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Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INDEX

Chapter 1: Development
Concepts Covered:
1. What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals
2. Income and other Goals
3. National Development
➢ Meaning

4. How to compare different Countries or State?

➢ Total income
➢ Average or per capita Income
➢ World Development report
• Limitations of Average income
5. Income and Other criteria
6. Public facilities
➢ Importance of Public facilities

7. Body mass Index

➢ Calculation of BMI
8. Human Development Report
• Health, education and standard of living are also some important factors
9. Sustainability of Development

10. Mind Map

(Colourful & Interactive/ Complete All Concept Covered)

Practice Questions (All Topics Available)

Page 2
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT

GOALS
What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS

Category of Person Developmental Goals/Aspirations
Landless rural labourers More days of work and better wages: local
school is able to provide quality education for
their children; there is no social discrimination,
and they too can become leaders in the village.
Prosperous farmers from Punjab Assured a high family income through higher
support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should
be able to settle their children abroad.
Farmers who depend only on rain for growing
crops
A rural woman from a land-owning family
Urban unemployed youth
A boy from a rich urban family
A girl from a rich urban family She gets as much freedom as her brother and
is able to decide what she wants to do in life.
She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
An Adivasi from Narmada valley

• Notion for development is different for different people.

• In fact, at times two person or groups may seek things which are conflicting.
Page 3
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

A Demonstration meting against raising the height

of sardar Sarovar dam of Narmada River
Conclusion
There are two things to be noted:

1. Different persons can have different developmental

goals.
2. What may be development for one may not be
development for the other. It may even be destructive
for the other.
Page 4
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

Income and other goals

There are goals other than income.

• Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
• Quality of our life depends on:- Material and non-material
things.
• It will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured
is not important.

Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals

Page 5
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Meaning
• It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.
• For people, belief in nations' development is different.
• Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like food,
education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita income, is referred to as
National development.
• It is very important to keep in mind that different persons could have different as well as
conflicting notions of a country’s development.
Page 6
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

To compare countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person
earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.

Total Income
Income of all the resident of the country = Total income

Average or per capita Income

Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also
called per capita income.
Total Income of Country
Average Income =
Total Population of Country
It is also known as per capita income.
Therefore, comparison should be based on the average income.

World Development report

• It is published by the World bank.
• This report is used to compare countries on the basis of income.
• Countries with per capita income of US ₹ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called rich
countries and those with per capita income of US ₹ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
• India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in
2017 was just US ₹ 6700 per annum.
• The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are
generally called developed countries.
Limitations of Average income

• Averages are useful for comparison, but they hide disparities.

• It does not tell how the income is distributed among the people.
Page 7
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?
Page 8
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and
freedom. If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most developed
and Bihar is the least developed state in India.
There are some other criteria which are also considered to measure the development of different
states: -
Net attendance ratio: It is defined as the total number of children, the age group from 14 years
attending the school from the total percentage of children in the same age group.
Literacy rate: It is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read and understand. If
the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy
rate of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
Infant mortality rate: It is the total number of children that die in one
year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how
efficient health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest
infant mortality rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya
Pradesh has the highest mortality rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in
India.
Some comparative data on Punjab, Kerala, and Bihar:
State Infant Mortality Rate per Literacy Rate (%) Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V
1,000 (2003) (2001) (1995-96)
Punjab 49 70 81

Kerala 11 91 91

Bihar 60 47 41
Page 9
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Facilities which are provided by the government are considered as public facilities like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.

Importance of Public facilities

• As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala, but Kerala has
a low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System
which provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
• Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
• We need public facilities because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot
be able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
• We require cooperation of community as a whole.
Page 10
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

BODY MASS INDEX

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated to measure the adults who are undernourished by calculating
the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the
person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.

