIC 11: EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

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95. (a) Principle of moments - State the principle
[Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments about a pivot]
96. (a) Torque/Moment of force - Define and explain
[Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance from pivot]
97. (a) Couple - Define and give examples
[Two equal parallel forces acting in opposite directions; turning of water
 tap, corkscrew, steering wheel]
98. (b) Conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies (parallel forces) - State
conditions [Sum of upward forces = Sum of downward forces; Sum of clockwise
moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments]
99. (b) Conditions for equilibrium (non-parallel forces) - State conditions
[Resultant force = 0; Resultant torque = 0; Use force board to determine
resultant and equilibrant]
100.(b) Composition and resolution of forces - Explain
[Resolve forces into perpendicular directions; use parallelogram and
triangle of forces]
101.(c) Centre of gravity and stability - Explain and treat experimentally
[Stable: returns to position when displaced; Unstable: falls further;
Neutral: remains in new position]

TOPIC 12: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

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102. Illustration of SHM - Demonstrate SHM
[Use loaded test-tube oscillating vertically in liquid, simple pendulum,
spiral spring, bifilar suspension]
103. Explanation of SHM - Explain the concept
[Motion where acceleration is proportional to displacement and directed
towards equilibrium]
104. Definition of SHM - Define SHM
[SHM is motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to
displacement from equilibrium and always directed towards equilibrium]
105. Relationship between linear and angular speeds - Relate them [v = r(omega)]
106. Relationship between linear and angular accelerations - Relate them
[a = r(alpha)]
107. Experimental determination of 'g' - Describe method
[Use simple pendulum and helical spring; theory only, no derivation of
formula required]
108. Solving SHM problems - Solve simple numerical problems
[Simple problems may be set]

Note: Mathematical proof of SHM for spiral spring, bifilar suspension, and
loaded test-tube is NOT required.

TOPIC 13: NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

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109. (a) First Law: Inertia of rest - Define and explain
[A body at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an external force]
110. (a) First Law: Inertia of motion - Define and explain
[A body in motion stays in motion in a straight line unless acted on by
an external force]
111. (a) Distinction between inertial mass and weight - Distinguish clearly
[Inertial mass: resistance to acceleration; Weight: force due to gravity]
112. (b) Second Law: Force and acceleration - State relationship [F = ma
(Force = mass x acceleration)]
113. (b) Momentum - Define and explain [Momentum = mass x velocity (p = mv)]
114. (b) Impulse - Define and explain
[Impulse = Force x Time = Change in momentum (Ft = p)]
115. (b) Determination of acceleration with constant force - Describe experiment
[Use ticker-timer to determine acceleration of falling body and
relationship with constant force]
116. (b) Linear momentum conservation - State the principle
[Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision (in
absence of external forces)]
117. (b) Elastic collision in a straight line - Describe
[Bodies bounce off each other; kinetic energy conserved]
118. (c) Third Law: Action and reaction - State the law
[For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction]
119. (c) Applications of Newton's laws - State applications
[Recoil of a gun, jet propulsion, rocket propulsion]

TOPIC 14: ENERGY

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120. (a) Forms of energy - List and describe forms
[Mechanical (potential and kinetic), heat, chemical, electrical, light,
sound, nuclear]
121. (b) World energy resources: Renewable - List and describe
[Solar, wind, tides, hydro, ocean waves]
122. (b) World energy resources: Non-renewable - List and describe
[Petroleum, coal, nuclear, biomass]
123. (c) Conservation of energy - State the principle
[Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another]
124. (c) Energy transformations - Explain using the principle
[Use principle to explain various energy transformations]

TOPIC 15: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

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125. (a) Concept of work - Define work
[Work is a measure of energy transfer; Work = Force x Distance (in
direction of force)]
126. (a) Unit of work - State the SI unit [Joule (J)]
127. (b) Concept of energy - Define energy
[Energy is the capability to do work]
128. (b) Unit of energy - State the SI unit [Joule (J)]
129. (b) Unit of electrical energy consumption - State the unit
[Kilowatt-hour (kWh)]
130. (c) Work done in gravitational field - Calculate work done
[Work done in lifting a body = mgh; Work done by falling bodies = mgh]
131. (d)(i) Potential energy (P.E.) - Define and derive [P.E. = mgh
(Derivation expected)]
132. (d)(ii) Kinetic energy (K.E.) - Define and derive [K.E. = 1/2mv^2
(Derivation expected)]
133. (d) Identification of types of mechanical energy - Identify under given
conditions [Identify whether body possesses P.E., K.E., or both]
134. (e) Conservation of mechanical energy - Verify the principle
[Total mechanical energy (P.E. + K.E.) remains constant in absence of
friction]
135. (f) Power - Define power [Power = Work done / Time taken]
136. (f) Unit of power - State the SI unit [Watt (W)]
137. (g) Machines - List types of simple machines
[Levers, pulleys, inclined plane, wedge, screw, wheel and axle, gears]
138. (g) Mechanical advantage (M.A.) - Define [M.A. = Load / Effort]
139. (g) Velocity ratio (V.R.) - Define
[V.R. = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load]
140. (g) Force ratio (F.R.) - Define [Same as mechanical advantage]
141. (g) Efficiency - Define and calculate
[Efficiency = (M.A. / V.R.) x 100%]
142. (g) Complicated machines - Identify simple machines in them
[Identify simple machines making up complicated machines (e.g., bicycle)]
143. (g) Effects of friction on machines - Explain effects
[Friction reduces efficiency and causes wear]
144. (g) Reduction of friction in machines - Describe methods
[Lubrication, ball bearings, etc.]

