Solution, Colloids, Suspension – Experiment, Viva Voce

Introduction

1. Solution: It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solutions can

be solid solutions e.g. alloys; liquid solutions e.g. lemonade and gaseous solutions
e.g. air.
A solution is made up of solute and solvent.
2. Solute: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is called the
solute.
3. Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is
called solvent.

Concentration of a Solution

1. It is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution. Amount of solute

2. A solution is always transparent, light passes through it without scattering as the

solute particles are very small in size. The solution is homogeneous and does not
settle. A solution cannot be filtered but can be separated using the process of
distillation. For example, a solution of sugar in water.
3. Types of True Solution: Depending on the nature of solute and solvent, we can
get variety of solutions.
4. A suspension is cloudy and heterogeneous mixture. The particles are larger than
the particles of solution and can be filtered. A suspension settles when it is
allowed to stand for some time. The particles can be seen with the naked eyes.
5. The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and make
its path visible.
6. A colloid particle size is intermediate between a solution and a suspension. It does
not separate out on standing and cannot be filtered. Colloids show the Tyndall
effect. Light passing through a colloid shows dispersion. It is homogeneous to
naked eyes, e.g. milk.
Types of Colloids
 EXPERIMENT 2

Aim
To prepare:

1. a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum in water.

2. a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
3. a colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish
between these on the basis of:
 transparency
 filtration criterion
 stability

Theory

1. True solution: A solution that has solute particles of size smaller than 1 nm (10 -
9
metres) in diameter, and cannot be seen with naked eyes. They do not scatter a
beam of light, the particles do not separate by filtration and the particles do not
settle down.
2. Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles do not
dissolve but remain suspended, particles can be seen with naked eyes, it scatters
a beam of light, particles can be separated from the mixture by filtration.
3. Colloidal solution: The solution appears to be homogeneous, the particles can
scatter a beam of light, they do not settle down when left undisturbed, it is stable
and particles cannot be seen by naked eyes. The particles cannot be filtered. The
size of particles is between 10-7 cm to 10-4 cm in diameter.

Properties of True Solutions

1. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.

2. The particle size of solute is less than 1 nm (1 nm =10 -9m).
3. The components do not scatter light and do not show Tyndall effect.
4. The particles cannot be separated by filtration.
5. The solution is stable (remains uniform).
6. The solution is transparent.
Properties of Colloid

1. It is a heterogeneous solution but appears to be homogeneous.

2. The particle size of solute is 1 nm-1000 nm. (10-9-10-6 m)
3. The components scatter light and shows Tyndall effect.
4. The particles can be separated only by centrifugation.
5. The solution is stable.
6. The solution is translucent.

Properties of Suspension

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particle size is more than 1000 nm (10 -6 m) and can be seen with naked eyes.
3. The particles of suspension, in its suspended form scatter a beam of light, i.e.,
shows Tyndall effect.
4. It is unstable.
5. The particles can be separated by filtration.
6. It is opaque.
Materials Required

1. Beakers (250 mL), an iron stand, a glass rod, Bunsen burner, test tube stand,
three funnels, three tripod stands, filter papers, a small torch and China dish.

Chemicals Required

1. Common salt, sugar crystals, alum powder, chalk powder, fine sand, raw egg, fine
soil from garden and distilled water.

Procedure

1. To prepare a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum in water.

 True solution of common salt:
Take a clean and dry beaker, pour 100 mL of distilled water in it and add dry
common salt in it.
Stir the content with a glass rod. Common salt dissolves completely to form
a true solution.
 True solution of sugar:
Take a clean and dry beaker and add 100 mL of distilled water in it, pour few
sugar crystals in it arid stir the content with a glass rod. The sugar dissolves
in water to form true solution.
 True solution of alum:
Take a clean and dry beaker, add 100 mL of distilled water in it and add a
pinch of alum powder, stir with a glass rod. The alum dissolves in water to
form a true solution.
2. To prepare a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
 Suspension of sand in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker, add 10 g of fine sand in it. Stir
well using a glass rod. Allow it to stand for some time and record your
observation.
(It does not dissolve in water)
 Suspension of chalk powder in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker, add 10 g of chalk powder in it.
Stir well and record your observation,
(chalk + water forms a suspension)
  Suspension of soil in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker and 10 g of garden soil to it. Stir
the mixture with a glass rod. Allow it to stand for some time record your
observation.
(Soil does not dissolve in water but forms a suspension)
3. To prepare colloidal solutions of starch and egg albumin in water.
 Colloidal solution of starch in water:
Take about 1 g of starch in a china dish, pour 10 mL of distilled water in the
dish and stir the mixture. Now take 90 mL of hot, boiling water.
(Heat the water in beaker using Bunsen burner)
Stir the contents of the china dish continuously and pour the contents in the
boiling water. Allow the contents to cool. Record your observation.
(The starch + water solution is colloidal in nature.)
 Colloidal solution of egg albumin in water:
Take 10 ml of water in a beaker. Break an egg and discard the egg shells.
Separate the white portion of egg from the yellow part. Add a very small
quantity of egg albumin to it. Stir the contents thoroughly with the help of a
glass rod. Then add 90 mL of distilled water with continuous stirring and few
drops of dil. acid (dil. HCL, dil.H2S04). Record your observation.
(Egg albumin + water solution is colloidal in nature.)
4. To distinguish the above formed solutions on the basis of transparency,
filtration criterion and stability:
Take one true solution —> salt + water
Take one suspension —> chalk + water
Take one colloidal solution —>egg albumin + water
 Transparency:
Take 3 test tubes with a colloid, suspension and true solution in each
respectively. Paste a white paper with tick mark on one side of each test
tube. Look at the tick mark through the contents of the three test tubes from
the other side. Check for the transparency of tick mark.
Record your observations.
 Filtration Criterion:
Take 3 tripod stands, place a funnel over each stand. Fix the filter paper in
 the funnel and check for the filtration criterion. Record your observations.

 Stability Criterion:
Take 3 test tubes with a colloid, suspension and true solution in each
respectively. Shake all the test tubes and keep them in the test tube stand,
allow it to stand for 5 minutes.
Record your observations.

Observation Table
Precautions

1. Use test tube holder for heating/boiling of water.

2. Do not waste the chemicals and distilled water. Use it wisely.
3. Always stir the contents in the test tube nicely and gently.
4. Use only distilled water to make solutions.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Give one example of liquid solution.
Answer:
lemonade + water.

Question 2:
Give one example of gaseous solution.
Answer:
Air.

Question 3:
Give one example of solid solution.
Answer:
Alloys: Brass—30% Zinc and 70% copper.

Question 4:
Name the solute and solvent in sugar solution.
Answer:
Solute —> sugar Solvent -> water.

Question 5:
Name one solution that has gas as solute.
Answer:
Soda water, solute is C02, solvent is water.

Question 6:
What is tincture of iodine solution?
Answer:
A solution of iodine in alcohol is ‘tincture of iodine’.

Question 7:
What is the size of particles in true solution?
Answer:
The size is less than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter.
Question 8:
Why does a true solution not scatter a beam of light?
Answer:
Due to very small particle size, it does not scatter a beam of light.

Question 9:
What is Tyndall effect? .
Answer:
The scattering of beam of light is called Tyndall effect.

Question 10:
How can you separate colloidal particles from its solution?
Answer:
By centrifugation.

Question 11:
Name three types of colloids.
Answer:
Aerosol, foam, emulsion.

Question 12:
Give two examples of Aerosol.
Answer:
Fog, mist.

Question 13:
Give two examples of foam.
Answer:
Shaving cream, rubber.

Question 14:
Give two examples of emulsion.
Answer:
Milk, face cream.

Question 15:
What is concentration of solution?
Answer:
The amount of solute present in a given solution.
Question 16:
Give the chemical formula of sugar and alum.
Answer:
Sugar – sucrose ->C12H22O11
Alum – K2S04. A12 (S04)3.24H20
Question 17:
What will you name the heterogeneous solution whose particle size is between 10 -7 cm
to 10-4 cm?
Answer:
It is a colloidal solution.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
What are saturated and unsaturated solutions?
Answer:
A solution which cannot dissolve more solute at a given temperature is called a
saturated solution. A solution which can dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature is called an unsaturated solution.

Question 2:
Why do we use warm water and not hot water during the preparation of a colloidal of
egg albumin?
Answer:
The protein in egg albumin coagulates to form a lump in hot water.

Question 3:
What precaution should you take while preparing starch solution?
Ans. We should always prepare starch paste and then dissolve it in hot water.

Question 4:
What is an aqueous solution?
Answer:
A solution in which water is the solvent.

Question 5:
Give one use of suspension.
Answer:
Suspensions are used in medicines.

Question 6:
What is dispersed phase and dispersing medium?
Answer:
The medium in which a colloid is formed is called the dispersing medium. The insoluble
component in the medium is called the dispersed phase.
Question 7:
Give three examples of solvents, commonly used.
Answer:
Water, acetone, alcohol.

Question 8:
Why is water called a universal solvent?
Answer:
Water is called universal solvent as maximum number of substances dissolve in it.

Question 9:
How can you make a saturated solution unsaturated?
Answer:
Saturated solution on heating becomes unsaturated.

Question 10:
How can you make unsaturated solution saturated?
Answer:
The unsaturated solution on cooling/freezing can become saturated.

Question 11:
What is the dispersed phase and dispersing medium in foam?
Answer:
In foam, the dispersing medium is liquid and dispersed phase is gas—for e.g. shaving
cream.
Or
When dispersing medium is solid and dispersed phase is gas then foam is formed for
e.g., rubber, sponge.

Question 12:
To make a solution, 40 g of common salt is dissolved in 280 g of water. Calculate its
concentration in terms of mass by mass percentage of the solution.
Answer:
Mass of solute = 40 g
Mass of solvent = 280 g
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent.
= 40 g + 280 g = 320 g

Question 13:
A saturated solution was obtained at 25°C. What will happen if it is kept in 40°C
condition?
Answer:
The solution will become unsaturated, because the solubility increases with the rise in
temperature.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why are the particles of a true solution not visible to naked eye?
Answer:
The particles of true solution are very small to be seen with naked eye.

Question 2:
What is the order of the size of a particle that can be seen by naked eyes?
Answer:
The particles with the size order of 1000 nm or more are visible through our naked eye.

