Question (Thermal Analyses, MOSFET): A composite

switch (𝑄1 and 𝑄2 in parallel) carries a load current of 10

A, as shown in the figure. The switches may be rms
considered ideal in switching. The on-state resistances
of devices 𝑄1 and 𝑄2 are 𝑅𝐷𝑆1 = 0.8 Ω and 𝑅𝐷𝑆2 = 0.2 Ω,
respectively. The devices are mounted on a common
heatsink held at a temperature of 80°. The thermal
resistances are 𝑅𝐽𝐶1 = 12℃/𝑊 and 𝑅𝐽𝐶1 = 3℃/𝑊
respectively.

Calculate the followings:

a. I1 (rms) and I2 (rms)

b. The average power dissipation (P1 and P2 ) in Q1
and Q2.
c. The junction temperatures of Q1 and Q2.

Solution (Thermal Analyses):

a. I1 (rms) and I2 (rms)

0.2 0.2
I1 = 10 ⋅ 0.8+0.2 = 10 ⋅ =2A
1

0.8
I2 = 10 ⋅ =8A
1

b. The average power dissipation (P1 and P2 ) in Q1 and Q2.

Power in resistance: P = I2 R
Q1 için: P1 = I12 R DS1 = (2)2 ⋅ 0.8 = 4 ⋅ 0.8 = 3.2 W
Q2 için: P2 = I22 R DS2 = (8)2 ⋅ 0.2 = 64 ⋅ 0.2 = 12.8 W
Ptotal = 3.2 + 12.8 = 16 W
c. The junction temperatures of Q1 and Q2.
Temperature rise: ΔTJ = P ⋅ R JC

for Q1 :
ΔTJ1 = P1 R JC1 = 3.2 ⋅ 12 = 38.4∘ C
TJ1 = Tsink + ΔTJ1 = 80 + 38.4 = 118.4∘ C

for Q2 :
ΔTJ2 = P2 R JC2 = 12.8 ⋅ 3 = 38.4∘ C
TJ2 = 80 + 38.4 = 118.4∘ C
Question (Thermal Analyses, DIODE): A power
diode (ideal in blocking and switching) shown in
the figure is capable of dissipating 75 W. For square
wave operation, it is rated for peak current of 100 A
and 135 A at duty ratios 0.5 and 0.33 respectively.
The above diode while dissipating 40W at an
ambient temperature of 35◦C, is running with a case
temperature of 75◦C and a junction temperature of
125◦C.
Calculate the followings:

d. Evaluate the ON state model of the diode.

e. Evaluate the thermal resistances of the
device.

Solution (Thermal Analyses):

a. Evaluate the ON state model of the diode

VD = Vt + I⋅Rd
2
P = Vt ⋅ Iav + R d ⋅ Irms

For square wave:

• Iav = Ip ⋅ D
• Irms = Ip ⋅ √D

for D = 0.5 and Ip = 100 A;

Iav1 = 100 ⋅ 0.5 = 50 A

Irms1 = 100 ⋅ √0.5 = 100 ⋅ 0.707 ≈ 70.7 A

50Vt + 4998.9R d = 75

for D = 0.33 and Ip = 135 A;

Iav2 = 135 ⋅ 0.33 ≈ 44.6 A

Irms2 = 135 ⋅ √0.33 ≈ 135 ⋅ 0.576 ≈ 77.6 A

44.6Vt + 6021.8R d = 75

Vt = 0.98V, Rd= 0.005Ω

VD = 0.98+ I⋅0.005

b.

TA = 35∘ C, TC = 75∘ C, TJ = 125∘ C, P = 40 W

 TJ − TC 125 − 75 50
R JC = = = = 1.25∘ C/W
P 40 40
TC − TA 75 − 35 40
R CA = = = = 1∘ C/W
P 40 40

Total thermal resistance:

R JA = R JC + R CA = 1.25 + 1.0 = 2.25∘ C/W

• R JC = 1.25∘ C/W (junction–case)

• R CA = 1.0∘ C/W (case–ambient)

• R JA = 2.25∘ C/W (junction–ambient, total)

Question (Snubber): In an inverter circuit where a power MOSFET is used as the switching element, the
DC supply voltage is 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 400V, the switching frequency is 𝑓𝑠 = 50kHz, the current flowing through the
MOSFET at turn-off is 𝐼 = 10A, and the total parasitic inductance between the MOSFET and the output
is 𝐿𝑠 = 200nH. The voltage spike across the MOSFET is to be limited to a maximum of 25% above the
supply voltage. To achieve this goal, an RCD snubber circuit will be designed. The capacitor (C) and resistor
(R) values of the RCD snubber circuit to be designed should be determined so that the capacitor discharge
time is less than 15% of the switching period. Additionally, the expected average power dissipation (in W) of
the snubber circuit should be calculated.

