क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Computer Network
 A group of computers connected together/
 Interconnection of two or more computers
 With wire or wireless medium
 To share data and resources.
The first computer network was:
ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency
Network)
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Data Communication
 The process of transferring information or data from
one entity to another with wire or wireless medium.
 Movement of data electronically from one point to
another over a suitable transmission medium.
 In computer science, process of sending data one bit
at a time, sequentially over a communication channel.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

1
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Components of data communication

 Message:
 Information to be shared.

 Source/Sender
 Device that sends the message

 Destination/ Receiver
 Device that receives the message
 Medium/Path
 The mode that communicates message from sender to receiver
 Protocol
 Rules or standards to control the network

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Data Transmission Mode

Refers to the direction of signal flow
There are two types of transmission mode:
1. Simplex Mode
2. Duplex Mode:
a. Half Duplex
b. Full Duplex

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

2
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Data Transmission Mode

Simplex: Transmission Mode where communication is done only in
one direction also known as unidirectional mode. e.g. TV
Broadcasting.
Duplex: Transmission Mode where communication is done in both
directions also known as bidirectional mode.
Half Duplex: Two way communication, but one direction at a time
e.g. Walky Talky
Full Duplex: Two way simultaneous communication e.g. Telephone

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Layers of OSI Model

 OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection
 Developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of
Standardization‘
 All layers work together to transmit data from one
person to another

क
क

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
friendlyniraj@[Link]
ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स (9841649993)

ाट इ
कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

3
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Layers of OSI Model

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Layers of OSI Model

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

4
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Layers of OSI Model

User Interface or software used for data accessing

Formatting of data

Establish Connection

Data Accuracy

Router

Switch, Bridge

hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters or modems

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Bandwidth
 Amount of data that can be transferred from
one point to another within a network in a
specific amount of time
 Also known as data transfer rate
 Measured in terms of bps (Bits Per Second),
kbps, mbps, gbps

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

5
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Bandwidth
 Narrow Band: low capacity, 64 KBPS to 1.54
MBPS
 Wide Band: medium capacity, 1.54 MBPS to
45 MBPS
 Broad Band: high capacity, upto GBPS (cable
tv, microwave, satellite etc.)
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking components
 Server/ File Server
 Work station
 NOS (Network Operating System)
 NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Transmission Media / Communication channel
 Network Devices

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

6
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Server/Host
 A computer or system that provides resources,
data, services, or programs to other computers
in network
 Has large storage and high processing capacity,
 Controls and manages the computer in network
 Has Network Operating System)
 It can be Physical or Virtual
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Client/ Workstation
 Computer that is connected to server
 A client can also be another term used to
describe a user
 An application program is known as a client
program

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

7
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

NOS
 Operating System runs on a server
 Gives the server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions
 Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X,
Novell NetWare
 They are Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

NIC
 Network Interface Card
 Used to establish physical connection between in
computers and network
 Each NIC has physical address known as MAC
(Media Access Control) Address

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

8
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Transmission Media
 Communication channel or path that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver
 Physical path between transmitter and receiver
 Layer 1 component in OSI model
 Types
a. Bound/wired/ guided: that use physical path
b. Unbound/ wireless/unguided: that do not use
physical path
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Guided Media
 Twisted Pair
◦ Physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted with
each other
◦ Uses RJ-45

 Types
◦ Shielded Twisted Pair: Cable enclosed in foil or mesh shield
◦ Unshielded Twisted Pair

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

9
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Guided Media
Unshielded Twisted Pair
◦ Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that
have low-speed data.
◦ Category 2: It can support upto 4 Mbps.
◦ Category 3: It can support upto 16 Mbps.
◦ Category 4: It can support upto 20 Mbps..
◦ Category 5: It can support upto 200 Mbps.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Ethernet Cable Color Coding

T568A And T568B Wiring Standard Basis
T-568A T-568B
1. White Green 1. White Orange
2. Green 2. Orange
3. White Orange 3. White Green
4. Blue 4. Blue
5. White Blue 5. White Blue
6. Orange 6. Green
7. White Brown 7. White Brown
8. Brown 8. Brown

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

10
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Ethernet Cable Color Coding