Question 3:
What different techniques of separation can be employed for separation of components
of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
Answer:
Homogeneous mixture: can be separated by evaporation, distillation and fractional
distillation.
Heterogeneous mixture: can be separated by filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation
and decantation.

Question 4:
What will be your observation, when a beam of light is passed through a true solution
and through a suspension respectively?
Answer:
A beam of light will pass straight without scattering in case of true solution. When the
suspension is settled it will not disperse the beam of light flashed on it but when the
suspension is not settled the beam of light will scatter and the path of light will become
visible.

Question 5:
What will be the effect of passing light through colloidal solution of sulphur?
Answer:
When light is flashed on the colloidal solution of sulphur it will be scattered.

Question 6:
What is the difference in the particle size of colloid, true solution and suspension?
Answer:
The size of particles in true solution is less than lnm, the size of colloidal particles is in
the range of lnm to 1000 nm and the size of suspension particles is more than 1000 nm.
Question 7:
Classify the following as a true solution, as a suspension, or as a colloid:

1. milk
2. CuS04 solution;
3. jam;
4. gum;
5. soil in water and
6. sand in water.

Answer:
True solution: CuS04, solution;
Colloid: Milk, gum, jam,
Suspension: Soil in water and sand in water.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
The particle size of true solution is
(a) less than 10-5m
(b) less than 10-9 m
(c) more than10-5 m
(d) between 10-7 m and 10-5 m.

Question 2:
Which will not give a stable solution even when stirred for some time?
(a) Sugar in water.
(b) Milk in water.
(c) Ink in water.
(d) Chalk powder in water.

Question 3:
To prepare a colloidal solution of starch, we should
(a) add starch powder to boiling water and oil.
(b) add starch powder to cold water and boil.
(c) add starch powder to boiling water and boil.
(d) add thin paste of starch to hot water with stirring.

Question 4:
In jelly, the dispersed phase and dispersing medium are
(a) liquid and solid respectively
(b) solid and liquid respectively
(c) solid and solid respectively
(d) liquid and gas respectively.

Question 5:
In a homogeneous mixture, the size of particles is too small to be seen by naked eyes,
the particles do not settle down, the solution can be
(a) colloid
(b) true solution
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) information is insufficient.

Question 6:
The colloidal solution in which both the dispersed phase and dispersing medium is liquid
is called
(a) Gel
(b) Emulsion
(c) Foam
(d) Aerosol.

Question 7:
Which of the following cannot pass through filter paper?
(a) True solution
(b) Colloidal solution
(c) Suspension
(d) None of these.

Question 8:
The particle size in suspension is
(a) more than 10-7 cm
(b) less than 10-7 cm
(c) between 10-7 cm and 10-5 cm
(d) more than 10-5 cm.

Question 9:
A solution of iodine in alcohol is known as tincture of iodine, in this solution
(a) iodine is solvent and alcohol is solute.
(b) iodine is solute and alcohol is solvent.
(c) iodine and alcohol is solute and water is solvent.
(d) none of these.

Question 10:
Which of the following is stable when allowed to stand undisturbed for some time?
(a) Sugar solution
(b) Solution of starch in water.
(c) Milk
(d) All of the above.

Question 11:
Which will not give stable solution even when stirred for some time?
(a) Common salt in water
(b) Sugar in water.
(c) Milk in water.
(d) Fine sand in water.

Question 12:
The order of the size of a particle that can be seen by naked eye is
(a) less than 10-5 cm
(b) more than 10-5 cm
(c) less than 10-9 cm
(d) more than 10-9 cm

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 13:
A student was asked to mix the white of an egg with water and stir well. The student
observed that:
(a) a transparent solution is formed
(b) a translucent mixture is formed
(c) egg white settles down at the bottom
(d) egg white floats on the surface.

Question 14:
The proper sequence of the contents in the glass beaker is

(a) suspension and true solution

(b) colloid and suspension
(c) true solution and suspension
(d) colloid and true solution.

Question 15:
Four students took 4 test tubes A, B, C, D. They added soil, chalk powder, sugar, fine
sand with water in the test tubes as shown below. The correct observation is
(a) A, B, D are suspension
(b) B, C, D are suspension
(c) C, B, A are suspension
(d) A, B, D are not suspension.

Question 16:
For preparing a true solution, the given set up was done. What is ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’?

(a) a = glass rod, b = solution, c = beaker

(b) a = glass rod, b = beaker, c = solution
(c) a = beaker, b = solution, c = glass rod
(d) a = beaker, b = glass rod, c = solution

Question 17:
The particles of colloidal solution are
(a) visible with naked eye
(b) visible with powerful microscope
(c) not visible with powerful microscope
(d) none of these

Question 18:
Which of the following is a true solution?

(a) sand
(b) soap
(c) milk
(d) alcohol

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 19:
Which of the following solution shows Tyndal effect?
(a) true solution
(b) starch and water
(c) sugar + water
(d) alum + water.

Question 20:
The substance which does not form a suspension in water is:
(a) common salt
(b) sand
(c) soil
(d) chalk powder.

Question 21:
Which of the following shows Tyndall effect?
(a) salt solution
(b) sugar solution
(c) sand into water
(d) none of these.

Question 22:
The particles of a (matter) solution cannot be separated by filter paper but can be
separated on centrifugation, the solution must be
(a) true solution
(b) suspension
(c) colloidal
(d) none of these.

Question 23:
Milk and blood are the example of
(a) colloidal solution and suspension respectively
(b) both colloidal solution
(c) suspension and colloidal solution respectively
(d) both are suspension.
Question 24:
Which of the following is stable when allowed to stand undisturbed for some time?
(a) sugar solution
(b) salt solution
(c) alum solution
(d) all of these.

Question 25:.
In the given solutions choose the one that is unstable
(a) water + honey
(b) water + chalk
(c) water + CuS04
(d) water + alcohol.

Question 26:
A mixture of soil and water was shaken well and then tested for its appearance, stability
and sedimentation. The correctly reported set of observation is
Appearance Stability Sedimentation
(a) opaque unstable sediment
(b) opaque stable sediment
(c) Transparent unstable no sediment
(d) Transparent stable no sediment

PRACTICAL SKILLS IN SCIENCE-9

Question 27:
True solutions do not show Tyndall effect because
(a) they allow light to pass through them.
(b) they have very small size of particles
(c) they allow the light to scatter.
(d) none of these.

Question 28:
Which one of the following will form a translucent solution in water?
(a) sugar
(b) starch
(c) soil
(d) sand

Question 29:
When starch is added to water it forms
(a) colloid
(b) suspension
(c) true solution
(d) none of these

Question 30:
Which type of solution is formed when sand and water are mixed thoroughly and then
kept undisturbed for some time?
(a) true solution
(b) suspension
(c) colloid
(d) none of the above

Question 31:
Which of the following settles down when allowed to stand undisturbed for some time?
(a) Blood
(b) solution of egg albumin in water
(c) Muddy water
(d) copper sulphate solution

Question 33:
Tyndall effect is observed in one of the following:
(a) true solution
(b) starch + water
(c) NaCl + water
(d) alum + water

Question 34:
A student observed the colloidal solution of starch in water and milk. The wrong
conclusion made by him for both the solutions is:
(a) Translucent
(b) Shows Tyndall effect
(c) Homogeneous and stable
(d) Components cannot be separated by ordinary federation

Question 35:
The colloid among the following is
(a) NaCl +H20
(b) soil in water
(c) jam
(d) alcohol in water

Question 36:
The correct order which describes the true solution, colloidal solution and suspension in
the order of their increasing stability is:
(a) Suspension < colloidal solution < true solution
(b) Colloidal solution < true solution < suspension
(c) True solution > colloidal solution < suspension
(d) Colloidal solution < suspension < true solution

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (b) Size of particles in true solution is the same.

2. (d) Size of particles is big.
3. (d) The starch will mix well in hot water.
4. (a) Dispersed phase is liquid.
5. (c) Both colloid and true solution have these properties.
6. (b) In an emulsion, both the dispersed phase and dispersal medium are liquid.
7. (c) Particles of suspension are big enough to pass through filter paper.
8. (d) This is the size of suspension particle.
9. (b) Iodine does not dissolve in water hence alcohol is used as solvent.
10. (d) None of them is suspension. True solution and colloid are stable.
11. (d) Sand in water is unstable.
12. (b) This size is visible to naked eye.
13. (b) Egg white is translucent.
14. (d) Light doesn’t passes through solution and disperse in colloid.
15. (a) In all three test tubes, the particle size is big and is unstable.
16. (b) The apparatus is rightly labelled.
17. (b) Colloid particles are not visible to naked -eye.
18. (d) Alcohol in water is a true solution.
19. (b) Particle size of starch is between 1 nm to 1000 nm, it scatters light, it is a
colloid.
20. (a) Common salt dissolves completely and has very small particle size, cannot be
seen with naked eyes.
21. (d) None of the given option is colloid.
22. (c) Colloid particles can pass through filter paper but settles on centrifugation.
23. (b) Both milk and blood are colloids.
24. (d) All are true solutions and stable.
25. (b) Chalk particles are big and settle down.
26. (a) Soil particles are big enough and opaque to pass the light through it and due to
gravity will settle down.
27. (b) Small particle size does not scatter light.
28. (b) Starch forms a colloid.
29. (a) Starch forms a colloid, it scatters light.
30. (b) Sand particles are big in size and settle down.
31. (c) Particles of muddy water are big in size and settle down due to gravity.
32. (d) Detergent powder is completely soluble in water.
33. (b) Starch forms a colloid in water (hot water).
34. (c) Both are stable and particle size is very small but colloidal solution are
heterogeneous.
35. (c) Jam is a colloid, type of colloid is gel, containing solid and liquid mixture.
36. (a) Larger the size of particle lesser will be the stability.
 Mixture & Compound – Experiment, Viva Voce

Experiment

Aim
To prepare:

1. a mixture
2. a compound

Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of:

1. Appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.

2. Behaviour towards a magnet
3. Behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
4. Effect of heat.

Theory

Mixture: When two or more than two substances mix together in any proportion
physically and do not show any chemical change, retain their individual properties, then
they form a mixture.
Compound: When two or more than two substances combine together chemically in a
fixed ratio, such that they can be separated only by chemical means, then a compound
is formed.
Differences between Mixture and Compound:

Mixture

Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its Mixture

Compound

Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its compound

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, hard glass test tube, Bunsen burner, tripod
stand, wire gauze, magnet, China dish and a watch glass.