Calculation of BMI
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the height of a person in meter and his weight
in kg. Weight should be in pounds if the height of the person is given in inches. The BMI estimation
formula is given as,
If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of inches and pounds,
then BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.
Weight (in pounds)
BMI = × 703
Height (In inches)2
Where 703 is a conversion factor.
If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of meters and kilogram, then
BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.
Weight (kg)
BMI =
Height (m)2
Page 11
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

Human Development Report
Income is an inadequate measure of the level of development.
Health, education and standard of living are also some important factors
UNDP (United Nation Development Programmes) Human Development Report
This report compares countries based on the educational levels of the
people, their health status and per capita income.
HDI (Human Development Index)
There are other important aspects that should be considered in measuring human
development.
SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2019
Country Gross National Life Expectancy Mean Years of HDI Rank in the
Income (GNI) per at birth Schooling of world (2018)
capita (2011 PPP $) people aged 25
and above
Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73
India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130
Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148
Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154
Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134

Source: Human Development Report, 2020, United Nations Development Programme.

New York.
NOTE: -
1. HDI Stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 189 countries
in all.
2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of
birth.
3. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also
done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any
country.
Page 12
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development refers to development of human with at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural system. It is helpful to fulfil the needs of the human being without harming the
ability of the future generation.
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based originally
designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed. Some renewable resources like groundwater
will take long time for replenished. So, we should encourage the use of such renewable resources.
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue
is no longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is
comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers, and other
social scientists are working together.
Page 13
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
MIND MAP
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is emphasized in the chapter regarding development goals?
A. Development goals are universal. B. Development goals are uniform for all.
C. Different persons can have different D. Development goals are only economic.
developmental goals.
2 Which category of person seeks higher support prices for their crops and settlement of
their children abroad as a developmental goal?
A. Landless rural labourers. B. Urban unemployed youth.
C. Prosperous farmers from Punjab. D. Adivasi from Narmada valley.
3 What is highlighted as a developmental goal for a rural woman from a land-owning
family?
A. Pursuing studies abroad. B. Equal freedom as her brother.
C. More days of work and better wages. D. Quality education for her children.
4 What is the key takeaway about conflicting development goals?
A. Conflicting goals are rare B. Conflicting goals are unavoidable.
C. Conflicting goals are beneficial. D. Conflicting goals can always be resolved.
5 What may be development for one, according to the chapter?
A. Always beneficial for others. B. Universally accepted.
C. Destructive for others. D. Uniformly pursued by all.
6 Explain one developmental goal for an urban unemployed youth mentioned in the chapter.
7 What about the notion of development for a girl from a rich urban family?
8 Provide an example of a conflicting development goal mentioned in the chapter.
9 Why is it mentioned in the conclusion that different persons can have different
developmental goals?
10 What is the suggested developmental goal for a boy from a rich urban family?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What about people's goals besides seeking more income?
A. People only seek equal treatment. B. People only seek freedom.
C. People seek a mix of goals, including D. People only seek material things.
equal treatment, freedom, security, and
respect.
2 What does the quality of our life depend on?
A. Only material things. B. Only non-material things.
C. A mix of material and non-material D. Only measurable factors.
things
3 What is emphasized in the chapter regarding the measurement of importance?
A. Only measurable things are important. B. What cannot be measured is not important.
C. Measuring importance is irrelevant. D. Importance is subjective and cannot be
measured.
4 What is the key point about income and development goals?
A. Income is the only important goal for B. Development goals are solely non-
development. material.
C. People seek a mix of goals for D. Material things are not important for
development, including income and non- development.
material goals.
5 What about the conclusion based on measurable factors?
A. The conclusion is always accurate. B. The conclusion may be inaccurate.
C. Measuring factors is irrelevant for D. Only non-material factors should be
conclusions. considered in conclusions.
6 Explain one non-material goal that people seek besides income.
7 Why it is wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important?
8 Provide an example of a measurable factor that may not be important for development.
9 How does the chapter challenge the idea that income is the sole determinant of
development?
10 What is the significance of the statement, "Quality of our life depends on material and non-
material things"?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(Practice Sheet)
1 How is national development defined in the chapter?
A. The country's military strength. B. The country's ability to enhance the living
standards of its residents.
C. The country's political dominance. D. The country's technological
advancements.
2 What is highlighted regarding people's beliefs in national development?
A. People have identical beliefs. B. People have conflicting beliefs.
C. People's beliefs are irrelevant to D. People's beliefs are solely economic.
national development.
3 What is referred to as national development?
A. Military strength B. Political stability
C. Improvement in people’s living standards D. Technological advancements.
and providing basic needs.
4 What is emphasized as very important to consider regarding notions of a country’s
development?
A. Uniform beliefs among citizens. B. Different and conflicting notions among
citizens.
C. Economic stability. D. Technological advancements.
5 What is included in the notion of national development?
A. Political dominance. B. Military advancements.
C. Improvement in living standards and D. Technological innovations.
basic needs for citizens.
6 Explain the significance of per capita income in the context of national development.
7 Provide an example of a basic thing that contributes to national development.
8 How does the chapter emphasize the diversity of beliefs in the context of national
development?
9 Why is the improvement in people’s living standards considered a crucial aspect of national
development?
10 What cautionary note does the chapter provide regarding notions of a country’s
development?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is considered one of the most important attributes when comparing countries?
A. Population size B. Geographic size
C. Total income D. Cultural diversity
2 Why is comparing total income alone not sufficient when evaluating the development of
different countries?
A. Total income is not a relevant factor. B. Different countries have different
populations.
C. Total income is difficult to measure. D. Population size is not a significant factor.
3 What is the term used for the total income of a country divided by its total population?
A. Gross National Product (GNP). B. Average income.
C. Per capita income. D. Net Domestic Product (NDP).
4 Which report is mentioned for comparing countries on the basis of income?
A. World Economic Outlook. B. World Development Report.
C. Global Development Index. D. International Income Comparison.
5 How are countries classified based on per capita income, according to the World
Development Report?
A. Rich countries: Per capita income of US ₹ B. Rich countries: Per capita income of US ₹
6700 or less. 49,300 or less.
C. Low-income countries: Per capita income D. Low-income countries: Per capita income
of US ₹ 2500 or less. of US ₹ 6700 or less.
6 Explain the significance of per capita income in comparing countries .
7 Why does the chapter emphasize that comparison should be based on average income rather
than total income?
8 What classification does India fall under based on per capita income, according to the World
Development Report?
9 What is the primary limitation mentioned regarding the use of average income for
comparison?
10 What criteria are used by the World Development Report to distinguish rich countries from
low-income countries?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) used to measure in the context of state
development?
A. Total income per capita B. Literacy rate
C. Child attendance in schools D. Infant mortality rate
2 Which state in India is considered the most developed based on per capita income?
A. Kerala B. Bihar
C. Goa D. Andhra Pradesh
3 What does the literacy rate indicate about a state's development?
A. Economic prosperity. B. Access to healthcare.
C. Educational advancement. D. Agricultural productivity.
4 Which state has the highest literacy rate in India?
A. Kerala B. Goa
C. Andhra Pradesh D. Bihar
5 What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) reflect about a region's health facilities?
A. Availability of healthcare professionals. B. Efficiency of health facilities.
C. Access to clean water. D. Educational standards.
6 Define Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) and explain its significance in measuring state
development.
7 Why is literacy rate considered an important criterion for determining the development of a
state?
8 Explain the significance of per capita income in assessing the development of a region.
9 What factors does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) take into account, and how does it impact
the perception of a state's health facilities?
10 Compare and contrast the literacy rates of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. What implications do
these differences have on their respective development statuses?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