T568A And T568B Wiring Standard Basis
T-568A T-568B
1. White Green 1. White Orange
2. Green 2. Orange
3. White Orange 3. White Green
4. Blue 4. Blue
5. White Blue 5. White Blue
6. Orange 6. Green
7. White Brown 7. White Brown
8. Brown 8. Brown
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Cable Testing
 Networking cable testing is used to test if the networking cable
is working properly
 Cable Certification Testers
 Checks if the cabling system meets the standard of industry.
 Cable Qualification Testers
 Determines if an existing cabling link can support certain
network speed and technologies.
 Used by network technician to troubleshoot existing network
 Cable Verification Testers
 Verifies if the network cable is connected correctly

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

11
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Guided Media
Coaxial Cable
 Type of copper cable
 specially built with a metal shield and other components
 Primarily used for cable TV
Fiber Optics or Optical Fiber
 Technology of data transmission using light pulses
travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of
plastic or glass.
 capable of transmitting more data over longer distances
 Fastest medium of data transmission

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Unguided medium transport electromagnetic
waves without using a physical conductor
 Unguided signals can travel from the source
to the destination in several ways:
◦ Ground propagation
◦ Sky propagation
◦ Line-of-sight propagation

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

12
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Radio waves
◦ Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies
between 3 KHz and 1 GHz
◦ Propagated in all directions
◦ Useful for multicasting
◦ Radio, television, cordless phones, paging are
examples of multicasting.
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Microwave
◦ Electromagnetic waves having
frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz
◦ Limited to Line-of-Sight (LoS)
◦ Used in cellular phones, satellite
networks and wireless LANs

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

13
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Characteristics of Microwave:
◦ Bandwidth: from 1 to 10 Mbps.
◦ Short distance: It is inexpensive for short distance.
◦ Long distance: It is expensive as it requires a higher
tower for a longer distance.
◦ Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of signal. It is
affected by environmental conditions and antenna
size

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

14
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Satellite:
◦ A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the
earth at a known height
◦ Used in a wide variety of applications such as weather
forecasting, radio/TV signal broadcasting, mobile
communication, etc

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Unguided Media
 Infrared
◦ Frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz
◦ Used for short-range communication
◦ Used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer
 Bluetooth:
◦ A short-range wireless communication technology
◦ Used in mobile phones, laptops
 Wi-fi
◦ Stands for Wireless Fidelity
◦ Allows electronic devices to exchange data (including high speed
internet)

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

15
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Wi-Fi Standards

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Devices or hardware that is needed for
communication and interaction between
hardware on a network

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

16
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Hub
◦ Connects multiple computers to network
◦ Also acts called multiport repeater
◦ Do not perform filtering or addressing functions
◦ Sends data packets to all connected devices
◦ Called dumb device
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Switch
◦ Connects multiple computers in a network
◦ Used for filtering & forwarding the data.
◦ More intelligent than hub
 Router
◦ Connect LANs and WANs together or multiple
networks
◦ Routes data packets based on their IP addresses

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

17
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Bridge
◦ Connects similar network or
networks with same protocol
◦ Filters and forwards packets
by physical address (MAC
Address)
◦ As a single input and single
output port, thus making it a
2 port device
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Gateway
◦ Connects two dissimilar network or networks with
different protocol
◦ Also called protocol converter
 Brouter
◦ Also known as bridging router
◦ Combines features of both bridge and router

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

18
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Repeater
◦ Electronic device that
regenerates/amplifies the
signal it receives
◦ Operates at the physical
layer
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Networking Devices
 Modem
◦ Stands for Modulator-Demodulator
◦ Converts analog signal to digital and vice versa
◦ Used to transmit digital signals over analog
telephone lines
◦ Used in dial up internet connection

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

19
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Hub vs Switch
Hub Switch
◦ Cheaper ◦ More expensive
◦ Dumb device. It broadcasts ◦ Intelligent device. It transmit
data packet to all data packet to intended
computers computer
◦ Wastage of bandwidth ◦ Bandwidth wastage is minimal
◦ Network is less secured ◦ Network is more secured
◦ Half duplex ◦ Full duplex
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Switch vs Router
Switch Router
◦ Connects multiple devices ◦ Connects multiple networks
in single network together
◦ Less intelligent ◦ More intelligent
◦ Works on MAC address ◦ Works on IP address
◦ ‘Ready to use’ device ◦ Need to configure before use
◦ Used in LAN ◦ Used in LAN, MAN, WAN
◦ Cannot perform NAT ◦ Can perform NAT