TOPIC 16: HEAT ENERGY

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145. (a) Temperature - Define temperature
[Degree of hotness or coldness of a body]
146. (a) Thermometer construction and graduation - Describe
[Construction and graduation of a simple thermometer]
147. (a) Properties of thermometric liquids - State properties
[Thermometric liquids expand uniformly with temperature]
148. (a) Types of thermometers - Describe
[Constant-volume gas thermometer, resistance thermometer, thermocouple,
liquid-in-glass thermometer]
149. (a) Maximum and minimum thermometer - Describe
[Measures highest and lowest temperatures]
150. (a) Clinical thermometer - Describe [Measures body temperature]
151. (a) Pyrometer - Mention [Used for very high temperatures]
152. (a) Temperature scales - Explain
[Celsius scale, Absolute (Kelvin) scale]
153. (a) Units of temperature - State units [Kelvin (K) and degree Celsius
(deg C)]
154. (b) Effects of heat on matter - Explain using kinetic theory
[Use kinetic theory to explain effects]
155. (b)(i) Rise in temperature - Explain
[Heat causes particles to move faster, increasing temperature]
156. (b)(ii) Change of phase/state - Explain
[Heat causes change of state (melting, boiling, etc.)]
157. (b)(iii) Expansion - Explain
[Heat causes particles to move apart, causing expansion]
158. (b)(iv) Change of resistance - Explain
[Resistance of conductors increases with temperature]
159. (b)(v) Change of colour - Mention
[Some substances change colour when heated]
160. (b)(vi) Thermionic emission - Mention
[Emission of electrons from hot surfaces]
161. (b)(vii) Change in chemical properties - Mention
[Heat can cause chemical changes]
162. (c) Thermal expansion - Explain qualitatively and quantitatively
[Linear, area, and volume expansivities]
163. (c) Consequences and applications of expansion - State
[Expansion in buildings and bridges, bimetallic strips, thermostat,
overhead cables sagging, railway lines buckling]
164. (c) Real and apparent expansion of liquids - Explain
[Real expansion = Apparent expansion + Expansion of container]
165. (c) Anomalous expansion of water - Explain
[Water contracts when heated from 0 deg C to 4 deg C; maximum density at
4 deg C]
166. (c) Unit of expansivity - State the unit [Per Kelvin (K-1)]
167. (d) Heat transfer: Conduction - Explain using kinetic theory
[Heat transfer through direct contact; particles pass energy to neighbours]
168. (d) Heat transfer: Convection - Explain using kinetic theory
[Heat transfer through fluid movement; hot fluid rises, cold fluid sinks]
169. (d) Heat transfer: Radiation - Explain using kinetic theory
[Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves; no medium required]
170. (d) Simple experimental illustrations - Describe
[Experiments to demonstrate conduction, convection, radiation]
171. (d) Land and sea breezes - Explain
[Caused by differential heating of land and water]
172. (d) Ventilation - Explain [Convection currents used for ventilation]
173. (d) Cooling devices - Describe applications
[Applications in cooling devices]
174. (d) Vacuum flask - Describe
[Minimizes heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation]
175. (e) Boyle's law - State and verify
[P1V1 = P2V2 at constant temperature; verify using simple apparatus]
176. (e) Charles' law - State and verify
[V1/T1 = V2/T2 at constant pressure; verify using simple apparatus]
177. (e) Pressure law - State and verify
[P1/T1 = P2/T2 at constant volume; verify using simple apparatus]
178. (e) General gas law - State and apply [P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2]
179. (e) Kinetic theory explanation of gas laws - Explain
[Use kinetic theory to explain gas laws]
180. (e) Safety air bags in vehicles - Mention
[Operation of safety air bags relates to gas laws]
181. (f) Heat capacity - Define [Heat capacity = Heat supplied / Temperature
rise (C = Q/T)]
182. (f) Specific heat capacity - Define
[Specific heat capacity = Heat supplied / (mass x temperature rise)
(c = Q/mT)]
183. (f) Determination of specific heat capacities - Describe methods
[Method of mixtures; Electrical method]
184. (f) Specific heat capacity and land/sea breezes - Relate
[Water has higher specific heat capacity than land; explains sea breezes]
185. (f) Unit of specific heat capacity - State unit [Jkg-1K-1]
186. (g) Latent heat - Define
[Heat required to change state without changing temperature]
187. (g) Types of latent heat - Explain
[Latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid); Latent heat of vaporization
(liquid to gas)]
188. (g) Melting point - Determine [Determine melting point of a solid]
189. (g) Boiling point - Determine [Determine boiling point of a liquid]
190. (g) Effects of impurities on melting/boiling points - Explain
[Impurities lower melting point and raise boiling point]
191. (g) Effects of pressure on melting/boiling points - Explain
[Increased pressure raises melting point and boiling point]
192. (g) Pressure cooker - Apply concept
[Pressure increases boiling point, cooking faster]
193. (g) Specific latent heat of fusion - Define
[Heat required to change unit mass from solid to liquid without
temperature change]
194. (g) Specific latent heat of vaporization - Define
[Heat required to change unit mass from liquid to gas without temperature
change]
195. (g) Determination of specific latent heat of fusion - Describe methods
[Method of mixtures (ice); Electrical method]
196. (g) Determination of specific latent heat of vaporization - Describe
methods [Method of mixtures (steam); Electrical method]
197. (g) Applications of latent heat - State
[Refrigerators, air conditioners]
198. (g) Unit of specific latent heat - State unit [Jkg-1]
199. (h) Evaporation - Explain
[Surface phenomenon; occurs at all temperatures]
200. (h) Effect of temperature on evaporation - Explain
[Higher temperature increases evaporation rate]
201. (h) Effect of humidity on evaporation - Explain
[Higher humidity decreases evaporation rate]
202. (h) Effect of surface area on evaporation - Explain
[Larger surface area increases evaporation rate]
203. (h) Effect of draught on evaporation - Explain
[Draught increases evaporation rate]
204. (i) Vapour - Define [Gaseous state of a substance below its boiling point]
205. (i) Vapour pressure - Define
[Pressure exerted by vapour above a liquid]
206. (i) Saturated vapour pressure - Explain
[Maximum pressure exerted when evaporation and condensation are in
equilibrium]
207. (i) Relation of saturated vapour pressure to boiling - Explain
[Boiling occurs when saturated vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure]
208. (j) Humidity - Define [Amount of water vapour in the air]
209. (j) Relative humidity - Define
[Ratio of actual vapour pressure to saturated vapour pressure at same
temperature x 100%]
210. (j) Dew point - Define
[Temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapour]
211. (j) Estimation of humidity - Describe method
[Use wet and dry-bulb hygrometer]
212. (k) Formation of dew - Explain
[Air cools below dew point; water vapour condenses on surfaces]
213. (k) Formation of fog - Explain
[Water vapour condenses near ground level]
214. (k) Formation of rain - Explain
[Water vapour condenses and droplets grow; fall as rain]