(Practice Sheet)
1 What are public facilities provided by the government?
A. Personal luxuries B. Goods for commercial use
C. Facilities like schools and hospitals D. Private enterprises
2 Why is Kerala able to maintain a low Infant Mortality Rate despite lower income
compared to Punjab?
A. Higher literacy rate B. Better public distribution system.
C. Greater availability of private D. Increased per capita income.
healthcare.
3 What is the significance of public facilities in addressing environmental issues?
A. They contribute to economic growth. B. They provide jobs for the community.
C. They help in purchasing pollution-free D. They enhance personal income.
environments.
4 Why is money alone insufficient for a good quality of life, according to the provided
information?
A. Lack of personal financial management. B. Inflation in the economy.
C. Unavailability of goods and services for D. Government regulations.
purchase.
5 What is the primary reason for the need for public facilities, as mentioned in the chapter?
A. To boost the economy. B. Inability to purchase everything with
money.
C. To ensure private enterprise success. D. To reduce government spending.
6 Explain how the Public Distribution System contributes to the low Infant Mortality Rate in
Kerala despite its lower income compared to Punjab.
7 Discuss the role of public facilities in creating a pollution-free environment. Provide examples
to illustrate your answer.
8 Elaborate on the statement "Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that
you may need to live well." Provide examples to support your explanation.
9 Examine the role of community cooperation in the effectiveness of public facilities. Provide
examples to illustrate your points.
10 How do public facilities contribute to the concept of societal well-being beyond individual
prosperity?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