Chemicals Required
Iron filings, sulphur powder, carbon disulphide.

Procedure

1. Preparation of a mixture of iron and sulphur powder.

Take a pinch of iron filings and two pinch of sulphur powder, mix them thoroughly.
The product obtained is mixture of iron and sulphur. Keep it in a watch glass (A).
2. Preparation of the compound of iron and sulphur.
Take a pinch of iron filing and a pinch of sulphur powder in a hard glass test tube.
Hold it in a test tube holder, heat it on the flame till the contents glow. The reaction
between sulphur and iron filings is seen in the test tube and iron sulphide is
formed. Transfer the compound formed in a watch glass (B).
(The mixture of iron filing and sulphur powder can be heated in China dish)
Record your observations in the table.
Observations

Precautions

1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in hard glass tube or in a china dish.
2. Avoid wasting the chemicals, use very little amount of it.
3. Heating activity should be done carefully.
4. Carbon disulphide is flammable, keep it away from flame.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Is mixture a pure substance?
Answer:
No.

Question 2:
Is alloy a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?
Answer:
It is a homogeneous mixture.

Question 3:
Give one test to show that mixtures can be separated physically.
Answer:
Take sulphur + iron-mixture, roll magnet over it, iron filings clings to magnet.
Question 4:
Why doesn’t air show same composition over all places? .
Answer:
Air is a mixture but various gases, particles, pollutants keep on adding in air in various
proportions.

Question 5:
Give two examples of uniform composition in mixture.
Answer:
Sugar in water, salt in water.

Question 6:
Give two examples of non-uniform composition.
Answer:
Sand and salt, sugar and salt, blood.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why do mixtures show heterogeneous appearance?
Answer:
The constituents of mixture are not mixed uniformly hence show heterogeneous
appearance.
Question 2:
Name the constituents of the following compounds.
Water, Sugar, Magnesium oxide, Iron sulphide.
Answer:
Water – Hydrogen and Oxygen
Sugar – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Magnesium Oxide – Magnesium and Oxygen
Iron sulphide – Iron and Sulphur.

Question 3:
What happens when dilute sulphuric acid is added to a mixture of iron and sulphur?
Answer:
Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid and hydrogen gas is released.

Question 4:
What happens when dilute sulphuric acid is added to a compound of iron and sulphur?
Answer:
The iron sulphide reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form hydrogen sulphide gas, it is
colourless gas with the smell of rotten eggs.
Question 5:
Classify the following into mixture and compound.
soil, air, alloy, sugar, soap solution, milk, coal, blood, glucose.
Answer:
Mixture – soil, air, alloy, soap solution, milk, coal, blood Compound – sugar, glucose.

Question 6:
How can you prove that water is a compound?
Answer:
On electrolysis of water we get hydrogen and oxygen gas is separated in fixed ratio
always
i. e., H : O is 2 : 1.

Question 7:
Why do we use carbon disulphide as a solvent to dissolve sulphur?
Answer:
As sulphur does not dissolve in water, carbon disulphide is used as a solvent.

Question 8:
Give two examples of mixture formed by compounds.
Answer:
Common salt + sugar.
Smoke + methane + carbon dioxide in air.

Question 9:
Give two examples of mixture formed by two or more elements.
Answer:
Nitrogen and oxygen in air, copper and gold in alloy.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why does brass react with dilute hydrochloric acid and is corroded in rainy season to
form [Link](OH)2?
Answer:
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is a homogeneous mixture. The combining
elements retain their properties. Hence the copper in the brass reacts with the
carbonates in the air to form [Link](OH)2
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
A student was given a challenge to separate mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder,
which method should he take?
(a) dissolve the mixture in water
(b) dissolve the mixture in dil.H2S04 and filter
(c) dissolve the mixture in carbon disulphide
(d) dissolve the mixture in alcohol.

Question 2:
In the laboratory, what precaution needs to be taken while handling carbon disulphide.
(a) Keep it away from flame
(b) Keep it away from sunlight
(c) Keep it away from magnet
(d) Keep it away from distilled water.

Question 3:
Which is not the property of a mixture?
(a) It is a heterogeneous system
(b) It is a system of constant composition
(c) It is a system of variable composition
(d) Its components can be separated by physical methods.

Question 4:
Water in alcohol can be grouped as:
(a) compound
(b) homogeneous mixture
(c) heterogeneous mixture
(d) immiscible liquids.

Question 5:
Choose the homogeneous mixture
(a) wood
(b) blood
(c) charcoal
(d) sugar syrup.

Question 6:
The process used to separate a mixture of iron filings, iodine and common salt is:
(a) sublimation followed by magnetic separation
(b) dissolution in water followed by sublimation and magnetic separation
(c) magnetic separation followed by sublimation
(d) any order can be followed

Question 7:
To prepare iron sulphide by heating a mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder we
should use a
(a) copper dish
(b) watch glass
(c) china dish
(d) petri dish

Question 8:
The components of a mixture of iron filings and sulphur are separated by:
(a) sublimation
(b) filtration
(c) using magnet
(d) distillation

Question 9:
In laboratory, carbon disulphide should be:
(a) kept away from flame
(b) kept away from distilled water
(c) kept away from alcohol
(d) kept away from sunlight

Question 10:
Which of the following would be the correct set of apparatus required if you have to
separate camphor and common salt?
(a) Round bottom flask, funnel, burner, condenser, wire gauze, stand with clamp.
(b) Conical flask, filter paper, funnel, beaker, stand with clamp, wire gauze.
(c) Separating funnel, beaker, conical flask, tripod stand, burner wire gauze.
(d) China dish, funnel, burner, cotton plug, tripod stand, stand with clamp, wire gauze.

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 11:
When we heat mixture of sulphur powder and iron filings, the first observation made is:
(a) sulphur melts
(b) iron filings start melting
(c) mixture becomes red hot
(d) mixture evaporates.
Question 12:
When iron and sulphur are heated at high temperature:
(a) yellow coloured iron sulphide is formed
(b) black coloured FeS is formed
(c) mixture of iron and sulphur is formed
(d) they do not react.

Question 13:
The smell of H2S is
(a) pleasant
(b) like that of rotten eggs
(c) like that of burning sulphur
(d) none of these.

Question 14:
Sulphur is soluble in
(a) water
(b) carbon disulphide
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.

Question 15:
Colour of the compound of iron and sulphur is
(a) black
(b) green
(c) yellow
(d) grey.

Question 16:
When a mixture of sulphur powder and iron filings is heated for a little longer time:
(a) iron filings starts melting
(b) the mixture sublimes
(c) the mixture melts
(d) only sulphur melts.

Question 17:
When iron filings and sulphur are heated:
(a) a black mass is obtained
(b) the mixture changes from black to yellow
(c) a pungent smelling gas is obtained
(d) the mixture becomes brown.
Question 18:
When a mixture of iron filings and sulphur is added to a test tube containing [Link]
is observed?

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Question 19:
A mixture of iron filings and sulphur is heated, the colour of the mixture will change
(a) black to yellow
(b) yellow to black
(c) black to brown
(d) brown to yellow

Question 20:
What is observed when carbon disulphide is added to a mixture of iron filings and
sulphur powder taken in a test tube? .
(a) iron filings turn red
(b) sulphur powder dissolves to give a colourless solution
(c) sulphur powder remains unaffected.
(d) A brisk effervescence

Question 21:
What is not observed when a magnet is moved repeatedly through a mixture of iron
filing and sulphur placed on a paper?
(a) iron filings stick to the magnet
(b) A black mass of iron sulphide is formed
(c) sulphur powder is left on the paper
(d) Each of the above

Question 22:
A mixture of iron filings and sulphur is heated in a hard boiling tube. Which of the
following will be observed?
(a) mixture sublimes
(b) Iron will melt first
(c) sulphur will melt first
(d) mixture becomes red hot without melting

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 23:
Which of the following will not happen when CS2is added to a mixture of iron filings and
sulphur in a beaker?
(a) Iron filings do not dissolve in CS2
(b) Sulphur will dissolve forming a yellow solution
(c) Iron sulphide will dissolve in CS2
(d) none of these.

Question 24:
On mixing iron filings, sulphur and sulphuric acid
(a) hydrogen sulphide is released
(b) hydrogen gas is released
(c) iron sulphide is formed
(d) sulphur dioxide is formed.

Question 25:
A student by mistake mixed iron filings and sulphur powder. What should be added to
separate the mixture?
(a) Ethyl alcohol
(b) Carbon disulphide
(c) Kerosene
(d) Cold water.

Question 26:
In which of the following mixtures the separation of the components may be done by
using a magnet?
(a) A mixture of ferrous sulphide and copper sulphide.
(b) A mixture of iron filings and ferrous sulphide.
(c) A mixture of sulphur powder and ferrous sulphide,
(d) A mixture of carbon disulphide and ferrous sulphide.

Question 27:
Select a pure substance
(a) ice-cream
(b) milk
(c) sugar solution
(d) carbon dioxide gas.
Question 28:
Which amongst the following is not a mixture?
(a) dry ice
(b) air
(c) sugar syrup
(d) copper sulphate solution.

Question 29:
Which amongst the following is not a compound?
(a) sugar
(b) salt
(c) air
(d) water.

Question 30:
Select the mixture made up of two elements.
(a) Sand + water
(b) Sugar + water
(c) C02 + H2
(d) Gold jewellery.

Question 31:
Select the mixture made up of an element and a compound.
(a) Copper sulphate solution
(b) Sulphur solution in Carbon disulphide
(c) An alloy of iron and steel
(d) Exhaust with smoke and carbon particles.

Question 32:
Select the mixture made up of two compounds.
(a) iron and water
(b) iron and sulphur
(c) iron oxide and carbon
(d) iron oxide and salt.

Question 33:
Select the heterogeneous mixture
(a) water + sugar
(b) water + salt
(c) water + glucose
(d) water + oil.
Question 34:
Choose the reaction that will result into the formation of mixture
(a) freezing of water to form ice
(b) adding water into lime (CaO)
(c) adding CS2 into sulphur
(d) heating magnesium in air.

Question 35:
How can you separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids?
(a) heating in distillation flask
(b) evaporation
(c) separating funnel
(d) crystallisation.