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PART III: WAVES
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TOPIC 17: PRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION OF WAVES

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215. (a) Production and propagation of mechanical waves - Describe
[Use ropes and springs (slinky) to generate mechanical waves]
216. (b) Pulsating system - Define and explain
[Energy transmitted with definite speed, frequency, and wavelength]
217. (b) Demonstration of water waves - Describe
[Use ripple tank to show water waves and energy propagation]
218. (b) Unit of frequency - State the unit [Hertz (Hz)]
219. (c) Waveform - Define and describe
[Description and graphical representation of waves]
220. (c) Amplitude - Define [Maximum displacement from equilibrium]
221. (c) Wavelength - Define [Distance between two consecutive crests/troughs]
222. (c) Frequency - Define [Number of complete oscillations per second]
223. (c) Period - Define [Time taken for one complete oscillation]
224. (c) Sound and light as wave phenomena - Explain
[Both are waves; sound is mechanical, light is electromagnetic]
225. (d) Mathematical relationship - State and apply [v = f(lambda) and
T = 1/f]

TOPIC 18: TYPES OF WAVES

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226. (a) Transverse waves - Define and give examples
[Particles vibrate perpendicular to wave direction; e.g., light, waves on
string]
227. (a) Longitudinal waves - Define and give examples
[Particles vibrate parallel to wave direction; e.g., sound waves]
228. (b) Mathematical representation - Explain
[Equation: y = A sin (omega t +/- 2(pi)x/(lambda)) should be explained]
Note: Questions on phase difference will NOT be set.

TOPIC 19: PROPERTIES OF WAVES

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229. Reflection - Define and demonstrate
[Bouncing of waves; use ripple tank with plane and circular waves]
230. Refraction - Define and demonstrate
[Bending of waves when changing medium; use ripple tank]
231. Diffraction - Define and demonstrate
[Spreading of waves past obstacles; use ripple tank]
232. Interference - Define and demonstrate
[Superposition of waves; constructive and destructive interference; use
ripple tank]
233. Superposition of progressive waves - Explain
[Superposition produces standing/stationary waves]

