Introduction to R-
Studio for Data
Analysis
Prof. (Dr.) Prashant Sharma
Professor & Associate Dean
Jindal School of Banking & Finance (JSBF),
O. P. Jindal Global University Sonipat
(Institute of Eminence by Ministry of
Education, GoI)
prashantsharma1989@[Link]
+91-7568799687
Descriptive
analytics: IBM Primary data: Time Series data:
Different Cognos, Tableau,
Power BI
IBM SPSS E-Views
Tools Panel data:
Text data: NVivo,
IBM Watson,
SAS: Proprietary
STATA tool
Available in [Link]
Market Python: Open
R: Open Source
Source
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Open source, no proprietary license is
required
Developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert
Gentleman
Introduction Appeared for the first time in 1993
to R Large number of researchers and data
scientists are working and updating the r-
packages on regular basis
Companies
using R
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Companies
using R
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Companies
using R
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Companies
using R
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It is an open-source tool, no proprietary license
required.
Wide range of dedicated packages available for
different functional areas.
Dedicated package available for sectoral requirements
Why to No professional programming background required to
use R for statistical analysis
learn R? Quick availability of newly developed statistical tests
for analysis in R
No limitation in handling different data forms (such as
Cross-sectional, time series, panel, text etc.)
R Studio
This is
script…ignore
time being History &
Environm
ent
comes
This is console. here
You need to type
after
yellow/orange > Plots &
symbol (called Diagrams
cursor prompt) come
and press ENTER here
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Basics of R
Whatever you
will write after
#, is not a code
(its remark for
you)
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Type exactly the same as you see after > and ENTER
Play around
with simple
mathematics
like subtract,
divide
R will say
either TRUE
or FALSE
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Do You want your screen like my screen?
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Typing words
Other than
numbers, you need
to put within
inverted commas,
single or
double….both
works
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Assign to an object/vector; <- and =
42 is stored in x 100 is stored in y
OR 42 is assigned OR 100 is
to x assigned to y
If you call x, R will If you call y, R will
return/show 42 return/show 100
y/5 is 100/5
x/7 is 42/7
= 20
=6
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Updating assigned value
No more 42 is
stored in x Omg, error!
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Functions
sum is a function
(s should be
small)
rep is a function
Observe (r should be
double small)
inverted
commas
sqrt is a function
(s should be
small)
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Vectors c stands for
concatenation
Same
Why are you result with
writing names three
within inverted styles!
commas?
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Change in increment & direction
Increment of 0.5
Decrement of 0.5
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Vector Create a vector
‘learn’ and call it
access
What is there at
2nd, 3rd and 1st
position/location?
Whenever you see a rectangle bracket, it means Sub-setting
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Replacing
element Let SaS appear
at 3rd place
Call learn
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Add
Lets add SPSS at 4th
element position
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Vector
addition
1 is added to each element
of a [1+1 = 2, 2+1 = 3,
3+1 = 4]
Try a/2 and
a*2
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Vector
Math
a + b=
1+4 = 5; 2+5 = 7; 3+6 = 9
a-b=
1-4 = -3; 2-5 = -3; 3-6 = -3
a*b=
1*4 = 4; 2*5 = 10; 3*6 = 18
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Single equal to = means ASSIGNMENT
Compare
elements Double equal to,
== means We are asking from R
EQUIVALENCE that whether 1 is at
first position, 99 is at
second position and 3
is at third position
R replies: Yes, it is TRUE that 1 is at first
position; No, 99 is not at second position…in
uncle R’s language FALSE; Yes, it is TRUE that 3
is at third position
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m is having 5 elements, 4
How to sum digits as 1, 3, 7 & 9 and
one MISSING value (R
with missing reads as NA)
values?
You tried
summing m but
R has thrown
NA (Cant do!)
If you write [Link] = TRUE (Na’s
to be removed in calculation,
Yes!) then you will get 20
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R helps
you!
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Lets create matrix is a 1st number will be elements in
Matrix function matrix, 2nd number is number
of ROWS and 3rd number is
number of COLUMNS
R will first fill first
column then next
column…and so on!
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Storing 1 to 8
Matrix numbers in a Creating a matrix of 2
vector/object name rows and 4 columns
creation sijo name s with
elements stored in
sijo
calling sijo
Column
identification
[ ,c ]
Row
identification
[r, ]
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4th column,
Matrix ALL rows
Access 2nd Row, ALL
columns 2nd to 4th
column, ALL
rows
2nd row & 4th
column
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Data Frame We will create
a Data Frame
like this!
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Numbers with
Variable decimals are
NUMERIC and
Types without decimal
are INTEGERS
Numeric or Integer
Categorical/Factor
Character
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Create Variables/Vectors
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Structure of lunch
str is a
function
Type is character (chr), 1 to 5 observations,
sample observations
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yummy is the A factor variable is shown
new name of [Link] is a with Levels (these are
lunch function mentioned
alphabetically)
Conversion
to factor
Structure is
showing 3
levels (with 3
levels)
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joy is the Name of
name of variables within
[Link] is a
data frame [Link] (joy)
function
Create
Data Frame
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Type $ after data frame name (joy)
and you will see all variable names
stored in that data frame
Select name and
press tab key, it
Access will appear after
$ [try with
Data Frame yummy]
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Names are being
considered as
factor
Access
Data Frame
You can change these to
This is
character by using
numeric
[Link]
[we will discuss this later]
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Access See double rectangle
Data Frame bracket & variable
number (3rd is yummy)
Try with 1
and 2
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Access You can write variable name
within double rectangle
Data Frame bracket like “yummy”
(between inverted commas
(single or double)
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Import
Data Frame
Click From
Text(base)
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Go to the folder where you have kept
these files
Import
Select infantry and click Open
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Yes should
be
checked!
Click
Import
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Command for Path of file
reading file
Name of
file in R
You can see
file in left top
quadrant
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Import targets
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Can we merge these two files?
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Merge
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After pasting
Export location, you
need to make
Location slashes as shown
Name of file
in R Name of file
Environment going to be
acquired after
export to
location
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Task 1
• Create two CSV files
• One variable should common
• Import these two files in R
• Merge these two files and save it against some object
• Export the merged file into your system
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