Question 36:
The process of evaporation is fast when the mixture is
(a) heated but not covered
(b) heated but covered
(c) covered but not heated
(d) neither heated nor covered

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (c) Sulphur will dissolve in carbon disulphide and iron can be filtered.
2. (a) It is highly flammable.
3. (b) No constant proportion is present in mixtures.
4. (b) Alcohol dissolves in water.
5. (d) Sugar syrup is stable and uniform throughout.
6. (c) Iron can be separated by magnet and iodine sublimes, leaving behind salt.
7. (c) China dish is the right apparatus used for strong heating.
8. (c) Iron is magnetic in nature.
9. (a) Carbon disulphide is highly flammable.
10. (d) All necessary apparatus given.
11. (a) The melting point of sulphur is less than iron.
12. (b) Sulphur reacts with iron to form a black colour compound FeS.
13. (b) It is the property of the gas.
14. (b) Sulphur does not dissolve in water but dissolves in organic solvent.
15. (a) FeS is black colour compound.
16. (d) The melting point of sulphur is low.
17. (a) FeS is black colour compound.
18. (d) Sulphur dissolves and iron gets deposited at the bottom of the tube.
19. (b) Sulphur is yellow in colour and iron sulphide is black.
20. (b) Sulphur dissolves and iron gets deposited at the bottom of the test tube.
21. (b) FeS is not formed by mixing iron and sulphur unless we heat the mixture
strongly.
22. (c) The melting point of sulphur is less than iron.
23. (c) Iron sulphide is a compound of sulphur and its properties are different from
sulphur.
24. (b) Fe being more reactive will displace hydrogen.
25. (b) Sulphur will dissolve in carbon disulphide and iron can be filtered.
26. (b) Iron filings are magnetic and will attract to the magnet.
27. (d) Elements or compounds are pure substances, carbon dioxide is a compound.
28. (a) Dry ice is solidified carbon dioxide.
29. (c) The components of air are not in proportion.
30. (d) In gold jewellery, gold is mixed with either copper or silver.
31. (b) Here sulphur is an element and carbon disulphide is a compound.
32. (d) Both are compound but, iron, sulphur and carbon are elements.
33. (d) Oil and water are not miscible and form heterogenous solution.
34. (c) Sulphur dissolves in organic solvent i.e., carbon disulphide.
35. (c) Separating funnel can separate the two immiscible liquids.
36. (a) For evaporation the substance should not be covered.
 Types Of Reactions & Changes – Experiment, Viva Voce

Experiment

Aim
To carry out the following chemical reactions and classify them as physical or chemical
changes.

1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.

2. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
3. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
4. Heating of copper sulphate.
5. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.

Theory

1. Physical Change: When there is no change in the composition of a substance

and no change in chemical nature of the substance, such change is called as
physical change.
2. In physical change, the interconversion of state takes place. For example,

3. Chemical Change: It is a change which brings change in the chemical properties

of matter and a new substance is obtained. For example, burning of oil, fuel.
4. In a chemical change – heat is evolved or taken in, formation of bubbles, gas,
fumes takes place, there is a change in colour of the reactants when they form a
product.

The chemical reactions are of four types:

1. Combination reaction: Two elements/compounds combine to form a single

product.
2. Decomposition reaction: When a compound decomposes/breaks due to energy,
heat, light or electricity to form simpler substance.
 3. Displacement reaction: It takes place when more reactive metal reacts with the
salt of less reactive metal and displaces it to form a new compound.

4. Double displacement reaction: In this reaction when two salts are mixed together
in solution form then exchange of ions takes place and a new product is obtained.
E.g.

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, a pair of tongs, Bunsen burner.

Chemicals Required
Iron filings, copper sulphate solution, magnesium ribbon, zinc granules, dilute sulphuric
acid, sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions and copper sulphate crystals.

Procedure

Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

Reactions of Fe+

Burning of magnesium ribbon in air

Reaction of

Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.

Reactions of
Reaction: Zn(s) +

Heating of copper sulphate salt

Reaction of heat on crystals.

Reaction of sodium sulphate and barium sulphate solutions.

Reaction of

Precautions

1. Use all the chemicals in very less quantity.

2. Use test tube holder for heating.
3. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper and use fire tongs for holding
magnesium ribbon.
4. Handle the acids and alkalies carefully.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Why is a chemical change called a chemical reaction?
Answer:
In chemical change, two or more substances react together to form a new product with
new properties, so it is called a chemical reaction.

Question 2:
State four different types of chemical reactions.
Answer:
Combination reaction, decomposition reaction, displacement reaction and double
displacement reaction.
Question 3:
Give two examples of combination reaction seen in daily life.
Answer:
Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide and copper reacts with carbonates present in
air to form copper carbonate.

Question 4:
Name the metal that is silver grey, brittle in nature, present in granules.
Answer:
Zinc.

Question 5:
Name the metal that is silvery white, present in ribbon form.
Answer:
Magnesium.

Question 6:
What would happen if you place zinc metal in copper sulphate solution?
Answer:
Zinc metal reacts with copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate, colourless solution and
copper metal is displaced.

Question 7:
Give one example of a chemical reaction in which precipitate is formed.
Answer:
Sodium sulphate and barium chloride react together to form barium sulphate, which is
white insoluble precipitate.

Question 8:
Give two physical properties of hydrogen gas.
Answer:
It is colourless, odourless and combustible gas.

Question 9:
What is the colour of iron sulphate crystals?
Answer:
It is green in colour.
 PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Give one example/reaction which shows both physical change and chemical change.
Answer:
Burning of candle
Melting of wax Physical change
Burning of wax Chemical change

Question 2:
Why is burning of magnesium ribbon considered to be a chemical change?
Answer:
When magnesium ribbon is burnt, it reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide, a
completely new product with new properties.

Question 3:
What happens to blue colour copper sulphate when zinc is added to it?
Answer:
The blue colour fades and becomes colourless because zinc displaces copper ions from
copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate solution.

Question 4:
When sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride, white ppt. is formed. What is it due
to?
Answer:
When sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride an insoluble white precipitate (ppt.)
of barium sulphate is formed.

Question 5:
When zinc reacts with sulphuric acid, what is formed and how do you test the same?
Answer:
When zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid, zinc sulphate solution is formed and
hydrogen gas is released, it can be tested by bringing a burning matchstick near the
evolving gas which will bum with a pop sound.

Question 6:
Give the test for H2 gas.
Answer:
Take a burning matchstick near the mouth of a test tube in which hydrogen gas is
released, the matchstick burns with a pop sound.

Question 7:
What happens to the blue colour copper sulphate solution when you dip an iron nail into
it?
Answer:
When iron nail is dipped into blue coloured copper sulphate solution, the blue colour
changed to green as iron displaces copper ions and on the surface of iron, brown colour
copper metal gets deposited.

Question 8:
Give two examples of decomposition reaction.
Answer:

1. Silver bromide decomposes to form silver and bromine gas, when exposed to
light.
2. Lead nitrate on heating decomposes to form lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen gas.

Question 9:
Give one example of exothermic reaction.
Answer:
Zinc + dil. sulphuric acid reaction is highly exothermic.

Question 10:
What type of reaction is the rusting of iron?
Answer:
Rusting of iron is a chemical change showing combination reaction.

Question 11:
What happens when copper metal is dipped in iron sulphate solution?
Answer:
No change as copper is less reactive than iron and cannot displace it.

Question 12:
What is your observation when you bum magnesium ribbon in air?
Ans.
It catches fire, bums with dazzling white flame and forms white powdery mass of
magnesium oxide.

Question 13:
What happens when crystals of copper sulphate are heated in a test tube?
Answer:
The blue coloured copper sulphate crystals on heating loses water and turns white.

Question 14:
Why do we mb magnesium ribbon with sand paper before burning it?
Answer:
Magnesium metal is reactive in nature, it forms a layer of magnesium oxide on its
surface due to corrosion, hence to remove the impurities present on its surface we
clean it with sand paper.

Question 15:
Give the chemical equation of double displacement reaction.
Answer:

Question 16:
Give the chemical equation to show displacement reaction.
Answer:

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning it in air?
Answer:
To remove the impurities from magnesium ribbon and use it in pure form. Magnesium
has the tendency to form a layer of magnesium oxide on the strip.

Question 2:
Why does the red litmus paper turn blue when touched with aqueous solution of
magnesium oxide?
Answer:
The aqueous solution of magnesium oxide is called magnesium hydroxide which is an
alkali. The red litmus turns blue when it comes in contact with an alkali.

Question 3:
Is there a possibility of a compound other than MgO formed in the above reaction?
Answer:
If the ribbon is clean and the reaction takes place in controlled conditions then only MgO
will be formed. But if the Mg ribbon is not pure or the air contains some other impurities
then some other compound may also form.

Question 4:
Why is it suggested to wear dark coloured goggles while watching the burning of
magnesium ribbon in air?
Answer:
The burning of magnesium ribbon produces white dazzling flame; to protect our eyes
the dark coloured goggles are used.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
We want to carry out a reaction of zinc granules with sulphuric acid. One bottle contains
concentrated sulphuric acid and the another bottle contains dilute sulphuric acid. The
correct way of carrying out the reaction is to:
(a) use cone. H2S04
(b) add water to cone. H2S04 before using it
(c) use dilute sulphuric acid
(d) mix concentrated and dilute sulphuric acid and add water to it.

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 2:
The colour of magnesium ribbon after rubbing with sand paper is
(a) Silvery white
(b) Grey
(c) Black
(d) Brown.

Question 3:
On burning of magnesium ribbon in air, the observation will be
(a) white powder substance is formed
(b) shiny powder substance is formed
(c) brown powder substance is formed
(d) grey powder substance is formed.

Question 4:
What happens when iron nails are added to copper sulphate solution?
(a) The solution becomes pale green and reddish brown copper metal gets deposited.
(.b) The solution becomes colourless
(c) There is no reaction
(d) Copper displaces iron.

Question 5:
When zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid, we observe that
(a) a precipitate is formed
(.b) the reaction mixture turns yellow
(c) the container remains cool
(d) bubbles start coming from the surface of zinc granules.
Question 6:
The colour of barium sulphate is
(a) yellow
(b) green
(c) white
(d) colourless.

Question 7:
The colour of iron sulphate is
(a) yellow
(b) green
(c) blue
(d) brown.

Question 8:
The colour of sodium sulphate solution is
(a) colourless
(b) light blue
(c) milky white
(d) light green.

Question 9:
On adding 1 mL of BaCl 2 solution to 2 mL of Na2S04 solution in test tube, the observation
would be:
(a) a clear solution is obtained
(b) a white ppt. is obtained
(c) a yellow ppt. is obtained
(d) no reaction takes place.