TOPIC 20: LIGHT WAVES

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234. (a) Sources of light: Natural - Identify sources [Sun, stars, fire]
235. (a) Sources of light: Artificial - Identify sources
[Electric bulbs, lasers, candles]
236. (a) Luminous and non-luminous bodies - Distinguish
[Luminous: emit light; Non-luminous: reflect light from other sources]
237. (b) Rectilinear propagation of light - Explain
[Light travels in straight lines]
238. (b) Formation of shadows - Explain
[Shadows formed when light is blocked by opaque object]
239. (b) Eclipses - Explain [Solar and lunar eclipses due to rectilinear
propagation]
240. (b) Pinhole camera - Describe [Image formation using rectilinear
propagation]
241. (b) Numerical problems - Solve [Simple numerical problems on rectilinear
propagation]
242. (c) Reflection at plane surfaces - Explain laws
[Regular reflection (smooth surfaces); Irregular reflection (rough
surfaces)]
243. (c) Verification of laws of reflection - Describe
[Experimentally verify laws of reflection]
244. (c) Formation of images by plane mirror - Describe
[Virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted]
245. (c) Inclined plane mirrors - Describe
[Multiple images formed when mirrors are inclined]
246. (c) Rotation of mirrors - Explain
[Angle of reflected ray changes by twice the angle of mirror rotation]
247. (c) Applications of plane mirrors - State [Periscope, sextant, kaleidoscope]
248. (d) Reflection at curved surfaces - Apply laws
[Laws of reflection for concave and convex mirrors]
249. (d) Formation of images - Describe
 [Images formed by concave and convex mirrors]
250. (d) Characteristics of images - State
[Nature (real/virtual), size, position, orientation]
251. (d) Mirror formulae - State and apply
[1/u + 1/v = 1/f; m = v/u]
252. (d) Focal length determination - Describe experiment
[Determine focal length of concave mirror experimentally]
253. (d) Applications of curved mirrors - State
[Searchlight, parabolic/driving mirrors, car headlamps]
254. (e) Refraction at plane surfaces - State laws [Laws of refraction
(Snell's law)]
255. (e) Formation of images by refraction - Describe
[Formation of images by rectangular and triangular prisms]
256. (e) Real and apparent depths - Explain
[Apparent depth = Real depth / Refractive index]
257. (e) Critical angle and total internal reflection - Define and explain
[Critical angle: angle of incidence producing 90 deg refraction; Total
internal reflection: all light reflected]
258. (e) Lateral displacement - Explain
[Lateral shift of light through a parallel-sided glass block]
259. (e) Angle of deviation - Explain
[Angle between incident ray and emergent ray through prism]
260. (e) Minimum deviation equation - Apply
[sin(A + Dm)/2 = n sin(A/2)]

TOPIC 21: OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
261. (a) Simple microscope - Describe
[Single converging lens; produces magnified virtual image]
262. (b) Compound microscope - Describe
[Two converging lenses; objective and eyepiece]
263. (c) Astronomical telescope - Describe
[Two converging lenses; objective and eyepiece; forms inverted image]
264. (d) Angular magnification - Explain
[Ratio of angle subtended by image to angle subtended by object]

TOPIC 22: SOUND WAVES

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
265. (a) Production of sound - Explain [Sound produced by vibrating objects]
266. (b) Transmission of sound - Explain
[Sound requires a medium to travel; transmitted through solids, liquids,
gases]
267. (c) Speed of sound - Describe factors
[Speed depends on temperature and pressure of the medium]
268. (d) Echoes - Define and explain
[Reflection of sound; used in mineral exploration and determining ocean
depth]
269. (d) Reverberation - Define and explain
 [Multiple reflections in a large room; thunder is an example]
270. (e) Noise and music - Distinguish
[Noise: irregular vibrations; Music: regular/periodic vibrations]
271. (f) Characteristics of sound - Define
[Pitch: frequency; Loudness: amplitude; Quality: waveform (overtones)]
272. (g) Vibration in strings - Describe experiment
[Use sonometer to demonstrate dependence of frequency on length (l),
tension (T), and mass per unit length (m)]
273. (g) Formula for string vibration - State and apply
[f0 = (1/2l) square root of (T/m)]
274. (g) Applications in stringed instruments - State
[Guitar, piano, harp, violin]
275. (h) Forced vibration - Explain
[Object vibrates at frequency of applied force]
276. (i) Resonance - Explain
[Maximum amplitude when forcing frequency equals natural frequency]
277. (h)(i) Resonance boxes and sonometer - Illustrate forced vibration
[Use resonance boxes and sonometer]
278. (j) Harmonies and overtones - Explain
[Overtones explain quality of a musical note]
279. (j) Applications in percussion instruments - State
[Drum, bell, cymbals, xylophone]
280. (k) Vibration of air in open pipes - Explain
[Open pipes: antinodes at both ends; produce all harmonics]
281. (k) Vibration of air in closed pipes - Explain
[Closed pipes: node at closed end, antinode at open end; produce odd
harmonics only]
282. (k) Resonance tube - Describe experiment
[Measure velocity of sound in air or frequency of tuning fork]
283. (k) Relationship v = f(lambda) - Apply [Solve numerical problems]
284. (k) End correction - Mention [Correction for air column beyond the tube
end]
285. (k) Applications in wind instruments - State
[Organ, flute, trumpet, horn, clarinet, saxophone]

================================================================================
PART IV: FIELDS, ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND A.C. CIRCUITS
================================================================================

TOPIC 23: CONCEPT OF FIELDS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
286. (a) Concept of fields - Define and identify
[Gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields - regions of influence
around a body]
287. (b) Properties of a force field - Describe
[Use compass needle and iron filings to show magnetic field lines]