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

20
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on architecture
◦ Peer to Peer Network
 All computers in network has same role
 Single computer can act as both server and client
 No need of NOS
 Can be setup within the home, business or over the
internet
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on architecture
◦ Client server Network
 Networks that use a dedicated computer (server) to
store data, manage/provide resources and control user
access
 Server acts as a central point on the network
 A computer that connects to the server is called a client

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

21
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on architecture
◦ Hybrid Network
 Based on both peer-to-peer & client-server
relationship.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on Geographical Area
◦ LAN
 Network devices connected together, usually
within the same building (within 5 km)
 Secure connection and Faster
 Medium used is twisted pair

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

22
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on Geographical Area
◦ MAN
 Network that spans several buildings in the
same city or town (upto 100 ktm)
 Medium is optical fibers, cables

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Network
 Based on Geographical Area
◦ WAN
 Network that covers entire world
 Collection of several local-area networks (LANs)
 Termed as Internet

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

23
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Topology
 Network arrangement, connecting various nodes
(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.

 arrangement of the physical and logical elements of

a communication network

 Methods in which all the elements of a network are

mapped
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Topology
 Physical Topology
 An actual layout of the computer cables and other network
devices
 Logical Topology
 Manner in which data travels through the network
between devices, independent of physical connection of
the devices

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

24
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Topology
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Bus Topology
 Every computer and network device is connected to
single cable (called backbone)
 Also called linear topology or backbone topology
 transmits data only in one direction.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

25
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Bus Topology
 Advantages
◦ Cost effective
◦ Suitable for small networks
◦ Easy to install and expand

 Disadvantages
◦ Failure of backbone affects entire network

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Ring Topology
 Each computer is connected to another computer
forming ring shape
 Two neighbors for each device

 If ring topology is designed to pass data in both

direction then it is called dual ring topology

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

26
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Ring Topology
 Advantages
◦ Not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes
◦ Cheap to install and expand

 Disadvantages
◦ Failure of one computer can disturb whole network

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Star Topology
 Most commonly used topology in home/office network
 All the computers are connected to a central hub (or
switch) through a cable

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

27
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Star Topology
 Advantages
◦ Easy to manage
◦ Easy to add/remove nodes
◦ Durable

 Disadvantages
◦ Finite number of switch ports limits the network’s size
◦ Whole network fails if central hub fails
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Tree Topology
 Has a root node and all other nodes are connected
to it forming a hierarchy
 Also called hierarchical topology
 Has at least 3 levels

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

28
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Tree Topology
 Advantages
◦ Can combine bus and star topology
◦ Error detection is easy
◦ Failure of one node does not affect network

 Disadvantages
◦ Costly

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Mesh Topology
 Most reliable topology
 Point to point connection as all nodes are
connected to each other
 For n devices n(n-1)/2 physical connection needed

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

29
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Mesh Topology
 Advantages
◦ High speed data transfer
◦ Durable and secure

 Disadvantages
◦ Requires large amount of cable
◦ Takes long time to setup

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Hybrid Topology
 Combination of two or more different topology
structure
 Tree topology is hybrid of bus and star topology
 More complex than other topologies

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

30
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Hybrid Topology
 Advantages
◦ Flexible
◦ Infinitely expandable

 Disadvantages
◦ Requires professional management
◦ Equipment costs are high

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 Set of rules for formatting and processing data
 Set of rules governing exchange of information in
an easy, reliable and secure way

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

31
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol)
◦ Protocol used for communication over the Internet
◦ TCP is a transport layer protocol that ensures reliable
data delivery
◦ TCP used with IP, often referenced together as TCP/IP
◦ Most commonly used protocol over internet
◦ Communicates in client-server model

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 TCP/IP has four layers
◦ Application layer
◦ Transport layer
◦ Network layer
◦ Data link layer

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

32
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
◦ It is the rules for transferring multimedia files on the
Word Wide Web
◦ It works on a client-server model, where the web browser
acts as the client
◦ Data such as text, images, and other multimedia files are
shared over the World Wide Web using HTTP

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
◦ Protocol used to transfer data from a particular computer to
another over world wide web
◦ Enables file sharing between hosts, both local and remote,
and runs on top of TCP

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

33
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
◦ Designed to transfer (send) electronic mail reliably and
efficiently

 Pop (Post Office Protocol)

◦ Allows end user to download (receive) emails from the mail
server to their own email client

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 TELNET (Telecommunication Network/ Terminal
Emulation)
◦ Enables a user to communicate with a remote device
◦ Mostly used by network administrators for remote log in and
remote control)