Question 10:
What happens when zinc granules react with dil. H2S04 acid?
(a) We observe a physical change
(b) We observe a chemical change
(c) We observe no change
(d) We observe both physical and chemical changes.

Question 11:
On dropping iron nail in water after two days the correct observation would be:
(a) no change is seen
(b) iron form brown flaky substance on its surface
(c) water becomes brown
(d) iron reacts with water to release H2 gas.
Question 12:
When crystals of blue copper sulphate are heated in a test tube, the correct observation
during the reaction is
(a) crystals turned red
(b) crystals turned white
(c) crystals turned pink
(d) none of these.

Question 13:
On placing a zinc plate in a beaker containing CuS04 solution, it is observed that after
some time a deposition has taken place on the zinc plate which is
(a) soft and black
(b) grey and hard
(c) reddish brown
(d) smooth and shiny.

Question 14:
When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to granulated zinc placed in a test tube, the
observation made is:
(a) the surface of the metal turns shining
(b) the reaction mixture turns milky
(c) greenish yellow gas is evolved
(d) the colourless and odourless gas evolves with bubbles.

Question 15:
What is not observed when zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid in a test
tube?
(a) Precipitate at the bottom of the tube.
(b) Bubbles of gas escaping from the tube.
(c) Gradual decrease in the size of the granules.
(d) Heat energy evolved in the reaction.

Question 16:
When magnesium ribbon is burned the flame produced is:
(a) white
(b) dazzling white
(c) yellow
(d) blue

Question 17:
Amino acid is formed by decomposition of which component of our diet?
(a) Carbohydrate
(b) starch
(c) protein
(d) Fat

Question 18:
Sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions are mixed in a test tube. The
observation made is:
(a) greenish yellow gas is evolved
(b) a colourless gas is evolved
(c) a yellow precipitate is formed
(d) a white precipitate is formed

Question 19:
The colour of anhydrous copper sulphate is
(a) blue
(b) black
(c) white
(d) green

Question 20:
The colour of copper oxide is
(a) blue
(b) black
(c) white
(d) grey

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 21:
An iron nail was immersed in a salt solution. After some time a reddish brown deposit
on the nail was seen. The salt solution could be:
(a) silver nitrate
(b) sodium sulphate
(c) aluminium chloride
(d) copper sulphate.

Question 22:
The crystals of copper sulphate on heating turns white, this is due to:
(a) loss of sulphate ions
(b) loss of copper ions
(c) loss of water of crystallization
(d) none of these.
Question 23:
Which of the following reactions will form a precipitate?
(a) barium chloride and sodium chloride
(b) copper sulphate and iron
(c) barium chloride and sodium sulphate
(d) sodium sulphate and sodium chloride.

Question 24:
A student puts one big iron nail in a test tube containing a solution of copper sulphate.
What will happen?
(a) the solution remains blue in colour
(b) the nail is unchanged
(c) the solution turns colourless
(d) the solution turns light green.

Question 25:
Which one is true about the behaviour of MgO in the presence of water?
(a) It is basic.
(b) It is acidic.
(c) It is amphoteric.
(d) It is neutral.

Question 26:
What would happen when zinc granules are added to dil. sulphuric acid in a test tube?
(a) Zinc granules change to powder
(b) Colour of zinc changes from grey to white
(c) The size of the zinc granules keep decreasing
(d) The surface of zinc metal becomes bright.

Question 27:
When zinc metal is added to dil. H2S04 acid, a colourless gas comes out of the flask. On
bringing a candle flame at the mouth of the flask the candle flame goes off and the gas
in the flask burns with a pop sound. This gas is:
(a) 02
(b) H2S
(c) S02
(d) H2

Question 28:
The products obtained when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid are:
(a) zinc sulphate and hydrogen sulphide
(b) zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas
(c) zinc oxide and hydrogen gas
(d) zinc oxide and hydrogen sulphide.
Question 29:
the colour of zinc sulphate formed is:
(a) black
(b) white
(c) yellow
(d) colourless.

Question 30:

The colour of sodium chloride and barium sulphate solutions formed respectively are
(a) colourless and green
(b) green and colourless
(c) white and colourless
(d) colourless and white.

Question 31:
When you bum a magnesium ribbon on a burner, it bums with a blinding white light and
some residue is left after burning. This residue appears to be like:
(a) lamp black
(b) charcoal ash
(c) powdered mass
(d) sand

Question 32:
On adding water to white solid of copper sulphate it becomes
(a) anhydrous
(b) hydrous
(c) aqueous
(d) hydrated

Question 33:
Heating of blue crystals of copper sulphate to form white anhydrous compound is a:
(a) chemical change
(b) physical change
(c) both (a) & (b)
(d) none of the above.

Question 34:
The gas evolved when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid is:
(a) Colourless, odourless, combustible
(b) Colourless, foul smelling, combustible
(c) Colourless, pungent smelling, burns with a pop sound
(d) Brown coloured, pungent smelling, does not bum.
Question 35:
Student were asked to study the reaction between barium chloride and sodium
sulphate. Four different reports of the experiment are given below.

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (c) Concentrated acids are corrosive in nature and we need to be careful while
handling them.
2. (a) Silvery white is the original appearance of Magnesium ribbon.
3. (a) Magnesium bums in air to form MgO (white powder).
4. (a) Fe will displace Cu from copper sulphate.
5. (d) Bubbles are of hydrogen gas.
6. (c) Barium sulphate is white in colour.
7. (b) Iron salts may be green (ferrous) and brown (ferric) in colour.
8. (a) Sodium salts are colourless.
9. (b) Barium sulphate is formed and it is white in colour.
10. (b) Zinc reacts with acid and hence chemical reaction takes place.
11. (b) Iron in water undergoes rusting and the product is brown flaky substance of
iron oxide.
12. (6) The water of crystallisation is lost.
13. (c) Copper metal is displaced and it is reddish brown in colour.
14. (d) Hydrogen gas is released which is colourless and odourless.
15. (a) Zinc does not form any precipitate with acid.
16. (b) Magnesium bums with dazzling white flame in air to form MgO, a white
powder.
17. (c) A complete protein is one that contains all of the essential amino acids in
quantities sufficient for growth and repair of body tissue.
18. (d) Barium sulphate forms a white precipitate.
19. (c) Anhydrous means no water of crystallisation and hence it is white and not
coloured.
20. (b) Copper oxide is black in colour.
21. (d) Copper metal is displaced and it is reddish brown in colour.
22. (c) Blue colour of copper sulphate is due to water of crystallisation.
23. (c) The precipitate of barium sulphate is formed, as it is insoluble in water.
24. (d) Fe will displace Cu from copper sulphate and the solution turns green due to
the formation of ferrous sulphate.
25. (a) Metal oxides are basic in nature.
26. (c) The reactant is getting used up and hence size of zinc granules is reduced.
27. (d) Hydrogen gas test is mentioned in the question.
28. (b) The products would be zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas.
29. (d) Zinc sulphate is colourless.
30. (d) Sodium salts are colourless and barium sulphate is white precipitate.
31. (c) Magnesium oxide is white powder obtained on burning of magnesium ribbon.
32. (d) Dry copper sulphate becomes hydrated on adding water into it.
33. (b) On heating the crystals of copper sulphate to form anhydrous compound there
is no chemical reaction involved.
34. (a) Hydrogen gas is released which is colourless, odourless and combustible.
35. (b) It is a double displacement reaction.
 Separation Of Mixture – Experiment, Viva Voce

Experiment

Aim
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride
(or camphor) by sublimation.

Theory

1. Natural substances are not chemically pure. Different methods of separation are
used to get individual components from a mixture. But, before separating any
components from a mixture one must have sound knowledge of its physical and
chemical properties so that separation can be done with ease.
2. Sand, common salt and ammonium chloride form a heterogeneous mixture which
can be separated easily through simple physical methods of separation.
3. In the mixture given ammonium chloride is a sublimating substance. On heating
the mixture, sublimating substance directly changes into gaseous state, its fumes
are collected and cooled to get solid sublimate.
4. To separate mixture of salt and sand following processes are used:
 Dissolve the mixture in water —> as one substance is soluble and the other
(sand) is insoluble.
 Sedimentation’ sand settles down at the bottom of the solution.
 Filtration: salt + sand + water solution is filtered to separate sand particles
completely from it.
 Evaporation: The water from salt solution is evaporated by heating to get
salt.

Materials Required

1. A China dish, tripod stand, a wire gauze, a Bunsen burner, glass funnels, cotton, a
glass rod, a beaker, filter paper, a clamp stand.

Chemicals Required

1. Sand, common salt, ammonium chloride (or camphor powder), and distilled water.

Procedure

1. Sublimation
Separation of ammonium chloride from the given mixture.
 Take a tripod stand, place a wire gauze over it.
  Keep the china dish with the given mixture on the wire gauze.
 Place the glass funnel in an inverted position on the mixture and plug the
stem hole of the funnel with cotton.
 Heat the mixture with Bunsen burner or spirit lamp, for few minutes (till you
see white fumes released from the mixture).
 Turn off the burner and allow the fumes to collect on the inner side of the
funnel.
 Remove the funnel to collect the deposited ammonium chloride on the
funnel.
 Place the funnel again on the mixture, heat it and collect all the white fumes
that comes out of the mixture. This procedure will continue till all the white
fumes are collected and on further heating no more white fumes are
released. The left out mixture has only salt and sand.

2. Sedimentation and Decantation/Filtration

Separation of sand from the mixture
 The mixture left in the last step of sublimation is transferred into a beaker.
 Add 5-10 mL of distilled water into the mixture (water should be sufficient to
dissolve the salt into it) and stir it with glass rod.
 Make a cone of filter paper as shown in the diagram. Fix this cone in the
glass funnel. Place the funnel over tripod stand or clamp it on the stand.
Place a clean beaker under the stem of the funnel.
 Allow the mixture to stand so that sand particles settle down in the beaker.
 Now transfer the solution into the funnel with filter paper slowly for filtration.
 The residue collected on the filter paper is sand and the filtrate is salt
solution.
 Collect the sand from the beaker and filter paper, dry it to get the sand
completely separated from the mixture.
3. Evaporation Separation of common salt.
 The filtrate obtained in the beaker in previous step consists of common salt
solution. Transfer it to the china dish.
 Place the china dish on tripod stand with Bunsen burner and heat it in low
flame (controlled heating) till all water gets evaporated.
  The salt is collected in the china dish, as all the water is evaporated.