(Practice Sheet)
1 What does the Body Mass Index (BMI) measure in adults?
A. Mental health B. Undernourishment
C. Bone density D. Fitness level
2 At what BMI value is a person considered undernourished according to the information
provided?
A. Less than 16 B. Less than 18.5
C. Less than 22 D. Less than 25
3 If a person's BMI is more than 25, what does it indicate?
A. Optimal weight B. Undernourishment
C. Obesity D. Fitness
4 What are the essential parameters needed to calculate BMI?
A. Age and gender B. Height and weight
C. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels. D. Dietary habits
5 In the BMI estimation formula, what is the purpose of the conversion factor 703?
A. Adjusting for age. B. Converting units from pounds to
kilograms.
C. Standardizing height measurements. D. Accounting for muscle mass.
6 Explain the significance of BMI in assessing the nutritional status of adults. Provide
examples to illustrate your answer.
7 Compare the BMI calculation methods for individuals with height and weight given in inches
and pounds versus meters and kilograms. How does the choice of units affect the BMI
outcome?
8 Discuss the implications of having a BMI less than 18.5. How does it affect an individual's
health and well-being?
9 Explain the role of BMI in identifying health risks associated with obesity. Provide examples
of health conditions linked to a BMI exceeding 25.
10 Why is it essential to consider both height and weight when calculating BMI? How does each
parameter contribute to the overall interpretation of BMI?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to the information provided, why is income considered an inadequate measure
of development?
A. Income is difficult to measure accurately. B. Health, education, and standard of living
are more important factors.
C. Income is not related to human D. UNDP does not consider income in its
development. reports.
2 What does HDI stand for in the context of the Human Development Report?
A. Health and Development Index. B. Humanitarian Development Initiative.
C. Human Development Index. D. High Developmental Impact.
3 How does the Human Development Report compare countries?
A. Based solely on per capita income. B. By focusing on life expectancy only.
C. Considering health, education, and per D. Using a country's military strength.
capita income.
4 What does GNI per capita measure, according to the provided data?
A. Gross Natural Impact B. General National Inequality
C. Gross National Income. D. Global Net Investment
5 What does Life Expectancy at birth denote, as mentioned in the data?
A. The average length of life at the time of B. The maximum lifespan of an individual.
birth.
C. The minimum age a person can expect to D. The expected life after retirement.
live.
6 Explain why the Human Development Index (HDI) includes factors beyond income. Provide
examples to illustrate the importance of health and education in assessing human
development.
7 Compare and contrast the Human Development Index (HDI) ranks of Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
What factors might contribute to the differences in their rankings?
8 Discuss the significance of Mean Years of Schooling in the Human Development Report. How
does education contribute to a country's overall development?
9 Explain the role of Life Expectancy at birth in the Human Development Index. How does it
serve as a key indicator of a country's development?
10 Why is the per capita income calculated in dollars for all countries, and how does this
facilitate international comparisons?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

(Practice Sheet)
1 What does Sustainable Development aim to achieve?
A. Rapid economic growth. B. Preservation of natural systems.
C. Utilization of non-renewable resources. D. National boundaries expansion.
2 Why is the use of renewable resources encouraged for sustainable development?
A. They are more cost-effective. B. They are unlimited in quantity.
C. They replenish over time. D. They contribute to environmental
degradation.
3 In the context of sustainable development, why is it important to use non-renewable
resources judiciously?
A. To encourage economic growth. B. To preserve them for future generations.
C. To deplete them quickly. D. To reduce environmental impact.
4 Who collaborates in the field of sustainable development, according to the provided
information?
A. Only scientists B. Economists and philosophers.
C. Social scientists. D. Politicians and business leaders.
5 What is the primary aim of Sustainable Development in the context of natural systems?
A. To exploit natural resources for B. To fulfil the needs of the current
immediate gain. generation.
C. To harm the ability of future generations. D. To develop while preserving natural
systems.
6 Discuss the concept of Sustainable Development and its significance. How does it balance
the needs of the present and future generations?
7 Explain the role of non-renewable resources in Sustainable Development. How can their
judicious use contribute to long-term sustainability?
8 Elaborate on the consequences of environmental degradation and their global impact. How
does Sustainable Development address these challenges on an international scale?
9 Discuss the role of scientists, economists, philosophers, and other social scientists in the field
of Sustainable Development. How does their collaboration contribute to addressing
sustainability challenges?
10 Examine the importance of renewable resources in the context of Sustainable Development.
How do they contribute to the long-term goals of environmental sustainability and human
well-being?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