TOPIC 24: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
288. (a) Acceleration due to gravity (g) - Define
[g is gravitational field intensity; g = F/m]
289. (b) Newton's law of gravitation - State
[F = Gm1m2/r^2 between two masses; masses include protons, electrons,
planets]
290. (b) Universal gravitational constant (G) - State
[G is the universal gravitational constant]
291. (b) Relationship between G and g - Establish [g = GM/R^2 (for a planet)]
292. (c) Gravitational potential - Define
[Work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to a point in
gravitational field]
293. (c) Escape velocity - Calculate
[Velocity required to escape Earth's gravitational field;
v_esc = square root of (2GM/R)]

TOPIC 25: ELECTRIC FIELD

(1) Electrostatics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
294. (a) Production of electric charges - Describe methods
[By friction, induction, and contact]
295. (b) Types and distribution of charges - Describe
[Use simple electroscope to detect and compare charges on differently-
shaped bodies]
296. (c) Storage of charges - Explain [Application in lightning conductors]
297. (d) Electric lines of force - Define and determine
[Field patterns of charges; properties of electric field lines]
298. (e) Coulomb's law - State [F = kq1q2/r^2 (electric force between point
charges)]
299. (e) Permittivity of a medium - Define [epsilon = epsilon0 epsilon_r]
300. (f) Electric field intensity - Define and calculate
[E = F/q = kQ/r^2; also called potential gradient]
301. (f) Electric potential - Define and calculate [V = kQ/r; electric
potential energy per unit charge]
302. (g) Capacitance - Define [C = Q/V; ability to store charge]
303. (g) Factors affecting capacitance - State
[Area of plates, distance between plates, dielectric material]
304. (g) Unit of capacitance - State [Farad (F)]
305. (g) Capacitors in series - Calculate [1/C_total = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ...]
306. (g) Capacitors in parallel - Calculate [C_total = C1 + C2 + ...]
307. (g) Energy stored in capacitor - Calculate [E = 1/2 QV = 1/2 CV^2]
308. (g) Applications of capacitors - State [Radio, television]

Note: Derivation of formulae for capacitance is NOT required.

(2) Current Electricity

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
309. (a) Production of electric current from cells - Describe
 [Simple cell and its defects; Daniel cell; Leclanche cell (wet and dry);
Lead-acid accumulator; Alkaline-cadmium cell]
310. (a) E.m.f. of a cell - Define [Electromotive force; unit: volt (V)]
311. (b) Potential difference - Define [Work done per unit charge; unit: volt
(V)]
312. (b) Electric current - Define [Rate of flow of charge; unit: ampere (A)]
313. (b) Ohm's law - State and verify [V = IR; verify experimentally]
314. (b) Unit of resistance - State [Ohm (omega)]
315. (c) Electric circuit - Describe arrangements
[Series and parallel arrangement of cells and resistors]
316. (c) Lost volt - Explain [Voltage lost across internal resistance of a cell]
317. (c) Internal resistance of batteries - Define [Resistance inside the
battery]
318. (d) Electric conduction through materials - Classify
[Ohmic conductors (metals); Non-ohmic conductors (semiconductors)]
319. (e) Electric energy - Define quantitatively
[E = VIt = I^2Rt = V^2t/R]
320. (e) Electric power - Define quantitatively
[P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R]
321. (e) Heating effect of electric current - Explain and apply
[Heat generated; applications in heaters, fuses, etc.]
322. (e) Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy - Describe
[Electric motors]
323. (e) Conversion of solar energy to electrical energy - Describe
[Solar cells]
324. (e) Conversion of solar energy to heat energy - Describe [Solar heaters]
325. (f) Shunt and multiplier - Describe use
[Shunt: converts galvanometer into ammeter; Multiplier: converts
galvanometer into voltmeter]
326. (g) Resistivity and Conductivity - Define and state factors
[Resistivity: rho = RA/l; factors affecting resistance: length, area,
temperature, material]
327. (h) Measurement of electrical quantities - Describe instruments
[Ammeter (measures current), Voltmeter (measures p.d.), Potentiometer
(measures e.m.f.), Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge (measure resistance)]

TOPIC 26: MAGNETIC FIELD

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
328. (a) Properties of magnets - Identify [Soft iron, steel, alloys]
329. (b) Magnetization and demagnetization - Describe
[Temporary magnets (iron); Permanent magnets (steel)]
330. (c) Concept of magnetic field - Define
[Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density]
331. (c) Magnetic field patterns - Describe
[Around a permanent magnet, current-carrying conductor, solenoid]
332. (c) Units - State [Magnetic flux: Weber (Wb); Magnetic flux density:
Tesla (T)]
333. (d)(i) Magnetic force on current-carrying conductor - Explain
[Qualitative treatment only; applications: electric motor, moving-coil
 galvanometer]
334. (d)(ii) Magnetic force between parallel current-carrying conductors -
Explain [Attraction/repulsion depending on current direction]
335. (e) Use of electromagnets - State applications
[Electric bell, telephone earpiece]
336. (f) Earth's magnetic field - Describe
[Mariner's compass; angles of dip and declination]
337. (g) Magnetic force on moving charged particle - State and apply
[F = qvB sin theta; solve simple problems]
338. (g) Fleming's left-hand rule - Identify directions
[Identify directions of current, magnetic field, and force]