Precautions

1. Be careful during heating experiments.

2. Prolonged heating should be avoided.
3. Keep the flame low if you are using Bunsen burner.
4. Use clean and dry apparatus.
5. Use distilled water for making solution.
6. While filtering ensure that the filter paper cone does not tear up and allow the
mixture to pass slowly through it.
7. During sublimation, you can keep an extra plugged funnel to collect the dense
white fumes.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
How will you separate a mixture of sand and camphor?
Answer:
By sublimation.

Question 2:
How can you separate the mixture of iron filings and sand?
Answer:
By magnet.

Question 3:
Name the technique used to separate cream from milk.
Answer:
Centrifugation.
Question 4:
What is the principle for filtration?
Answer:
The size of particles in the solution.

Question 5:
What is the principle for decantation?
Answer:
Settling down of particles under gravity.

Question 6:
How will you separate a mixture of oil and water?
Answer:
By using separating funnel.

Question 7:
What is the principle for the above separation?
Answer:
Immiscible liquids and difference in their densities.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Name two sublimating substances.
Answer:
Camphor, ammonium chloride.

Question 2:
How will you separate a mixture that has soluble substance A and insoluble substance
B?
Answer:
It can be separated by dissolving in distilled water, followed by filtration and then
evaporation.

Question 3:
What is the principle of centrifugation?
Answer:
Difference in the densities of substances in a mixture.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
If in the first step the mixture had been dissolved in water what would have been the
difficulty in separation?
Answer:
The mixture given for separation is sand, common salt and ammonium chloride. The
later two (i.e., common salt and ammonium chloride) dissolve in water. If the mixture
had been dissolved in water then the separation of the constituents would be a difficult
task.

Question 2:
Instead of common salt if one component in the given mixture is sulphur, how would you
carry out separation process then?
Answer:
The steps would be:

1. Sublimation to remove ammonium chloride which will sublime and can be

collected.
2. Dissolve sulphur in carbon disulphide and filter, the filtrate would be dissolved
sulphur and the sand can be separated.
3. By heating the filtrate at controlled temperature, sulphur can be collected.

Question 3:
Can the two components of a mixture that are soluble in water be separated by any
technique? Justify your answer.
Answer:
The separation can be based on the principle of difference in their boiling point where
distillation process can be used.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
The naphthalene balls kept in the store areas disappear due to
(a) evaporation
(b) fumigation
(c) sublimation
(d) distillation.

Question 2:
Which of the following can be separated by the method of sublimation?
(a) sand
(b) ammonium chloride
(c) sodium chloride
(d) chalk powder.
Question 3:
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium
chloride, the correct sequence is:
(a) sublimation, dissolving in water, filtration and evaporation
(b) sublimation, dissolving in water, decantation and filtration
(c) sublimation, filtration, heating, evaporation
(d) sublimation, evaporation, filtration and decantation.

Question 4:
Recovery of salt from salt solution can be quickly done by:
(a) filtration
(b) evaporation
(c) distillation
(d) none of these.

Question 5:
Sublimation can be used to separate
(a) volatile and non-volatile liquids
(b) volatile and non-volatile solids
(c) miscible and immiscible liquids
(d) none of these.

Question 6:
What is the first step involved in the separation of a mixture of sand, common salt and
ammonium chloride?
(a) Magnetic separation
(b) chromatography
(c) sublimation
(d) sedimentation and decantation.

Question 7:
To separate a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride by sublimation the
following apparatus was given by the laboratory assistant to a student. Two 200 mL
beakers, iron stand, China dish, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, a glass rod, cotton wool.
The part of the apparatus missing is:
(a) filter paper
(b) glass funnel
(c) thermometer
(d) petri dish.

Question 8:
To separate a mixture of sand, common salt, iron filings and sulphur, a student added
carbon disulphide to the mixture in a test tube and shook it well. He observed that one
component dissolved. This component must be:
(a) sulphur
(b) sand
(c) common salt
(d) iron filing.

Question 9:
Which of the following can be subjected to sublimation?
(a) NH4Cl
(b) Camphor
(c) Naphthalene
(d) All of these.

Question 10:
While heating ammonium chloride and NaCl mixture, keep your face away from vapours
because
(a) Chlorine vapours may cause eye irritation
(b) Ammonia vapours may cause eye and nose irritation
(c) Sodium chloride vapours may cause irritation in eyes
(d) Ammonium chloride vapours may block the nose.

Question 11:
What is the order of methods applied to separate the components of a mixture of salt,
sand and ammonium chloride?
(a) Dissolving in water, evaporation and sublimation
(b) Dissolving in water, filtration, evaporation and sublimation
(c) sublimation, dissolving in water, filtration and evaporation
(d) Moving a magnet, dissolving in water and sublimation

Question 12:
The components of compound can be separated by using
(a) Physical method
(b) Chemical method
(c) Cannot be separated by using any method
(d) None of these

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 13:
The colour of pure ammonium chloride is
(a) blue
(b) white
(c) green
(d) brown.
Question 14:
Which one of the following figure describes the process of sublimation?

Question 15:
When a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride is heated, it is observed
that:
(a) solid common salt gets deposited on the cooler parts of the funnel while solid
ammonium chloride remains in the China dish.
(b) mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride turns into greenish crystals when
allowed to cool,
(c) ammonium chloride gets deposited on the cooler parts of the funnel and solid
common salt remains in the China dish.
(d) droplets containing both common salt and ammonium chloride appear on the upper
part of the funnel while some molten mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride
remains in the China dish.
Question 16:
The correct set-up of the apparatus for sublimation is:

Question 17:
The proper set-up of the equipment for filtration is shown in figure:
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 18:
In the diagram, the method of separation of a mixture of ammonium chloride and
common salt by the method of sublimation is shown. In this the components 1 and 2
after separation respectively are:

(a) common salt and ammonium chloride.

(b) ammonium chloride and common salt.
(c) both ammonium chloride.
(d) both common salt.

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 19:
A mixture consists of salt, chalk and ammonium chloride, the substance separated first
will be
(a) salt
(b) chalk
(c) salt and ammonium chloride
(d) ammonium chloride.

Question 20:
The mixture of sand, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride is dissolved in water and
filtered. The filtrate consists of:
(a) ammonium chloride solution
(b) sodium chloride solution
(c) chalk and ammonium chloride solution
(d) salt sodium chloride and ammonium chloride solution.

Question 21:
A mixture of marble powder, common salt, ammonium chloride is well shaken in water
and then filtered. The residue left on the filter paper will be
(a) common salt
(b) ammonium chloride
(c) marble powder
(d) common salt and marble powder.

Question 22:
A mixture of common salt and water can be separated completely by the process of:
(a) filtration
(b) distillation
(c) sublimation
(d) centrifugation

Question 23:
Which of the following will give residue on filter paper?
(a) water + CuS04
(b) water + NaCl
(c) water + Chalk
(d) water + ammonium chloride

Question 24:
Recovery of salt from salt solution in water can be done by:
(a) evaporation
(b) sedimentation
(c) filtration
(d) dissolving in more water
Question 25:
The aqueous mixture of salt and sand can be separated by
(a) Filtration
(b) Condensation
(c) Sublimation
(d) Melting

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (c) Naphthalene sublimes; means solid changes directly into gaseous form.
2. (b) Ammonium chloride can be separated by the method of sublimation.
3. (a) Ammonium chloride can be easily separated by sublimation and the other two
components can be separated by dissolving the mixture in water. Sodium chloride
dissolves in water but sand does not and can be separated by filtration.
4. (c) Distillation is a fast process and is used to separate the salt quickly and
evaporation is a slow process.
5. (b) Volatile solids substances quickly changes from solid to gas as compared to
non-volatile solids.
6. (c) Ammonium chloride sublimes and can be separated from the given mixture by
sublimation.
7. (b) Glass funnel will be required to collect the fumes.
8. (a) Sulphur dissolves in carbon disulphide and the other substances will not
dissolve in it.
9. (d) Ammonium chloride, camphor and naphthalene, all undergo sublimation as
they are volatile.
10. (b) On heating the mixture only ammonia fumes are released which may cause
irritation.
11. (c) Ammonium chloride can be easily separated by sublimation and the other two
components can be separated by dissolving the mixture in water. Salt dissolves in
water and sand is filtered out.
12. (b) In compounds, the components are combined chemically and hence can be
separated by chemical means only.
13. (b) Ammonium salts are white in colour.
14. (b) The inverted funnel shows the collection of sublime substance.
15. (c) Ammonium chloride is volatile than sodium chloride and sublimes easily.
Hence, it is collected on the cooler surface of the funnel.
16. (d) The inverted funnel shows the collection of sublime substance and the burner
shows the heat is required to sublime it fast.
17. (d) The proper set up of funnel and the correct use of glass rod is seen in this set
up.
18. (a) Ammonium chloride sublimes and is collected on the cooler surface of funnel
but sodium chloride remains in the dish as it has high melting point.
19. (d) Ammonium chloride can be easily separated by sublimation and the other two
components can be separated by dissolving the mixture in water and by filtration.
20. (d) Both sodium chloride salt and ammonium chloride salt are soluble in water but
sand is not.
21. (c) Marble powder is not soluble in water but common salt and ammonium
chloride dissolves in water.
22. (b) Common salt dissolves in water and can be separated by distillation from the
solution.
23. (c) Only chalk is not soluble in water amongst the given mixtures hence can be
separated by filtration.
24. (a) Dissolved salt can be obtained by evaporation (slow process) or by distillation
(fast process) from the solution.
25. (a) Sand does not dissolve in water and can be separated by filtration.
 Melting Point Of Ice & Boiling Point Of Water – Experiment,
Viva Voce

EXPERIMENT

Aim
To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water.

Theory

1. Melting Point: The temperature at which the solid changes into liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called melting point. For example, ice melts at 0°C to
form water.
2. Boiling Point: The temperature at which the liquid boils and changes into
gaseous state at the atmospheric pressure is called boiling point. For example,
water boils at 100°C to form water vapour (at 76 cm pressure).
3. Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat energy absorbed during the melting of ice is
stored in the water formed, this energy is called latent heat of fusion. The amount
of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
4. Latent Heat of Vaporisation: The heat energy absorbed by water when it
changed its phase to steam, this hidden heat is called latent heat of Vaporisation.