(Answers Key)
1 Different persons can have different developmental goals.
2 Prosperous farmers from Punjab.
3 Equal freedom as her brother.
4 Conflicting goals are unavoidable.
5 Destructive for others
6 An urban unemployed youth may aspire for opportunities to secure a stable job and
contribute to economic growth.
7 The notion of development for a girl from a rich urban family includes having equal freedom
as her brother and the ability to decide her life path, possibly pursuing studies abroad.
8 The conflicting development goals mentioned include the aspiration of landless rural
labourers for more days of work and better wages, which may not align with the goals of
prosperous farmers seeking higher support prices for their crops.
9 It is highlighted in the conclusion to emphasize the diversity of aspirations and needs among
individuals or groups, indicating that development is subjective and varies based on
individual perspectives.
10 The suggested developmental goal for a boy from a rich urban family is possibly related to
settling abroad or pursuing other opportunities that contribute to a high family income.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

(Answers Key)
1 People seek a mix of goals, including equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect.
2 A mix of material and non-material things.
3 What cannot be measured is not important.
4 People seek a mix of goals for development, including income and non-material goals.
5 The conclusion may be inaccurate.
6 Besides income, people also seek non-material goals such as equal treatment, freedom,
security, and respect for others.
7 The quality of life depends on a mix of material and non-material things, and it would be
wrong to dismiss the importance of non-measurable factors.
8 An example could be a strictly financial metric that, while measurable, may not capture the
full spectrum of development goals, such as equal treatment or freedom.
9 The chapter challenges this idea by highlighting that people look at a mix of goals for
development, including both income and non-material goals.
10 This statement emphasizes that a fulfilling life involves a combination of both material
(tangible) and non-material (intangible) elements, suggesting a holistic approach to well-
being.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(Answers Key)
1 The country's ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.
2 People have different beliefs.
3 Improvement in people’s living standards and providing basic needs.
4 Different and conflicting notions among citizens.
5 Improvement in living standards and basic needs for citizens.
6 Per capita income is mentioned as a component of national development, indicating that an
increase in the average income of citizens contributes to the overall improvement in the
country's living standards.
7 An example of a basic thing contributing to national development is the provision of
education to citizens, as mentioned in the chapter.
8 The chapter highlights that different persons could have different and conflicting notions of
a country’s development, underlining the diversity of beliefs among the population.
9 The improvement in people’s living standards is crucial for national development as it
reflects the overall well-being of the population, encompassing factors such as food,
education, social services, and medical aid.
10 The chapter emphasizes that it is important to keep in mind that different persons could
have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development, cautioning against
assuming uniform perspectives.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE

(Answers Key)
1 Total income
2 Different countries have different populations.
3 Per capita income.
4 World Development Report
5 Low-income countries: Per capita income of US ₹ 2500 or less.
6 Per capita income is crucial for comparing countries as it represents the average income of
the population, accounting for the differences in total income and population size.
7 The chapter emphasizes average income for comparison because different countries have
different populations, and total income alone may not provide an accurate reflection of the
economic well-being of the average person.
8 India falls into the category of low middle-income countries, as its per capita income in
2017 was just US ₹ 6700 per annum.
9 The primary limitation is that averages hide disparities and do not provide information on
how income is distributed among the people.
10 Countries with per capita income of US ₹ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019 are called
rich countries, while those with per capita income of US ₹ 2500 or less are termed low-
income countries.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

