Calculus Revision Sheet

Fundamental Formulas of Integration

1 Fundamental Principles of Integration

d
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. If dx [F (x)] = f (x), then:
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

where C is the arbitrary constant of integration.

Basic Rules of Integration

1. Power Rule:
xn+1
Z
xn dx = +C (n 6= −1)
n+1

2. Logarithmic Rule: Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

3. Constant Multiple Rule: Z Z

k · f (x) dx = k f (x) dx

4. Sum and Difference Rule:

Z Z Z
[f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx

2 Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals

Z
ex dx = ex + C
ax
Z
ax dx = +C (a > 0, a 6= 1)
ln a
Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C (Derived using Integration by Parts)

3 Trigonometric Integrals
3.1 Standard Trigonometric Integrals

Trigonometric Integrals (Core)

Z Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C cos x dx = sin x + C
Z Z
2
sec x dx = tan x + C csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
Z Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C

1
3.2 Derived Trigonometric Integrals
Z
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C = − ln | cos x| + C
Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C
Z x π 
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C = ln tan + +C
2 4
Z x
csc x dx = ln | csc x − cot x| + C = ln tan +C
2
—

4 Inverse Trigonometric & Special Algebraic Integrals

These formulas are highly critical for simplifying rational fractions and quadratic forms.

Special Rational and Irrational Forms

Z
1 x
√ dx = sin−1 +C
2 2 a
Z a −x
1 1 x
dx = tan−1 +C
a + x2
2 a a
 
|x|
Z
1 1
√ dx = sec−1 +C
x x2 − a2 a a
x−a
Z
1 1
dx = ln +C
x − a2
2 2a x+a
Z
1 1 a+x
dx = ln +C
a − x2
2 2a a−x
Z
1 p
√ dx = ln x + x2 ± a2 + C
x ± a2
2

5 Methods of Integration
5.1 Integration by Substitution (u-Substitution)
If u = g(x), then du = g 0 (x) dx:
Z Z
0
f (g(x)) · g (x) dx = f (u) du

5.2 Integration by Parts (ILATE Rule)

Based on the product rule of differentiation:
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

Determine the order of selecting the first function u using the **ILATE** priority:

A. Inverse Trigonometric functions (sin−1 x, tan−1 x)

2
 B. Logarithmic functions (ln x, loga x)
√
C. Algebraic functions (x2 , 3x, x)
D. Trigonometric functions (sin x, cos2 x)
E. Exponential functions (ex , 2x )

5.3 Standard Integrals of Irrational Quadratic Functions

a2
Z p
xp 2 x
a2 − x2 dx = a − x2 + sin−1 +C
2 2 a
a2
Z p
xp 2 p
x2 + a2 dx = x + a2 + ln x + x2 + a2 + C
2 2
a2
Z p
xp 2 p
x2 − a2 dx = x − a2 − ln x + x2 − a2 + C
2 2