Conditions Affecting Melting Point and Boiling Point

Materials Required
Two thermometers, (Celsius scale), boiling tube, a glass rod, two iron stands, a Bunsen
burner, wire gauze, beakers, tripod stand, distilled water, ice cubes prepared from
distilled water.

Procedure
(A)To determine the boiling point of water.

1. Take 25-30 ml of water in a boiling tube and add few pumice stones to it.
 2. Clamp the boiling tube on iron stand with two holed cork, in one hole fix the
thermometer and in the other one fix the delivery tube.
3. Place the thermometer above the water in the flask as shown in the figure and
record its temperature.
4. Place a burner under the boiling tube.
5. Read the temperature and record it in the given observation table till the water
boils. Record the reading after the time interval of 1 minute.

Observation Table

Result

1. Boiling Point of water is 100 °C.

2. Once the boiling point is attained the temperature reading on thermometer does
not change for some time.

(B)To determine the melting point of ice.

1. Take a beaker half-filled with the dry crushed ice obtained from distilled water.
 2. Suspend a Celsius thermometer from the clamp stand such that the bulb of the
thermometer is completely surrounded by ice.
3. Read the thermometer reading and record the temperature after every 1 minute till
the ice melts and the thermometer reading remains stationary for 2 minutes.
4. Note the readings in the observation table.

Observation Table

Result

1. Melting point of ice is 0 °C.

2. Once the melting of ice begins the temperature remains constant for some time.

Precautions

1. Choose a better quality thermometer whose graduated scale is clearly readable.

2. Record the temperature in whole numbers.
3. While reading the thermometer the eye level should be parallel with mercury level.
4. Dip only the bulb of thermometer into water/ice.
5. Thermometer should not touch the walls of beaker or boiling tube.
 VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
What is the melting point of pure water ice cubes?
Answer:
0°C.

Question 2:
What is the boiling point of pure water?
Answer:
100°C.

Question 3:
At what temperature is the density of water maximum?
Answer:
At 4°C.

Question 4:
At what temperature will you get the latent heat of fusion for water?
Answer:
At 0°C.

Question 5:
What is the latent heat of fusion of ice?
Answer:
336 kJ/kg.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
What is the principle of working of a pressure cooker?
Answer:
In pressure cooker the pressure is increased. The water boils at temperature more than
100°C.

Question 2:
Which of the two contains more heat energy, water at 100°C or steam at 100°C?
Answer:
Steam at 100°C, contains more heat energy.

Question 3:
When ice and cold water both are at 0°C then why does ice floats on water?
Answer:
Density of ice is less than water.

Question 4:
In cold countries why do people sprinkle common salt over it?
Answer:
The ice melts faster when salt is sprinkled over it and the clearance of ice from the path
becomes easier and faster impurities decreases the melting point.

Question 5:
State the temperature at which water and ice co-exist.
Answer:
Water and ice co-exist at 0°C/ 273 K.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why is the bulb of thermometer kept above the surface of water while determining the
boiling point of water?
Answer:
The water boils and the steam is formed at its boiling point. Hence to get the accurate
boiling point of water the thermometer is placed above the surface of water.

Question 2:
Why does the temperature remain unchanged until the entire solid changes into liquid
even if we are heating the solid?
Answer:
The temperature remains unchanged until the entire solid changes into liquid even if we
are heating the solid; it is because the heat is used up by the molecules in overcoming
the force of attraction.

Question 3:
Why do we fix a two holed-cork in the round bottom flask while determining the boiling
point of water?
Answer:
The two holed-cork is fixed in the round bottom flask while determining the boiling point
of water. Through one hole fix the thermometer and through the other hole the delivery
tube is fixed which allows the steam to pass through.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
When do ice and water co-exist under atmospheric pressure?
(a) At 0°C
(b) below 0°C
(c) above 0°C
(d) at 5°C.

Question 2:
For determining the melting point of ice we should prefer.
(a) ice made from distilled water
(b) ice made from tap water
(c) dry crushed ice mixed with salt
(d) a mixture of ice and salt.

Question 3:
For the accurate determination of the boiling point of water, we use
(a) tap water
(b) distilled water
(c) salt solution
(d) sugar solution.

Question 4:
If pure water is heated it will start boiling at:
(a) 173 K
(b) 100 K
(c) 373 K
(d) 273 K.

Question 5:
While determining the boiling point of water, pumice stone pieces are added to
(a) spread the heat uniformly
(b) prevent loss of heat energy
(c) avoid bumping
(d) avoid cracking of the glass container.

Question 6:
Which of the following would you choose to determine the melting point of ice in your
laboratory?
(a) Dry crushed ice
(b) Ice cubes
(c) Ice added to water
(d) Slab of ice.

Question 7:
Which of the following apparatus is required to determine the boiling point of water?
(a) Tripod stand, conical flask, thermometer, wire gauze, stand with clamp, pair of
tongs,
(b) Funnel, burner, clamp and stand, test tube, thermometer, wire gauge, stand with
clamp
(c) Boiling tube, beaker, thermometer, burner cork with one hole, stand with clamp, wire
gauze
(d) Round bottom flask, burner, thermometer, wire gauze, stand with clamp, cork with
two holes, glass tube.

Question 8:
What is not a correct precaution to be followed by a student to determine the melting
point of ice?
(a) Zero mark of the thermometer should remain above the ice surface
(b) Keep stirring the mixture and look at the thermometer
(c) Crush the ice into small pieces
(d) Do not dip the thermometer in crushed ice.

Question 9:
While heating a liquid, it has to be stirred properly. This is to let:
(a) the dust particles not settle at the bottom
(b) the liquid get uniform temperature throughout
(c) the liquid get heated quickly
(d) the liquid evaporates faster.

Question 10:
A student set up an apparatus for the determination of boiling point of a sample of water
supplied to him in his lab. He recorded the boiling point as 102°C. Assuming that the
thermometer is accurate, the error in the determined value of boiling point is due to
(a) the water may be containing large amounts of dissolved air
(b) the water may not be distilled
(c) the bulb of the thermometer is not kept above the water surface
(d) The bulb of the thermometer is touching the bottom of the vessel containing water.

Question 11:
The boiling point of water at the atmospheric pressure is
(a) 373 K
(b) 273 K
(c) 372 K
(d) 723 K
Question 12:
Boiling point of water is
(a) 0°C
(b) 100°C
(c) 40°F
(d) 212°C

Question 13:
In the determination of boiling point of water, it is advised to put the bulb of the
thermometer above the water rather than in water, it is to:
(a) reduce the error due to atmospheric pressure
(b) make sure that boiling point is accurate even when water sample contains non-
volatile impurities dissolved
(c) reduce the error due to expansions of glass because of heat
(d) obtain the boiling point accurately even in a much short time.

Question 14:
To find the melting point of ice what should be taken in the beaker?
(a) Salt + ice
(b) Ice cubes
(c) Crushed ice
(d) Ice cubes & crushed ice

Question 15:
At 0°C or 273 K, the physical state of water is observed as:
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) vapour
(d) both solid and liquid

Question 16:
What is the state of water at 100°C?
(a) solid
(b) vapour
(c) liquid
(d) liquid and vapour.

Question 17:
Water in a container is heated uniformly from 0°C to 100°C. The volume
(a) increases continuously
(b) decreases continuously
(c) decreases up to 4°C and increases further
(d) increases up to 4°C and decreases further.
Question 18:
At room temperature a student sets up an apparatus to determine the melting point of
ice. He takes a beaker half filled with crushed ice and dips a mercury thermometer in it.
After this he would observe that:
(a) mercury in the thermometer keeps on falling till it reads – 1 °C, it remains constant
thereafter
(b) temperature falls, reaches 0°C and remains constant only as long as both ice and
water are present in it
(c) the temperature falls, reaches 0°C and remains constant even after the whole of ice
has melted
(d) the temperature falls at the starting but starts rising as soon as the ice starts melting.

Question 19:
When we observe the melting of ice, the melting point of ice is a constant temperature
at which
(a) both ice and water are present
(b) only water is present
(c) only ice is present
(d) first ice and then only water

Question 20:
What will be boiling point of water at hill stations?
(a) 100° C
(b) < 100° C
(c) > 100° C
(d) Either less than 100° C or more than 100°C.

Question 21:
When some common salt is added to water, the boiling point of water
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) does not change at all
(d) depends on the amount of salt. It may increase or decrease.

Question 22:
When water boils, its temperature
(a) remains constant
(b) first increases then decreases
(c) first decreases then increases
(d) keeps on increasing
 Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 23:
When a thermometer is kept in ice, the reading shows that
(a) temperature keeps increasing
(b) temperature keeps decreasing
(c) temperature increases first and then decreases
(d) temperature first decreases and then remain constant at 0°C.

Question 24:
A thermometer has 20 equal divisions between 90°C and 100°C mark. A student while
determining the boiling point of water finds that the mercury thread becomes stationary
at the 19th mark above 90°C. He should record the boiling point of water as:
(a) 90.19°C
(b) 99.5°C
(c) 109°C
(d) 119°C.

Question 25:
When water boils, its temperature then
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains the same
(d) first increases then decreases

Question 26:
In the determination of boiling point of water, correct reading in the thermometer is
noted when
(a) water starts boiling
(b) whole of the water evaporates
(c) temperature starts rising
(d) temperature becomes constant

Question 27:
Which experiment set-up is correct for determining the melting point of ice?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) both A & B
(d) none of the above

Question 28:
When ice is heated continuously, its temperature does not rise because
(a) heat is converted into latent heat
(b) heat is not used at all
(c) heat escape from the system
(d) none of these.

Question 29:
Which of the following statements is right with reference to the melting of ice?
(a) At melting point only ice exists
(b) At melting point only water exists
(c) At melting point both ice and water exist
(d) At melting point ice, water and steam exist.

Question 30:
A thermometer shows 20 divisions between 10°C and 20°C. What is the least count of
thermometer?
(a) 1
(b) 0.1
(c) 2
(d) 0.5

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (a) Ice is formed at 0 degree and ice melts at 0 degree.

