SARS HIV/ AIDS

SARS Education and

HIV/AIDS Awareness
5
OVERVIEW

The outbreak from various places of the different

dieses and virus become more concern of more scientist
and other expert to find a cure. The outbreak placed a
huge burden on international health systems that were
already straining to address AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria,
and a host of other. The SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-
CoV-2) pandemic is the most striking of the beginning of
the third millennium, and is of particular concern especially
for Africa, where most HIV-infected people live.

In this module, you will learn to understand the

nature of SARS and HIV/AIDS in relation of method
treatment. Also you will show your understanding about
the counter measures that implemented from different
countries to cure the viruses. Finally you will describe the SARS Education and HIV/AIDS Awareness
effect of educating people about this viruses using valid
facts and data. Severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a
coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus
LEARNING OUTCOMES (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in
February 2003. The illness spread to more than
Specifically, after learning the module, you are expected two dozen countries in North America, South
to: America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS
global outbreak of 2003 was contained.
 Understand the nature SARS Corona Virus in
relation to the treatment Since 2004, there have not been any
 Describe the response of the countries in solving known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the
the SARS problem world. The content in this website was developed
 Show graphic understanding about the issue of for the 2003 SARS epidemic.
SARS from the different area of socio-economic The HIV pandemic characterized the end
life of the second millennium and spread all over the
 Describe the core knowledge related to HIV & world. The SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
AIDS and in order to protect his/her health and pandemic is the most striking of the beginning of
wellbeing. the third millennium, and is of particular concern
 Show the impact of AIDS/HIV of both gender and especially for Africa, where most HIV-infected
their impacts of inequities between men and people live. As of 28 April 2020, all but three
women on communities [Western Sahara, Comoros, and Lesotho) African
countries were affected, with 33,566 COVID-19
LEARNING TASK cases, and 1,469 deaths
(1). Africa has a young population (the median age
A Research: SARS VS HIV/AIDS of the 1.3 billion people is 19.7 years]
(2) and this could diminish the severity of COVID-
Instruction: Use the Internet to compare and 19 but also increase the number of asymptomatic
contrast SARS and HIV/AIDS. Use the table below subjects, leading to a wider, and difficult to detect
to write your answer. epidemic
 (3). What are the implications of the SARS-CoV-2 PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science.
pandemic for HIV-infected people, particularly in a Search criteria included case reports and case series
continent where, in 2018, 25.7 million people lived articles published up to April 24, 2020, and there were
with HIV, and 9.4 million were not on antiretrovirals no restrictions regarding publication language. We
(ARVs) used Google Translate for eligible articles published in
languages other than English. The search terms for
SARS education focus on understanding our review were: COVID-19, severe acute respiratory
what is known about SARS-CoV disease and syndrome coronavirus 2, novel coronavirus, SARS-
reinforcing infection control practices as the key to CoV-2, nCoV disease, SARS2, COVID-19, 2019-
the prevention and control. nCoV, coronavirus disease-19, coronavirus disease
2019, and 2019 novel coronavirus.
Educational materials (currently under
Study Selection
development) focus on SARS preparedness and
infection control practices. These downloadable Studies included in the review met the following
resources include reviews of personal protective criteria: prospective or retrospective descriptive case
equipment (PPE) and training activities for reports and case series of COVID-19 in the hospital
healthcare settings. Tools currently under setting which included diagnostic methods, clinical
development include: manifestations, laboratory features, treatment, and
outcomes. Articles describing experimental
 Informational PPE slide set approaches as well as reviews and publications
 Accompanying PPE poster in English and Spanish without peer-review processes were excluded.
 Training scenarios for healthcare settings All potentially relevant articles were screened in two
 Warning signage for patients at risk of exposure to
stages for eligibility. In the first stage, the titles and
SARS-CoV (suitable for entrances to healthcare
facilities). abstracts of potentially relevant articles were screened
independently by two reviewers (YF, PJ). In the
Clinical features and treatment of the disease second stage of assessment, the full text of those
abstracts which met the inclusion criteria was retrieved
Late in December 2019 and early in January 2020, and independently reviewed by the same authors.
reports of a very progressive pneumonia-like Disagreements and technical uncertainties were
respiratory syndrome, starting in Wuhan, China, discussed and resolved between review authors (AT,
induced global health concerns (1). Soon after the SH, MA, MJN).
onset of disease, it was found that the pathogen was Data Extraction
a new member of the coronaviridae family, named
SARS-COV-2 which is now called 2019-n-CoV. The The extracted data included bibliographic data, patient