TOPIC 27: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
339. (a) Concept of electromagnetic field - Define
[Region where electric and magnetic fields interact]
340. (b) Electromagnetic induction - State laws [Faraday's law; Lenz's law]
341. (b) Motor-generator effect - Explain
[Conversion between mechanical and electrical energy]
342. (b) Applications - Describe
[Generator (d.c. and a.c.), induction coil, transformer]
343. (b) Production of direct current - Explain principles
[Using commutator in d.c. generator]
344. (b) Production of alternating current - Explain principles
[Using slip rings in a.c. generator]
345. (b) A.C. equation - Explain [E = E0 sin omega t]
346. (c) Inductance - Explain qualitatively
[Self inductance and mutual inductance]
347. (c) Unit of inductance - State [Henry (H)]
348. (c) Applications of inductance - State [Radio, TV, transformer]
349. (d) Eddy currents - Describe [Induced circulating currents in conductors]
350. (d) Reduction of eddy current losses - Describe methods [Laminated cores]
351. (d) Applications of eddy currents - State
[Induction furnace, speedometer]
352. (d) Reduction of power losses in transmission - Explain
[High-tension transmission lines reduce I^2R losses]
353. (d) Household wiring system - Discuss
[Wiring of houses (parallel circuits, live/neutral/earth)]

Note: Derivation of formula for inductance is NOT required.

TOPIC 28: SIMPLE A.C. CIRCUITS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
354. (a) Graphical representation - Explain
[Graphs of I = I0 sin omega t and E = E0 sin omega t]
355. (b) Peak and r.m.s. values - Define
[Peak value (I0); r.m.s. value (Irms = I0/ square root of 2)]
356. (b) Phase relationship in resistor - Explain
 [Voltage and current are in phase]
357. (b) Phase relationship in inductor - Explain
[Current lags voltage by 90 deg]
358. (b) Phase relationship in capacitor - Explain
[Current leads voltage by 90 deg]
359. (c) Series RLC circuit - Describe
[Circuit containing resistor, inductor, and capacitor in series]
360. (d) Reactance - Define [XL = omega L (inductive reactance);
XC = 1/(omega C) (capacitive reactance)]
361. (d) Impedance - Define [Z = square root of (R^2 + (XL - XC)^2)]
362. (e) Vector diagrams - Use
[Represent voltage and current relationships vectorially]
363. (f) Resonance in a.c. circuit - Explain
[Occurs when XL = XC; maximum current; tuning of radio and TV]
364. (g) Power in a.c. circuit - Define [P = VI cos phi (cos phi = power
factor)]

Note: Derivation of formulae is NOT required; simple numerical problems may be

set.

================================================================================
PART V: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
================================================================================

TOPIC 29: STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
365. (a) Models of the atom: Thomson - Describe qualitatively
["Plum pudding" model; positive sphere with embedded electrons]
366. (a) Models of the atom: Rutherford - Describe qualitatively
[Nucleus at centre; electrons orbiting; most of atom empty space]
367. (a) Models of the atom: Bohr - Describe qualitatively
[Electrons in fixed orbits; quantization of angular momentum]
368. (a) Models of the atom: Electron-cloud (wave-mechanical) - Describe
qualitatively [Electron probability cloud; orbital theory]
369. (a) Limitations of each model - State
[Thomson: no nucleus; Rutherford: electron orbit stability; Bohr: only
for hydrogen; Wave-mechanical: complex mathematics]
370. (b) Energy quantization - Explain
[Energy levels in the atom; angular momentum quantization (Bohr)]
371. (b) Frank-Hertz experiment - Explain [Experiment demonstrating energy
levels]
372. (b) Line spectra - Describe
[Line spectra from hot bodies; absorption spectra; spectra of discharge
lamps]
373. (b) Colour and light frequency - Relate
[Different colours correspond to different frequencies/wavelengths]
374. (c) Photoelectric effect - Explain
[Emission of electrons when light shines on a metal surface]
375. (c) Dual nature of light - State [Light behaves as both wave and particle]
376. (c) Work function - Define
[Minimum energy required to release an electron from a metal surface]
377. (c) Threshold frequency - Define
[Minimum frequency of light required to release electrons]
378. (c) Einstein's photoelectric equation - State and explain
[hf = phi + 1/2 mv^2_max]
379. (c) Applications of photoelectric effect - State [TV, camera]
380. (d) Thermionic emission - Explain [Emission of electrons from heated
metals]
381. (d) Applications of thermionic emission - State [X-ray tubes, cathode ray
tubes]
382. (e) X-rays - Describe production [Production of X-rays; structure of
X-ray tube]
383. (e) Types of X-rays - Identify
[Continuous (bremsstrahlung) and characteristic X-rays]
384. (e) Characteristics of X-rays - State
[High energy, penetrating, electromagnetic waves]
385. (e) Properties of X-rays - List
[Penetrating, ionizing, can be diffracted, etc.]
386. (e) Uses of X-rays - State
[Medical imaging, crystallography, security screening]
387. (e) Hazards of X-rays - State [Ionization damage to tissues, cancer risk]
388. (e) Safety precautions - State [Lead shielding, distance, limited exposure]