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

34
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 DNS (Domain Name System Protocol):
◦ Translates domain name to IP address

 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

◦ Enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a
computer in network

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
◦ Lets end users access and manipulate messages stored on a
mail server from their email client
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
◦ Connection-less transport layer protocol
◦ Faster but less reliable alternative to TCP at the transport
layer
◦ Used in services like video streaming, gaming

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

35
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Protocol
 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
◦ Older routing protocol that identifies distances between
routers
 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
◦ Protocol used to manage nodes, like servers, workstations,
routers, switches, etc
 PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
◦ Used to transmit multiprotocol data between two directly
connected (point-to-point) computers.
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing
 IP Addressing is Logical Addressing
 It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)
 Two Versions of Addressing Scheme
◦ IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing

◦ IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

36
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : IPv4
◦ 32-bit IP address
01010101000001011011111100000001
◦ 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as
Dotted Decimal Notation

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : Range

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

37
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : Class

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : Range

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

38
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : Priority Bit

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : Octet Format

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

39
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing : No. of Network & Host

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

IP Addressing: Private IP Address

 IP addresses in each class of IP reserved for LAN
 Used for: home & office networks, networks not
connected to Internet.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

40
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Subnet Mask
 Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host
Portion
 Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of
Network ID
 Represented with all 1’s in the network portion and
with all 0’s in the host portion.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Utilities
 Network utilities are basic software tools designed for
analyzing and configuring various aspects of
computer networks.
 Network utilities helps network functioning properly
by allowing you to check the various aspects of your
network, such as connections between devices,
packet loss, and latency between connections.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

41
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Utilities
 Ping: Packet Internet or Inter-Network Groper- Used
to test whether a particular host is reachable across an
IP network.
 Ipconfig: used to display all current TCP/IP network
configuration Used without parameters, ipconfig
displays Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6
addresses, subnet mask, and default gateway for all
adapters. With ipconfig/all it displays full configuration
information.
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Utilities
 Tracert: Also known as traceroute provides details on
all the “hops” the packet went through to get to the
destination, including switches and routers, along
with the IP address and DNS information of each.
 Nslookup: Stands for “name server lookup,” is used to
query the domain name system (DNS) for domain
name or IP address mapping, or to obtain other kinds
of DNS records.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

42
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Network Utilities
 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol.” It’s used to
determine the MAC address associated with a
particular IP address
 Netstat: short for “network statistics,”
allows to check whether the connections exist, and
provides statistics to show how the connection is
performing.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet
 Defined as the International Network, that is Internet is a

worldwide system of computer networks.

 Internet is the interconnection of millions of computer

together with a common protocol called TCP/IP.

 Internet is the largest public global network that connects

millions of computer networks all over the world.

 Known as network of networks.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

43
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

History of Internet
The foundation of internet is ARPANET (Advanced Research
Project Agency Network), the project started in 1969 by
DOD (Department of Defense) of US to allow researchers
and military personals to communicate with each other.
 Till 1960’s this internet was only limited within the US.

 Internet became worldwide in early 1970’s after it was

distributed in Europe and Japan.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Requirements

 Computer System: Computers or other devices like mobile,
laptop , PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
 ISP (Internet Services Provider): Which provides internet
services
 Modem/ Router: Communication Medium (Wired/ Wireless)
 Web Browser: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome, Opera

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

44
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 Dial-up Connection
◦ Uses modem, telephone
◦ An analog connection as data is sent over an
analog network (PSTN)
◦ Uses modem, telephone
◦ Limited speed (2400 bps to 56 Kbps)
◦ Phone line busy
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
◦ Digital network for sending voice, video, and data over
digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.
◦ Speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

45
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 B-ISDN (Broadband ISDN)
◦ Transfers data over fiber optic telephone lines,
not normal telephone wires
◦ SONET is physical transport backbone of B-ISDN
[SONET=Synchronous optical networking ]

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
◦ Uses existing 2-wire copper telephone lines
◦ ‘Always on’ technology
◦ Speed range from 128 Kbps to 9 Mbps

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

46
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 DSL types
◦ SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: data
rates up to 3 Mbps
◦ ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line:
download speed-1.5 to 9 Mbps, upload speed-16 to
640 Kbps
[ADSL2+ is a newer version of ADSL]

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 Cable – Broadband Internet Connection
◦ An internet connection through a cable modem
◦ Operates over cable TV lines
◦ Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps
 Wireless Internet
◦ Uses radio frequency
◦ Speed varies from 5 mbps to 20 mbps