respiratory syndrome caused by 2019-n-CoV is called demographics (e.g., age and gender), radiological and
COVID-19. COVID-19 is characterized by low-grade laboratory findings, treatment protocols, and medical
fever, cough, dyspnea, lymphopenia, and ground- consequences. Two authors (AT, SH) independently
glass opacities on chest CT scan. COVID-19 is a extracted the data from the selected studies. The data
highly contagious disease, probably an aerosol born was jointly reconciled, and disagreements were
one, with human to human transmission capacity
discussed and resolved between review authors (YF,
which has implicated many countries all around the
world. In this review article, we systematically PJ, MA, MJN).
surveyed case reports and case series from many Quality Assessment
countries in the world to give a picture of the The critical appraisal checklist for case reports
epidemiology, clinical presentations, laboratory provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used
changes, imaging findings, diagnostic criteria, to perform a quality assessment of the studies.
treatments, outcomes, prognostic factors, and risk Results
factors of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.
Our systematic search resulted in an initial number
of 6,004 of potentially relevant articles, of which 1,033
Methods
were excluded by title and abstract evaluation.
This review conforms to the “Preferred Reporting
Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria to the full-text
Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses”
documents, 80 articles were eligible for inclusion in the
(PRISMA) statement
systematic review. 42 case reports and 38 case series
Search Strategy
from 19 countries were identified with a total of 417
We carried out systematic searches of the
unique cases of COVID-19 with a mean age of 48
literature in the following bibliographical databases:
years. The included case reports were published teenagers, and younger people mostly showed a mild
because of the following reasons: they reported (1) presentation of the disease (89).
new CT findings; (2) new clinical manifestations; (3)
new laboratory findings, (4) new treatment outcomes; Based on our reviewed articles, hypertension,
(5) atypical manifestations and some were the first one diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary
in a specific country. Based on the JBI tool, the disease were the most common morbidities among
included studies had a low risk of bias. RT-PCR COVID-19 patients. This point was also mentioned in
COVID-19 was present in 79 (95%) articles as Alraddadi et al. study about MERS-CoV patients (90).
inclusion criteria. In addition to RT-PCR, a CT scan They showed that individuals with comorbidities like
served as a diagnostic tool in 16 (19%) of papers. diabetes, smoking, and cardiovascular disease were
Reported comorbidities included hypertension, associated with a more severe clinical course (90).
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary According to Yang et al., chronic diseases can
disease. Hypertension was investigated the most, debilitate the immune system and make pro-
studied in 22/83 (26.5%) of papers. Of the 16 COVID- inflammatory conditions, leading to more severe
19 positive patients found in the studies investigating infection and subsequently higher mortality rates (91).
hypertension, 44 patients were hypertensive (19%)
Lymphopenia was reported in 24 studies which According to the included studies, the most
identified 83/185 (45%) of COVID-19 positive patients. common clinical manifestations were fever, cough,
Additionally, in studies that reported C-reactive protein dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common clinical
(CRP) measurements, a large majority of patients manifestations included nausea or vomiting, dizziness,
displayed an elevated CRP (60%). CT images rhinorrhea, and chills. Liu et al. reported that infants
commonly displayed ground-glass opacification had mild clinical manifestations and a better
(GGO) patterns (82%) as well as bilateral lung prognosis. Furthermore, some asymptomatic cases
involvement (66%). Progression to acute respiratory were seen among children.
distress syndrome (ARDS) was the most common
complication of patients testing positive for COVID-19. The Philippine government implement also
We found 11/83 (13.2%) reports on Acute Respiratory restrictions to prevent the spread of the virus then the
Distress Syndrome (ARDS), 18 of 86 (21%) Department of Health one of the implementers of this
investigated cases had ARDS. Mortality outcomes called “BIDA” on their behalf of the Interagency Task
were difficult to assess; only 10 studies showed Force for Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID)
mortality data in which 17/108 (16%) COVID-19 and the coordination with the presidential
patients died. A wide range of therapeutic modalities Communications Operations Office (PCOO), is
was tried across studies, with antiviral treatments currently leading the implementation of “BIDA
being the most used. Solusyong sa COVID-19”
The campaign promotes the active role of
The 2019 novel coronavirus has been declared a individuals in the fight against COVID-19 by practicing
public health emergency worldwide. The World Health the following behaviors simplified into 4 letters:
Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic B – Bawal walang mask
affecting 110 countries around the world with a I – Isanitize ang mga kamay, iwas –hawak sa mga
continued global spread. The 2019-nCoV is likely to be bagay.
transmitted by asymptomatic individuals (86). D – Dumitasya ng isang metro
Asymptomatic transfer leads to lower prevalence A – Alamin ang totoong impormasyon.
estimates and higher transmission rates in the