TOPIC 30: STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
389. (a) Composition of the nucleus - Identify [Protons and neutrons
(nucleons)]
390. (a) Nucleon number (A) - Define [Total number of protons and neutrons]
391. (a) Proton number (Z) - Define [Number of protons (atomic number)]
392. (a) Neutron number (N) - Define [Number of neutrons]
393. (a) Equation - State [A = Z + N]
394. (a) Nuclides and notation - Define [^A_Z X notation (e.g., ^12_6 C)]
395. (a) Isotopes - Define [Same proton number (Z), different neutron number
(N)]
396. (b) Radioactivity - Define
[Spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable nuclei]
397. (b) Natural and artificial radioactivity - Distinguish
[Natural: from naturally occurring radioactive elements; Artificial:
induced by nuclear reactions]
398. (b) Radioactive elements - Identify [Uranium, radium, etc.]
399. (b) Radioactive emissions - Describe
[Alpha (alpha): helium nucleus; Beta (beta): electron; Gamma (gamma):
electromagnetic wave]
400. (b) Properties of alpha, beta, gamma - Compare
[alpha: +2 charge, low penetration, high ionizing; beta: -1 charge,
moderate penetration; gamma: no charge, high penetration, low ionizing]
401. (b) Uses of alpha, beta, gamma - State
[alpha: smoke detectors; beta: thickness gauges; gamma: radiotherapy]
402. (b) Detection of radiation - Describe
[Geiger-Muller (G-M) counter; photographic plates]
403. (b) Radioactive decay - Explain
[Unstable nuclei emit radiation to become stable]
404. (b) Half-life - Define
[Time taken for half the radioactive nuclei to decay]
405. (b) Decay constant (lambda) - Define [Probability of decay per unit time]
406. (b) Transformation of elements - Explain
[One element changes into another through radioactive decay]
407. (b) Applications of radioactivity - State
[Agriculture (mutations), Medicine (radiotherapy), Industry (tracers,
thickness gauging), Archaeology (carbon dating)]
408. (c) Nuclear reactions: Fusion - Define and explain
[Two light nuclei combine to form heavier nucleus; releases energy]
409. (c) Nuclear reactions: Fission - Define and explain
[Heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei; releases energy]
410. (c) Distinction between fusion and fission - Distinguish
[Fusion: light -> heavy (sun, stars); Fission: heavy -> light (nuclear
reactors)]
411. (c) Binding energy - Define
[Energy that holds nucleus together; released when nucleons bind]
412. (c) Mass defect - Define
[Difference between mass of nucleus and sum of masses of constituent
nucleons]
413. (c) Einstein's energy equation - Apply [E = delta m c^2]
414. (c) Nuclear reactors - Describe
[Controlled fission reactions to produce electricity]
415. (c) Atomic bomb - Describe
[Uncontrolled fission reaction; immense energy release]
416. (c) Radiation hazards - State
[Cancer, genetic mutations, radiation sickness]
417. (c) Safety precautions - State
[Shielding, remote handling, proper disposal of nuclear waste]
418. (c) Peaceful uses of nuclear reactions - State
[Electricity generation, medical isotopes, industrial applications]

TOPIC 31: WAVE-PARTICLE PARADOX

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
419. (a) Electron diffraction - Explain [Electrons show diffraction (wave-like
behaviour)]
420. (b) Duality of matter - Explain [Matter has both particle and wave
properties]

================================================================================
ADDITIONAL TOPICS (Continuing numbering from main syllabus)
================================================================================

TOPIC 32: DERIVED QUANTITIES AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
421. Fundamental quantities and units - List
[Length (m), mass (kg), time (s), electric current (A), luminous
intensity (cd), thermodynamic temperature (K), amount of substance (mol)]
422. Derived quantities and units - List
[Volume (m3), density (kgm-3), speed (ms-1)]
423. Explanation of dimensions - Explain
[Dimensions expressed in terms of fundamental quantities]
424. Uses of dimensions - Describe
[(i) Verify dimensional correctness of equations; (ii) Derive
relationships between quantities; (iii) Obtain derived units]

TOPIC 33: PROJECTILE MOTION

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
425. Concept of projectiles - Define [Object thrown/released into space;
motion under gravity]
426. Applications of projectiles - State [Warfare, sports]
427. Range - Define and solve
[Maximum horizontal distance; R = u^2 sin 2theta / g]
428. Maximum height - Define and solve
[Highest vertical point; H = u^2 sin^2 theta / 2g]
429. Time of flight - Define and solve
[Total time in air; T = 2u sin theta / g]

TOPIC 34: SATELLITES AND ROCKETS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
430. Meaning of satellite - Define [Object orbiting a planet]
431. Natural vs artificial satellites - Compare
[Natural: moon; Artificial: man-made (communication, weather, etc.)]
432. Parking orbits - Describe
[Geostationary orbit at 36,000 km above Earth]
433. Geostationary satellites - Describe
[Satellite that appears fixed above a point on Earth]
434. Period of revolution - Calculate [T = 2(pi) square root of (r^3/GM)]
435. Speed of satellite - Calculate [v = square root of (GM/r)]
436. Uses of satellites and rockets - State
[Communication, weather monitoring, GPS, space exploration]

