The Python Tutorial - Python 3.14.6 Documentation
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ptcc infotechThe Python Tutorial - Python 3.14.6 Documentation
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ptcc infotechThe Python Tutorial
Tip: This tutorial is designed for programmers that are new to the Python language, not beginners who are
new to programming.
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple
but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together
with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many ar‐
eas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major
platforms from the Python website, [Link] and may be freely distributed. The same site also
contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and addi‐
tional documentation.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other
languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.
This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and sys‐
tem. Be aware that it expects you to have a basic understanding of programming in general. It helps to have a
Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read
off-line as well.
For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library. The Python Language
Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and
Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API reference manual. There are also several books covering
Python in depth.
This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used
feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the
language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and
you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard
Library.
The Glossary is also worth going through.
1. Whetting Your Appetite
2. Using the Python Interpreter
2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
2.1.1. Argument Passing
2.1.2. Interactive Mode
2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
6. Modules
6.1. More on Modules
6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
6.1.2. The Module Search Path
6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
6.2. Standard Modules
6.3. The dir() Function
6.4. Packages
6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
6.4.2. Intra-package References
6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
7. Input and Output
7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
7.1.1. Formatted String Literals
7.1.2. The String format() Method
7.1.3. Manual String Formatting
7.1.4. Old string formatting
7.2. Reading and Writing Files
7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
8. Errors and Exceptions
8.1. Syntax Errors
8.2. Exceptions
8.3. Handling Exceptions
8.4. Raising Exceptions
8.5. Exception Chaining
8.6. User-defined Exceptions
8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions
8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions
8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions
8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes
9. Classes
9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example
9.3. A First Look at Classes
9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
9.3.2. Class Objects
9.3.3. Instance Objects
9.3.4. Method Objects
9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
9.4. Random Remarks
9.5. Inheritance
16.1.4. The Customization Modules