Chapter-6
Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic Flux
The total number of magnetic field lines crossing
through any surface normally when it is placed in
a magnetic field is known as the magnetic flux of
that surface.
⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
If A is total area of surface than total magnetic flux is
⃗ ⋅ A n̂
𝜙=𝐵
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑛ˆ
where 𝜃 is the angle between the area vector and the magnetic field.
• Quantity Type: It is a scalar quantity.
• SI Unit: weber (Wb) or Tm2 .
• CGS Unit: Maxwell.
1 Wb = 108 maxwell
Dimension of Magnetic Flux
𝜙 =𝐵⋅𝐴
𝜙 = [ML0 T−2 A−1 ][L2 ]
[𝜙] = [ML2 T−2 A−1 ]
Electromagnetic Induction
The phenomenon of producing an induced e.m.f in a conductor or
conducting coil due to changing magnetic flux is called electromagnetic
induction.
Faraday’s First Experiment
Faraday’s Second Experiment
(i) Faraday's First Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed conductor change, an e.m.f.
is induced in it. This induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in
magnetic flux continues in the coil.
From Experiment
• When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the magnetic flux
through the coil changes. Due to this change in flux, an
electromotive force (emf) is induced in the coil, causing the
galvanometer to show a deflection.
• When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the magnetic flux
through the coil changes again. Due to this change in magnetic flux,
an emf is induced in the coil, and the galvanometer shows a
deflection.
• If the magnet does not move, the magnetic flux through the coil
remains constant. As a result, no emf is induced, and the
galvanometer shows no deflection.
(ii) Faraday's Second Law
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a closed conductor or a coil is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
the coil.
𝑑𝜙
ℰ∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
ℰ=𝐾 (where 𝑘 is the constant of proportionality)
𝑑𝑡
Let 𝐾 = 1:
𝑑𝜙
ℰ=
𝑑𝑡
• When the magnet is moved faster, more flux will change and hence
more emf will be induced.
• When the magnet is moved slower, less flux will change and hence
less emf will be induced.
For 𝑵 number of turns:
𝑁𝑑𝜙
ℰ=
𝑑𝑡
The negative sign shows that the emf induced will always oppose the
change in flux.
Lenz's Law
It is stated that the direction of induced e.m.f. is always in such a
direction that it opposes the change in magnetic flux.
𝑑𝜙 𝑁𝑑𝜙
ℰ=− or ℰ=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Direction of Induced Current
1. When a North pole approaches the coil , the coil repels the magnet
Induced Pole: (𝑁) → Anticlockwise current
2. When a North pole recedes from the coil, the coil attracts the
magnet
Induced Pole: (𝑆) → Clockwise current
• If the induced pole is north, then the direction of current is
Anticlockwise.
• If the induced pole is south, then the direction of current is
clockwise.
Lenz's Law and Energy Conservation
Lenz's law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
In the above experiment, when the 𝑁-pole of the magnet is moved
towards the coil, the right face of the coil acquires North polarity. Thus,
work has to be done against the force of repulsion in bringing the
magnet closer to the coil.
When the 𝑁 pole of the magnet is moved away, a south pole develops on
the right face of the coil. Therefore, work has to be done against the
force of attraction in taking the magnet away from the coil.
This mechanical work in moving the magnet with respect to the coil
changes into electrical energy producing an induced current. Hence,
energy transformation takes place. Therefore, we can say that Lenz's law
is a consequence of the conservation of energy.
Methods of Induced EMF
(i) By changing magnetic field
If we change the magnetic field, flux will change and due to the change
in magnetic flux, Emf will be induced.
(ii) By changing Area
If we change the area, magnetic flux will change and due to the change
in magnetic flux, Emf will be induced.
Motional Emf
The loop PQRS is slided into uniform and perpendicular magnetic field.
The change (increase) in area of the coil under the influence of the field
is dA in time dt. This causes an increase in magnetic flux dΦ.
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵. 𝑙. 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
𝜀= −
𝑑𝑡
(𝐵𝑙𝑣)𝑑𝑡
= −
𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝜀 = − 𝐵𝑙𝑣
The induced emf Blv is called motional emf.
If the loop is pulled out of the magnetic field, then E = Blv
The direction of induced current is anticlockwise in the loop. i.e.
P’S’R’Q’P’ by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule or Lenz’s Rule.
According Lenz’s Rule, the direction of induced current is such that it
opposes the cause of changing magnetic flux.
Here, the cause of changing magnetic flux is due to motion of the loop
and increase in area of the coil in the uniform magnetic field.
Therefore, this motion of the loop is to be opposed. So, the current is
setting itself such that by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the conductor arm
PS experiences force to the right whereas the loop is trying to move to
the left.
Against this force, mechanical work is done which is converted into
electrical energy (induced current).
(iii) By changing the orientation
If we change the orientation of the coil, flux will change and due to the
change in flux, emf will be induced.