(Answers Key)
1 Child attendance in schools.
2 Goa
3 Educational advancement.
4 Kerala
5 Efficiency of health facilities
6 Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) is defined as the total number of children in the age group from
6 to 14 years attending school, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children in
the same age group. It is significant in measuring state development as it provides insights
into the education system's effectiveness, reflecting the percentage of children attending
school within the specified age range.
7 Literacy rate is considered important in determining state development because it reflects
the percentage of people above 7 years who can read, write, and understand. A high literacy
rate indicates an educated and skilled population, contributing to economic growth, social
progress, and overall development of the state.
8 Per capita income is significant in assessing development as it represents the average
income earned by each individual in a specific region. A higher per capita income generally
indicates higher living standards, increased economic well-being, and better quality of life,
all of which are key indicators of a developed state.
9 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) takes into account the number of children who die before
reaching the age of one per 1000 live births in a year. A higher IMR suggests inadequate
healthcare facilities and challenges in ensuring child health, negatively impacting the
perception of a state's health infrastructure.
10 Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2%, while Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy
rate of 66.4%. This significant difference implies that Kerala has a more educated population,
likely leading to better economic opportunities, social development, and overall progress
compared to Andhra Pradesh.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

(Answers Key)
1 Facilities like schools and hospitals.
2 Better public distribution system.
3 They help in purchasing pollution-free environments.
4 Unavailability of goods and services for purchase.
5 Inability to purchase everything with money.
6 The Public Distribution System (PDS) in Kerala plays a crucial role in providing health and
nutritional support to the state's population. Despite lower income levels, the PDS ensures
that essential goods and services, especially related to health and nutrition, are accessible
to the people. This contributes to the low Infant Mortality Rate in Kerala compared to
Punjab, showcasing the importance of effective public systems in addressing societal
challenges.
7 Public facilities, such as government initiatives for waste management, clean energy
projects, and public transportation systems, play a vital role in creating a pollution-free
environment. For instance, well-managed waste disposal systems contribute to reducing
environmental pollution. Public transport systems encourage the use of shared
transportation, reducing individual carbon footprints. These examples highlight how
collective efforts through public facilities can contribute to a cleaner and healthier
environment.
8 While personal income is essential, it cannot guarantee access to all necessary goods and
services for a good quality of life. For instance, public education and healthcare services,
provided by the government, are essential components that contribute to a well-rounded
life. Additionally, factors like a clean and safe environment, facilitated through public
initiatives, are not directly purchasable with individual income. This underscores the
importance of public facilities in enhancing the overall quality of life beyond monetary
means.
9 Community cooperation is crucial for the effectiveness of public facilities as it ensures
collective benefits. For example, community participation in waste segregation programs
enhances the efficiency of municipal waste management. In the context of public health,
community support for vaccination drives can significantly improve disease prevention
efforts. These examples emphasize the need for a collaborative approach to maximize the
impact of public facilities on the well-being of society.
10 Public facilities contribute to societal well-being by addressing collective needs that
individuals alone cannot fulfil. For instance, public healthcare systems enhance overall
community health, and public education promotes widespread knowledge and skill
development. By providing essential services to all members of society, regardless of
individual financial capacity, public facilities contribute to a more equitable and thriving
community.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

(Answers Key)
1 Undernourishment
2 Less than 18.5
3 Obesity
4 Height and weight.
5 Converting units from pounds to kilograms.
6 Body Mass Index (BMI) is significant in assessing the nutritional status of adults as it provides
a numerical value based on weight and height. A BMI less than 18.5 indicates
undernourishment, while a value exceeding 25 suggests obesity. For example, if an individual
has a BMI of 17, it signifies a risk of undernourishment, whereas a BMI of 30 indicates
obesity. Monitoring BMI helps identify individuals at risk and aids in designing appropriate
nutritional interventions.
7 The BMI calculation formula involves different units for height and weight. When using
inches and pounds, the conversion factor 703 is applied, while in meters and kilograms, no
conversion factor is necessary. The choice of units can significantly impact the BMI outcome.
For instance, using pounds and inches may yield a higher BMI compared to kilograms and
meters for the same individual, emphasizing the importance of consistent units for accurate
BMI interpretation.
8 A BMI less than 18.5 indicates undernourishment and can have adverse effects on an
individual's health and well-being. Consequences may include nutrient deficiencies,
weakened immune system, and increased vulnerability to illnesses. Additionally,
undernourishment can lead to energy depletion and affect overall physical and mental
performance.
9 BMI serves as an indicator of obesity-related health risks. A BMI exceeding 25 is associated
with an increased likelihood of conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases,
and hypertension. For instance, individuals with a BMI of 30 or higher are at greater risk of
developing obesity-related health issues, highlighting the importance of BMI as a screening
tool for potential health risks.
10 Both height and weight are essential parameters in calculating BMI as they provide a
comprehensive measure of body composition. Height influences the square of the BMI
formula, emphasizing the significance of body mass relative to height. Weight, on the other
hand, directly contributes to the numerator, reflecting the overall mass of the individual.
Considering both parameters allows for a more accurate assessment of an individual's
nutritional status and potential health risks.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