community. Until universal screening and vaccination Economic, medico-legal and social science issues
become available, it is necessary to trace close related to SARS
contacts of those testing positive for COVID-19 and
quarantining contacts to prevent asymptomatic As the SARS coronavirus spread around the
transmission. globe, so did its political, sociological, and economic
Any person infected with 2019-nCoV can develop repercussions. This result shows on impact of SARS
a clinical course of Covid-19. However, it is reported to in China.
cause the most severe symptoms such as respiratory
failure in older men with comorbidities (88). Children,
Economic psychological impact of SARS was also very serious.
The SARS epidemic brought great harm not only The distress was more prominent among the groups
to peoples’ physical and mental health, but also to the of nurses who were working with patients with SARS.
economy. It was estimated that Asian states lost USD Studies show that the SARS outbreak also fostered
12–18 billion as the SARS crisis depressed travel, negative impacts on people’s mental health, as
tourism, and retail sales [13]. SARS had a large impact mentioned by two hospital doctors:
on tourism and its related industries, and due to the
spread of SARS, population movement in China and These SARS cases caused extreme emotional
many counties decreased. Families reduced their sadness. Psychologically it is entirely possible that an
demand for food, clothes, travel, and entertainment, event destroyed a person. They needed psychological
and the numbers of guests in hotels declined sharply. counselling.
During SARS in Shanghai, there were not many
people on the street and almost no people in When the SARS cases lived in the hospital, they could
entertainment clubs, restaurants and gymnasiums, not see their family, and feared the treatment. They
which caused a very large impact on the whole social developed a mental disorder.
and economic life.
The global macroeconomic impact of SARS was Social
estimated at USD 30–100 billion or around USD 3–10 SARS caused a very large impact on society,
million per cases. The 2003 SARS outbreak caused particularly in China. During the early period of the
losses of USD 12.3-28.4 billion and an estimated SARS outbreak, tension surged in the community. Due
decrease of 1% in GDP in China and 0.5% in to a lack of trustworthy official information, folk tales
Southeast Asia. The social burden of SARS in about the epidemic situation spread through word of
Guangzhou meant less income and spending, with a mouth, mobile phone short messages, social media
rough estimate of the total economic burden of RMB transmission, and other ways. The spread of all kinds
11 billion. of rumors exacerbated the spread of social panic,
reflected in an escalation of panic buying of drugs in
The influence of SARS also spread to the Guangdong province. One rumor was that Banlangen
manufacturing industry. It was reported that in Asia’s (Radix isatidis) and vinegar could prevent and control
largest manufacturing base, Dongguan in Guangdong SARS, but whether they were effective for SARS was
province, because of the reduced orders from Hong not scientifically established at this time. In early
Kong, the shipments from Dongguan to Hong Kong January 2003, the first wave to purchase antiviral
decreased by one-third. drugs occurred in Heyuan city. After half a month, the
drug purchasing spree had spread to Zhongshan city;
At the same time personnel exchanges were then the buying spree gradually spread through
reduced for fear of infection, and income decreased. Guangdong province [10, 11], as mentioned by a
There was also increased spending on prevention and community resident:
healthcare, which had negative economic impacts on Everybody was panic buying Banlangen (Radix
families. Interviews with 71 households in Qinling isatidis). Banlangen was completely sold out.
Mountain in Shaanxi Province indicated that in the
second quarter of 2003 SARS caused the average AIDS/HIV Awareness
annual household income to decline to US$175.44, The lack of understanding of SARS by authorities
22.36% below what was expected. or the media caused a number of experts to become
dissatisfied. For example, a 72-year-old retired
Health surgeon from the People’s Liberation Army 301
The SARS outbreak infected thousands of people, Hospital, wrote to the media criticizing the health
causing widespread serious illness across a large department for hiding the SARS epidemic situation.
population and many deaths. According to WHO, from On April 12, he also wrote a letter to the MOH, urging
Nov 1, 2002, to July 31, 2003, 648 of the 8082 them to publish accurate numbers as soon as
probable cases of SARS in mainland China and Hong possible. On the same day, an academic from the
Kong died. Worldwide, in just 6 months, there were Chinese Academy of Engineering, the leader of the
more than 8000 infected individuals, with over 700 team guiding the prevention and cure of SARS in
deaths (almost 9% of infected cases) [6]. The Guangdong province, also questioned the information
provided by government about the control of the soon after they get HIV experience more benefits—
epidemic. He questioned whether SARS really was that’s why HIV testing is so important.
under control. These published questions brought the
SARS epidemic situation in China to the attention of HIV awareness days have been designated in the
the international community. United States, and are also observed in many other
countries. They provide an opportunity to educate
AIDS/HIV Awareness communities around the world about the importance of
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus HIV prevention, research, HIV testing, and the issues