Solution (Snubber):

• Supply voltage 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 400V

• Switching frequency 𝑓𝑠 = 50kHz (therefore switching period 𝑇 = 1/𝑓𝑠 = 20μs)
• Turn-off current 𝐼 = 10A
• Total parasitic inductance 𝐿𝑠 = 200nH = 2 × 10−7 H
• The voltage surge (ΔV) shall be limited to a maximum of 25% of the supply voltage: Δ𝑉 ≤
0.25 × 400 = 100V
• This limits the maximum MOSFET voltage to 𝑉𝐷𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 + Δ𝑉 = 500V.
• The capacitor discharge time (RC time constant) shall be less than 15% of the switching
period: 𝑇 = 0.15 × 20 = 3μs

1
During turn-off, the stored energy in the parasitic inductance, 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 2 , is transferred to the snubber
2
capacitor. The capacitor is initially charged to a voltage of 𝑉𝐷𝐶 (due to the RCD structure, the diode
does not allow the voltage to drop below 𝑉𝐷𝐶 ). During the surge, the voltage rises to 𝑉𝐷𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 +
Δ𝑉.

Energy balance:

1 1
𝐿𝑠 𝐼 2 = 𝐶(𝑉𝐷𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2
− 𝑉𝐷𝐶 )
2 2
Here is the formula for C:

𝐿𝑠 𝐼 2
𝐶= 2 2
𝑉𝐷𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝐷𝐶
 • 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 2 = 2 × 10−7 × 102 = 2 × 10−5 J (enerji birimi olarak)
• 2
𝑉𝐷𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
− 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 5002 − 4002 = 250000 − 160000 = 90000
2×10−5
• 𝐶= = 2.222 × 10−10 𝐹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝐩𝐅
90000

The discharge time is typically taken as the RC time constant (𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶) (referred to in the literature as
the ‘discharge time constant’).

Formula:

𝑅𝐶 < 0.15𝑇 = 3 × 10−6 s

3 × 10−6
𝑅<
𝐶

• 𝐶 = 2.222 × 10−10 F
3×10−6
• 𝑅< = 1.35 × 104 Ω = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝐤𝛀
2.222×10−10

The energy in the inductor is absorbed by the snubber at each switching event and is ultimately
converted into heat in the resistor. Energy expended per switching event:

1
𝐸𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐿 𝐼2
2 𝑠
Its product with 𝑓𝑠 is the average power:

1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐸𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 ⋅ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 2 𝑓𝑠
2
Numerically:

𝐸𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 0.5 ⋅ 200 × 10 − 9 ⋅ 102 = 1.0 × 10 − 5 𝐽 = 10 𝜇𝐽.

𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 10 𝜇𝐽 ⋅ 50,000 𝐻𝑧 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐖
Question (Switching Losses): The MOSFET-based buck converter operates in continuous conduction mode
(CCM). The switching frequency 𝑓 and the MOSFET current 𝐼𝑄 will be determined using the given information. In the
last step, the switching loss of the MOSFET will be found. Given that the buck converter operates in continuous
conduction mode (CCM), the input voltage is 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100 V, the duty cycle is 𝐷 = 0.40, the load resistance is 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
4 Ω, the inductance is 𝐿 = 150 𝜇H, and the output capacitor is 𝐶 = 220 𝜇F which is assumed large enough to neglect
the output voltage ripple. The inductor current ripple is specified as Δ𝐼𝐿 = 0.30 𝐼𝑜 (30% ripple), and this condition will
be used to determine the switching frequency 𝑓. The MOSFET transition times are given as 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 60 ns and 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 =
40 ns, and are assumed to be constant.

Solution (Switching Losses)

Output voltage and load current

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 ⋅ 100 = 40 V

𝑉𝑜 40
𝐼𝑜 = = = 10 A
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 4

Since the converter operates in CCM: 𝐼𝑄 ≈ 𝐼𝑜 = 10 A

Switching frequency from inductor current ripple condition

Given:

Δ𝐼𝐿 = 0.30𝐼𝑜 = 0.30 ⋅ 10 = 3 A

Inductor ripple equation for buck converter:

(𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 𝐷
Δ𝐼𝐿 =
𝐿𝑓

(100−40)⋅0.4 24
Solving for 𝑓: 𝑓= = ≈ 53,333 Hz
150𝜇𝐻⋅3 4.5×10−4

⇒ 𝑓 ≈ 53.33 kHz

Total transition time

Given:

𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 60 ns, 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 40 ns

𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 100 ns = 1 × 10−7 s

Switching loss calculation

Using:

1
𝑃𝑠𝑤 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑄 𝑓(𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 )
2
1
𝑃𝑠𝑤 = ⋅ 100 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 53,333 ⋅ (1 × 10−7 )
2
𝑃𝑠𝑤 = 0.5 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 53,333 ⋅ 10−7
𝑃𝑠𝑤 ≈ 2.67 W