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

47
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Connection Technology (Types)

 Satellite
◦ Provides a delayed connection compared to cable and
DSL.
◦ Speed is around 512K to 2.0 Mbps.
 Cellular
◦ Wireless internet through cell phones
◦ Most common speeds are 3G (around 2.0 Mbps) and 4G
(goal of 100 Mbps but currently 21 Mbps)

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
1. WWW
2. E-Fax (Electronic Facsimile)
3. E-Phone(Internet Telephone)
4. E-commerce
5. IRC
6. Video Conferencing
7. Telnet
8. FTP
9. Newsgroup

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

48
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 WWW:
◦ Collection of websites or web pages stored
in web servers
◦ Allows end users to access data through
web address or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator).
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services

 E-fax:
◦ Also called Electronic fax or internet fax

◦ Use of the internet and internet protocols to send

a fax (facsimile)

◦ Does not use standard telephone line

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

49
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 E-phone/Internet Telephony
◦ Enables people to use the Internet as the
transmission medium for telephone calls
◦ Transmits the human voice (real time or close to real
time) over the internet
◦ Uses protocol VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
◦ Types: PC-to-PC, PC to Phone, and Phone to Phone.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 E-commerce:
◦ Stand for Electronic Commerce
◦ buying and selling of goods, products, or
services over the internet.
◦ Transaction of money, funds, and data

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

50
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 E-commerce Types:
◦ Business to Business (B2B)

◦ Business to Consumer (B2C)

◦ Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

◦ Consumer to Business (C2B)

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 Telnet
◦ Can log in remote computer through internet
 IRC
◦ Stands for Internet Relay Chart
◦ Service to exchange message or information
simultaneously (messenger, viber)
 Video Conferencing
◦ It transmits audio and video and enables face
to face conference.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

51
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
◦ Allows transferring (uploading and downloading ) files
between remote computers.
 Newsgroup
◦ Online Forum where people can post article and
message on particular topic and participate in
discussion.
◦ E.g. Netscape News, Usenet etc.
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet services

 E-mail
◦ E-mail is short form of Electronic mail
◦ Allows to transfer text message, image from one
computer to another via internet.
For e.g.
friendlyniraj@[Link]
[user-id] [divider] [domain-name]

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

52
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Advantages of E-mail
 Cheapest and fastest means of communication
 More reliable
 Access from anywhere
 Easy to send voice, video and other kind of data
 Sending mail to different persons at same time

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Disadvantages of E-mail
 Minor mistake on email address may deliver the
email wrong address
 No guarantee that message will be same as the
sender has sent.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

53
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Facts
 First email system: MAILBOX
 First person to send email: Raymond Tomlinson
 Today email system: Store and Forward
 First domain: [Link]
 Hotmail was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack
Smith
 Hotmail turned to outlook in 2012
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 World Wide Web (WWW)
◦ Allows end users to access data stored on the
computer in networks through web address or
URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

54
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Website
◦ Collection of information stored in internet in different files
is known as website.

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Web Page
◦ Single page of a website that contains
information in specific topic or subject is called a
webpage.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
◦ Naming convention for addressing documents
accessible over the internet
◦ address of a given unique resource on the Web
◦ URL is a form of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

55
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Home Page
◦ The first page of each website
◦ Contains the brief introduction of website.
 Download
◦ The process of transferring file from remote computer to
user’s computer
 Upload
◦ The process of transferring file from user’s computer to
remote computer (server)
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 CC and BCC
◦ CC: Carbon Copy
◦ BCC: Blind Carbon Copy
◦ Ways of sending copies of an email to additional people
◦ CC list is visible to all other recipients
◦ BCC list is secret—no one can see this list except the sender

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

56
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Search Engine
◦ A website which allows users to search
information about any subject based on the
keyword

◦ E.g. Google, Bing, Yahoo etc

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Browser
◦ A software that allows user to view the content on the
internet or world wide web
◦ Software required for browsing or surfing websites.
◦ E.g. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari,
Google Chrome, Netscape Navigator

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

57
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

 Hypertext
◦ The text or link that jumps to another page
 ISP (Internet Service Provider)
◦ An organization that provides the internet service to
different users
◦ Eg. Mercantile, World Link, Web Surfer, Vianet