(Answers Key)
1 Health, education, and standard of living are more important factors.
2 Human Development Index.
3 Considering health, education, and per capita income.
4 Gross National Income.
5 The average length of life at the time of birth.
6 The HDI includes factors beyond income because it recognizes that development is
multidimensional. Health and education are crucial aspects of human development. For
example, a country with a high life expectancy and well-educated population may have a
higher HDI, indicating a better overall quality of life, even if the per capita income is
moderate. This illustrates the importance of considering health and education in the
assessment of human development.
7 Sri Lanka has an HDI rank of 73, while Pakistan has a rank of 154. This stark difference could
be attributed to variations in life expectancy, mean years of schooling, and per capita
income. For example, if Sri Lanka has higher life expectancy and mean years of schooling, it
would contribute to a higher HDI. Analysing these factors can provide insights into the
disparities in human development between the two countries.
8 Mean Years of Schooling is a significant component in the Human Development Report as
it reflects the average number of years of education received by people aged 25 and
above. Education contributes to a country's overall development by enhancing human
capital, promoting innovation, and improving the quality of life. Higher levels of education
are often associated with increased productivity, better health outcomes, and a more
informed and engaged citizenry.
9 Life Expectancy at birth is a key indicator in the Human Development Index as it represents
the average expected length of life at the time of birth. It serves as an important measure of
a country's development by reflecting the overall health and well-being of its population.
Higher life expectancy is indicative of better healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions,
contributing to a more developed and sustainable society.
10 Per capita income is calculated in dollars for all countries to facilitate international
comparisons. The calculation is done in a way that every dollar would buy the same amount
of goods and services in any country, allowing for a standardized measure of income. This
enables a fair comparison of economic well-being across countries, taking into account
differences in purchasing power and cost of living.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

(Answers Key)
1 Preservation of natural systems.
2 They replenish over time
3 To preserve them for future generations.
4 Social scientists
5 To develop while preserving natural systems.
6 Sustainable Development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the
importance of preserving natural systems and resources. This concept recognizes the
interdependence of human development and environmental sustainability, promoting a
balanced approach that ensures the well-being of current and future generations.
7 Non-renewable resources, such as carbon-based fuels, are essential in meeting current
energy needs. However, their judicious use is crucial for long-term sustainability. By using
these resources only in the required quantities and exploring alternative, renewable
sources, we can preserve non-renewable resources for future generations. This approach
aligns with the principles of Sustainable Development, promoting responsible resource
management.
8 Environmental degradation knows no national or state boundaries, impacting the entire
planet. Sustainable Development recognizes the global nature of environmental challenges
and emphasizes collaborative efforts to address them. By promoting sustainable practices,
countries can work together to mitigate the consequences of environmental degradation
and ensure a more sustainable and interconnected future.
9 The collaboration of scientists, economists, philosophers, and other social scientists in
Sustainable Development is crucial for a multidimensional understanding of sustainability
challenges. Scientists provide environmental insights, economists assess economic
implications, philosophers contribute ethical perspectives, and social scientists analyse
societal impacts. This interdisciplinary approach enhances the effectiveness of strategies
and policies aimed at achieving sustainability.
10 Renewable resources, such as groundwater, play a vital role in Sustainable Development by
replenishing over time. Their use aligns with the principle of balancing human needs with
environmental preservation. By encouraging the utilization of renewable resources,
Sustainable Development promotes practices that support long-term goals of environmental
sustainability and contribute to the well-being of both present and future generations.
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