that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, for particular population groups. We use these
making a person more vulnerable to other infections opportunities to showcase the impact a preventive HIV
and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily vaccine could have on the global epidemic.
fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during Knowledge about HIV is the key strategy utilized in the
unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV prevention and control of HIV/AIDS worldwide.
medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing
injection drug equipment. HIV disproportionately affects women and adolescent
If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS girls because of their unequal cultural, social and
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). economic status in society. This means that gender
The human body can’t get rid of HIV and no inequality must be tackled in order to end the global
effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you HIV epidemic, and achieve other, broader
have it for life. development outcomes.
However, by taking HIV medicine (called Intimate partner violence, inequitable laws and harmful
antiretroviral therapy or ART), people with HIV can live traditional practices reinforce unequal power dynamics
long and healthy lives and prevent transmitting HIV to between men and women. These dynamics limit
their sexual partners. In addition, there are effective women’s choices, opportunities and access to
methods to prevent getting HIV through sex or drug information, health and social services, education and
use, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and employment. For example, in 29 countries women
post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). require the consent of a spouse/partner to access
First identified in 1981, HIV is the cause of one of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and
humanity’s deadliest and most persistent epidemics. 75% of women aged 15 to 19 do not have a final say
in decisions about their own health.
AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs Gender assessments of national HIV epidemics and
when the body’s immune system is badly damaged responses carried out in Burundi, Burkina Faso,
because of the virus. Cameroon, Chad, DRC, Gabon, Nigeria and Senegal
in 2016 found women and girls were vulnerable to HIV
In the U.S., most people with HIV do not develop AIDS — in part due to laws and policies that maintain
because taking HIV medicine every day as prescribed traditional gender roles — and that women in key
stops the progression of the disease. populations had limited access to services.
In many places, discriminatory social and cultural
A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to norms are translated into laws which repress the
AIDS when: the number of their CD4 cells falls below autonomy of young women as demonstrated by the
200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 fact that 75% of women aged 15 to 19 do not have a
cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune final say in decisions about their own health. In 146
system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 countries, laws allow girls under 18 to marry with the
cells/mm3.) Or they develop one or more opportunistic consent of their parents, while in 52 countries, the
infections regardless of their CD4 count. same applies to girls under 15.
Without HIV medicine, people with AIDS typically
survive about 3 years. Once someone has a ACTIVITY: Concept Map
dangerous opportunistic illness, life expectancy
without treatment falls to about 1 year. HIV medicine Make a graphic understanding about the issue of
can still help people at this stage of HIV infection, and the issue of SARS from the different area of socio-
it can even be lifesaving. But people who start ART economic life. (20 points)
 CONCEPT CHECK
FEEDBACK
Make a comparative analyses on COVID-19  What do you like most about this module?
results and counter measures to solving the problem. _________________________________________
Choose any countries and compare to the Philippine _________________________________________
status in solving the problem.
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 What do you like least?

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 What lesson could we add to make your

learning experience better?
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SUMMARY
_________________________________________
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is partly a social _________________________________________
phenomenon, and the major weapons that are _________________________________________
currently available to contain it seek to change the
_________________________________________
behaviors that spread the disease. Even if fully
effective therapies or vaccines were to be found, it _________________________________________
is likely that there will be a continuing role for _________________________________________
behavioral intervention. _________________________________________

However the COVID-19 is the most striking _________________________________________

virus around the globe and many countries
struggling to prevent the spreading of the virus
which many sectors of human activity is being
change and challenge to overcome this problem and
return into normal life which everyone is happy and
no worries in life.
REFERENCES
Web Sites:
 [Link]
5/
 [Link]
 [Link]
d.2020.00231/full
 [Link]
10185/
 [Link]
hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids
 [Link]
[Link]
 [Link]
issues/gender-inequality

SUGGESTED READING
 [Link]
sal_access_progress_report_en.pdf