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Some Important Terms

Intranet Extranet
 Private computer network  Private network extended to users
serving a single organization outside the company
 Little or no access to outside  Branches of organization,
users customer, vendors can have access
 No need internet  Needs Internet
 Used in to get employee  To check status, access data, send
information, telephone directory mail, place order etc

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

58
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Internet Related Organizations

 Organizations are working for the development of the internet,
new technology, devices, protocols and standards.
◦ W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
◦ IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
◦ IRTF: Internet Research Task Force
◦ ISOC: Internet Society
◦ IAB: Internet Architecture Board
◦ ISO: International Standard Organization
◦ IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Uses/Advantages of Internet
 Sharing of Information and Resources
 Electronic Mail (Email)  Entertainment
 World Wide Web  Job Search
 Newsgroups  Online Education / E-learning
 E-commerce  Online Results
 Downloading and Uploading files  Online Medical Advice
 Business Communication  Online Airlines and
 Advertisement  Railway Schedules
 Discussion and Chat

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

59
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Uses/Advantages of Internet
 Sharing of Information and Resources
 Electronic Mail (Email)  Entertainment
 World Wide Web  Job Search
 Newsgroups  Online Education / E-learning
 E-commerce  Online Results
 Downloading and Uploading files  Online Medical Advice
 Business Communication  Online Airlines and
 Advertisement  Railway Schedules
 Discussion and Chat
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Disadvantages of Internet
 Viruses
 Security Problems
 Immorality
 Filtration of Information
 Accuracy
 Time consuming
 Language Problem
 Privacy Leakage

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

60
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Logical Ports
 Also known as software or network port
 Location where information is sent.
 A number assigned to a “logical” connection

 The endpoint to a logical connection that describes a service

in TCP/IP and UDP
 Port numbers range from 0 to 65535
 Ports numbers 0 to 1023 are designated as well-known ports

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Logical Ports
 Well-Known Ports (0-1023)

 Registered Ports (1024 - 49,151)

 Dynamic / Private Ports (49,152 - 65,535)

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

61
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Well-known port numbers

 20 & 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 23: Telnet remote login service
 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 53: Domain Name System (DNS) service
 80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 110: Post Office Protocol (POP3)
 143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
 443: HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
 465:
क ुटरSMTP Secure
अपरे टर तयारी क ा , (SMTPS)
ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Cloud Services
 Cloud services refers to a wide range of services
delivered on demand to companies and customers
over the internet
 Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or
software that are hosted by third-party providers and
made available to users through the internet.
 Designed to provide easy, affordable access to
applications and resources, without the need for
internal infrastructure or hardware.

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

62
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Cloud Services (based on services)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Provides infrastructure - actual servers, network,
virtualization
Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Provides hardware and an application-software platform
used by developers to build cloud apps
Software as a service (SaaS)
 Applications are hosted by a vendor or service provider and
made available to customers over a network.
 Used by end users
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Cloud Services (based on deployment)

Private Cloud
 Owned by single company
 Dedicated infrastructure not shared by any other
individual/organization
 Expensive
 Suitable for larger business

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

63
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Cloud Services (based on deployment)

Public Cloud
 Owned by an outsourced cloud provider and is
accessible to many businesses through the internet
on a pay-per-use model.
 Provides services and infrastructure to businesses
who want to save money on IT operational costs
Hybrid Cloud
 Have combined benefits of both Public and Private
Cloud

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Types of Cloud Services

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

64
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Benefits of cloud services

 Cost reductions
 Device and location independence
 Maintenance
 On-demand self-service
 Security
 Reliability
 Speed
 Global Scale

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Application of cloud services

 Online storage
 Photo and video editing software
 Presentation software (Sliderocket)
 Finding a way on the map
 Word processing application

क
क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा ,

ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा,
ाट इ

ाट इ
ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

65
क ु टर अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क , कीितपु र , काठमाडौं । स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

Example of cloud services

 Dropbox: online storage
 Google Cloud
◦ Online storage-> Google drive, google photos
◦ Online application-> gmail, google docs, google sheets,
google slides
 icloud
◦ Cloud storage and cloud computing services by Apple Inc.
◦ Can be managed & accessed photos, videos, documents,
notes, contacts, and more
 One drive: Online storage by Microsoft

क ुटर अपरे टर तयारी क ा , ाट इ ोटे क, स कः ९८४१६४९९९३, ९८४३५२१६४०

क ु ट र अपरे टर तयारी क ा, ाट इ ोटे क, कीितपु र , काठमाडौं

66