TOPIC 35: ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLID

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
437. Hooke's law - State and apply
[Force is proportional to extension (F = ke) within elastic limit]
438. Load-extension graph - Interpret
[Linear region (elastic), limit of proportionality, elastic limit,
plastic deformation]
439. Young's modulus - Define and apply
[Y = (F/A) / (delta L/L) = Stress/Strain]
440. Work done in springs and strings - Calculate [E = 1/2 ke^2]
441. Thermal conductivity - Explain [Ability of a material to conduct heat]
442. Solar energy collector - Describe
[Device that absorbs solar radiation to heat a fluid]
443. Black body radiation - Explain
[Ideal body that absorbs all incident radiation; emits radiation
depending on temperature]
444. Solar panel - Describe [Converts solar energy into heat energy]
445. Variation of black body intensity with wavelength - Describe
[Different temperatures produce different peak wavelengths (Wien's law)]

TOPIC 36: FIBRE OPTICS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
446. Concept of fibre optics - Explain
[Transmission of light through thin glass/plastic fibres]
447. Principle of transmission - State [Total internal reflection]
448. Applications of fibre optics - State
[Local Area Networks (LAN), medicine (endoscopy), sensing devices,
carrying laser beams]

TOPIC 37: INTRODUCTION TO LASER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
449. Meaning of LASER - State
[Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation]
450. Types of LASERS - Identify
[Solid state, gas, liquid, semiconductor]
451. Applications of LASERS - State
[Scientific research, communication, medicine, military technology,
holograms]
452. Dangers of LASERS - State [Eye damage, skin burns, fire hazard]

TOPIC 38: MAGNETIC MATERIALS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
453. Uses of magnets - State [Motors, generators, speakers, magnetic storage]
454. Ferromagnetic materials - Identify [Iron, cobalt, nickel, steel, alloys]

TOPIC 39: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH MATERIALS (ELECTRONICS)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
455. Band theory: Conductors - Describe
[Overlapping conduction and valence bands; many free electrons]
456. Band theory: Semiconductors - Describe
[Small energy gap between valence and conduction bands]
457. Band theory: Insulators - Describe [Large energy gap; few free electrons]
458. Semiconductor materials - Identify [Silicon and germanium]
459. Intrinsic semiconductors - Define
[Pure semiconductor; equal electrons and holes]
460. Charge carriers - Identify [Electrons (negative) and holes (positive)]
461. Doping - Explain [Addition of impurities to semiconductors]
462. p-type semiconductor - Explain
[Doped with trivalent impurities; holes as majority carriers]
463. n-type semiconductor - Explain
[Doped with pentavalent impurities; electrons as majority carriers]
464. Junction diode - Describe [p-n junction; allows current in one direction]
465. Forward biasing - Explain
[p-type connected to positive terminal; current flows easily]
466. Reverse biasing - Explain
[p-type connected to negative terminal; current blocked]
467. Voltage characteristics of diode - Describe
[Current vs voltage graph for diode]
468. Uses of diodes - State [Rectification, voltage regulation, signal
detection]
469. Half-wave rectification - Describe
[Only one half of a.c. cycle is converted to d.c.]
470. Full-wave rectification - Describe
[Both halves of a.c. cycle are converted to d.c.]

TOPIC 40: STRUCTURE OF MATTER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
471. Use of kinetic theory to explain diffusion - Explain
[Particles move from region of high concentration to low concentration]

TOPIC 41: WAVE-PARTICLE PARADOX

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
472. Electron diffraction - Explain
[Electron beam diffracted by crystal; wave nature of matter]
473. Duality of matter - Explain
[Matter exhibits both particle and wave properties]
474. Dual nature of light - Illustrate
[Light: particle (photoelectric effect) and wave (diffraction/
interference)]

================================================================================
COMPLETE SUMMARY STATISTICS
================================================================================

Section | Study Points Count

---------------------------------------------|-------------------
PART 1: Interaction of Matter, Space & Time | 214
PART III: Waves | 71
PART IV: Fields, Electricity, Magnetism & AC | 81
PART V: Atomic & Nuclear Physics | 56
ADDITIONAL TOPICS (Topics 32-41) | 54
---------------------------------------------|-------------------
TOTAL | 476

================================================================================
HIGH-YIELD TOPICS (Exam Focus Areas)
================================================================================

[ ] Newton's Laws of Motion (Topic 13)

[ ] Heat Energy - All subtopics (Topic 16)
[ ] Light Waves - Reflection & Refraction (Topic 20)
[ ] Current Electricity (Topic 25)
[ ] Electromagnetic Field & Induction (Topic 27)
[ ] Structure of the Atom & Nucleus (Topics 29-30)
[ ] Simple A.C. Circuits (Topic 28)
[ ] Equilibrium of Forces (Topic 11)
[ ] Simple Harmonic Motion (Topic 12)
[ ] Sound Waves (Topic 22)
[ ] Gas Laws (Topic 16e)
[ ] Scalars and Vectors (Topic 10)
[ ] Fluid at Rest (Topic 6)
[ ] Projectile Motion (Topic 33)
[ ] Satellites & Rockets (Topic 34)

================================================================================
END OF SYLLABUS EXTRACTION
================================================================================