2. (a) Distilled water is pure and will give the correct readings.
3. (b) Distilled water is pure and will give the correct readings.
4. (c) Boiling point of water is 100 degree Celsius which is 373 in kelvin (0
degree=273K).
5. (c) On boiling, the water starts bumping in the flask, to prevent it the pumice
stones are added which gives the nucleation site for calm boiling and are inert.
6. (a) Ice just removed from the freezer is dry and the crushed ice is used to find the
melting point of ice.
7. (d) Two holed cork and the glass tube to collect the water vapour is essential.
8. (d) Dip only the bulb of the thermometer in crushed ice.
9. (b) To spread the heat uniformly throughout the water we need to stir
continuously.
10. (d) When the bulb of the thermometer touches the container then the temperature
shown by it would be more than 100 degree Celsius.
11. (a) The boiling point of water is 100 degree Celsius i.e., 373 K
12. (b) Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius and steam is formed.
13. (a) The boiling point of an element or a substance is the temperature at which the
vapour pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding the
liquid. Hence the thermometer is placed above the water.
14. (c) Crushed ice is preferred for determining the M.P. of ice.
15. (d) Ice is formed at 0 degree and ice melts at 0 degree.
16. (d) Water boils at 100 degrees and steam is formed.
17. (c) The water molecules are close enough at 4 degree Celsius and thereafter the
molecules moves further apart to increase the volume of water.
18. (b) The temperature read by thermometer will be 0 degree until all the ice is
converted into water, thereafter the temperature may start rising.
19. (a) At 0 degree Celsius both ice and water exists.
20. (b) Boiling point of water changes with altitude because atmospheric pressure
changes with altitude.
21. (b) On adding impurities to water its BP will increase.
22. (a) When water attain its boiling point the temperature remains the same until all
the water is changed into steam.
23. (d) The thermometer will read the temperature of ice that is 0 degree, lower than
the room temperature.
24. (b) The least count of thermometer is 0.5 and hence the reading will be 99.5
25. (c) When water attain its boiling point the temperature remains the same until all
the water is changed into steam.
26. (d) The correct method of recording the B.P. of water is when the water is seen
boiling and the thermometer reading is constant.
27. (b) Crushed ice is preferred for determining the M.P. of ice.
28. (a) When ice at -10 degrees C is heated, its temperature rises until it reaches 0
degrees C.
29. (c) The melting point of ice is 0 degree Celsius and the freezing point of water is
also the same hence both ice and water exists at this temperature.
30. (d) Least count = range/number of divisions, 10/20=1/2=0.5
 pH of Samples
Introduction
The chemicals used in lab, has its nature, which can be acidic, basic or neutral. This
characteristic of the chemical depends on the release of H +or OH– ions in its aqueous
solution.
> Chemicals which releases H+ ions are acidic whereas which releases OH– are basic in
nature.

1. pH: It is the power of H+ ions in a solution.

 It is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ions in a solution. It is used to

determine the strength of aci d/base.
 The term pH refers to the “potential of hydrogen ion.”
 pH is the negative logarithm of the molarity of H+.
PH = – log10 [H+]
H+ is the concentration of hydrogen ion in the solution.
 The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that an increase or decrease of an integer
value changes the concentration by a ten fold. For example, a pH of 3 is ten times
more acidic than a pH of 4. Likewise, a pH of 3 is one hundred times more acidic
than a pH of 5. Similarly a pH of 11 is ten times more basic than a pH of 10.

2. pH scale: pH is normally measured in a range of 0-14. [Due to mathematical

definition and calculation it is possible to get negative pH and pH above 14]

3. Nature of Solution on the basis of pH value

• pH < 7: The solutions having pH value below 7 are acidic in nature. These solutions
turn blue litmus red.
• pH = 7: The solutions having pH equal to 7 are neutral in nature. These solutions do
not show any colour change of litmus.
• pH > 7: The solutions having pH more than 7 are basic in nature. These solutions turn
red litmus blue.

4. Measuring pH: The pH of a solution can be determined using an instrument like pH

meter or various indicators which changes their colour accordingly depending upon the
nature of test solution.
(i) pH Meter: A calibrated instrument called a pH meter can give the pH upto two
decimal places.
• pH meters are calibrated using buffer solutions which have an accurately known pH.
• It measures pH more accurately than indicators.
• Now a days pH sensors are used to measure the pH.

(ii) Indicators: It is a substance that can be used to identify the nature of chemicals due
to its colour change.
• The indicator changes its colour when the pH of the solution slightly changes.
• When using indicators, it is best that the solution to be tested is colourless. If the
solution has a colour, it could interfere with the indicators colour.
Universal indicator or pH paper gives approximate value of the pH.

Types of indicators:
(a) Natural Indicators: Exist in nature and generally extracted from plants like turmeric,
rose, hibiscus, juice from grapes, cherries, beets, blueberries, radishes, red cabbage
and other vegetables or fruits and petals of some flowers contain compounds that can
act as indicators, which changes colour in acid or base or in both.
• Litmus: Litmus is a dye extracted from various species of lichen. Lichens are a
symbiotic partnership of two organisms, a fungus and an algae that changes colour in
acid and base. Red litmus turns blue in basic and blue litmus turns red in acidic
medium.
• Cochineal solutions obtained from cochineal insects are yellow in acidic solution and
deep violet in alkaline solution. .

(b) Olfactory indicators: An indicator that changes its smell depending on whether it is
mixed with an acidic or basic solution is called an olfactory indicator, e.g., onion, clove
oil and vanilla extract.

(c) Synthetic Indicators: These indicators are made artificially from chemicals.
Examples:
• Phenolphthalein – It changes its colour in bases (turns red or pink). –
• Methyl orange – It changes its colour in acids (turns red or pink).
• Bromothymol blue – It changes colour around the neutral range (green in neutral,
yellow in slightly acidic and blue in slightly basic).
• Problems caused due to use of synthetic indicators are: chemical pollution,
availability problems and high cost.
The colour change of these indicators in different medium is given below:

Indicator Acidic Medium Basic Medium Neutral Medium

Blue litmus Red Blue Blue

Red litmus Red Blue Red

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink Colourless

Methyl orange Pink Yellow Pink

5. Universal Indicator: Universal indicator is a mixed indicator (it contains several
different colour-changing substances) and shows a range of colours depending on the
pH of the solution. It comes in two forms,.either in a liquid solution of ethanol or in a pH
paper that has been soaked in the indicator solution.
• pH paper: It is a blotting paper with universal indicator absorbed in it.
• To test the chemical either take a drop of universal indicator on the white tile and add
a drop of liquid under test on it or onto the pH paper.

6. Nature of chemicals used in this experiment:

(a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl):
• Hydrochloric acid occurs as an aqueous solution or as hydrogen chloride gas
(anhydrous hydrochloric acid).
• Hydrogen chloride gas is a colourless, non-flammable, corrosive gas with an irritating
pungent odour.
• When added to water it dissociates completely to form H + ions and Cl– ions.

• Its pH range is below 7.

• It is used in making fertilizers, in textile and in rubber industries.

(b) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH):

• It is commonly known as acetic acid and is a weak acid.
• When added in water it dissociates partially to form H + ions and acetate ions CH3COO–

• Its pH range is less than 7.

• It is used as preservatives and in making of polymers.

(c) Lemon juice:

• Lemon juice is a natural mineral acid which consists of mixture of acids.
• Its pH is less than 7.

(d) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH):

• It is commonly called caustic soda and is a strong base, corrosive in nature.
• When added in water it dissociates completely to form Na+ and OH– ions.

• Its pH range is above 7.

• It is used in making soaps and detergents.

(e) Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3):

• It is commonly known as baking soda.
• It is a weak base, on dissolving in water it dissociates partially to form Na+ and
HCO3– ions.

• Its pH range is more than 7.

• It is used in making baking powder.

(f) Water (H20):

• It is neutral in nature and has pH 7 (at 25°C).
• It is a weak electrolyte.
• Its ionization is partial. On ionization it dissociates to equal number of H+ and OH– ions.

Extended Learning
> The pH of a substance depends on its temperature if the temperature changes the pH
shows variation.
> The pH of water at 25°C is 7.
> If the temperature of water increases its pH is less than 7 but the water is neutral. This
is because at higher temperature the water will dissociate more into ions.
> If the temperature of water decreases its pH is more than 7 but the water remains
neutral. This is because at lower temperature the water will dissociate less into ions.

pH in living system pH
Gastric acid 1
Human skin 5.5
Urine 6.0
Neutral H2O at 37°C 6.81
Blood 7.34-7.45
Pancreatic secretion 8.1
Cerebrospinal fluid 7.3
Saliva 6.0-8.0
pH of some common substances used in daily life.

[Link] Name pH Nature

1. Milk of Magnesia 10 Base

2. Milk 6.8 Acid

3. Lemon Juice 2.2 Acid

 4. Tomato Juice 4.2 Acid

5. Pure Distilled Water 7 Neutral

6. Coffee 5-6 Acid

7. Vinegar 3 Acid

Science Practicals Experiment 1

Aim
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator.

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid

(b) Dilute NaOH solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Theory

● pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] of a solution.

PH = – log10 [H+]
● Acids release H+ ions when dissolved in water.
● Bases release OH ions when dissolved in water.

pH scale: pH is normally measured in a range of 0-14. [Due to mathematical definition

and calculation it is possible to get negative pH and pH above 14]

If pH < 7 then it is acidic solution.

If pH > 7 then it is basic solution.
If pH = 7 then it is neutral.

● Components of Universal Indicator: Universal indicator consists of a mixture of

indicators such that there is a continuous colour change on slight change in pH. Some
important constituents of universal indicator are:

• Sodium hydroxide • Thymol blue

• Methyl red • Bromothymol blue
• Phenolphthalein • Propanol
● Acids convert blue litmus paper red. For example, HCl, CH3COOH, etc.
● Bases convert red litmus paper blue. For example, NaOH, NaHCO 3, etc.
● Neutral solutions have no affect on either blue or red litmus paper.

Materials Required
Six test tubes, six droppers, white tile, pH paper (with coloured chart strip of pH scale)
and test tube stand.

Set up of test the pH of different samples

Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute solution of sodium hydroxide,
dilute ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled water and dilute solution of sodium
bicarbonate.
Procedure
1. Take six test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place them on test tube stand.
2. Mark these test tubes as A, B, C, D, E and F.
3. Take 2 mL each of the above chemicals and add them to the test tubes marked.
Test tube A – add 2 mL of dil. HCI acid Test tube B – add 2 mL of dil. NaOH solution
Test tube C – add 2 mL of dil-. ethanoic acid Test tube D – add 2 mL of lemon juice
Test tube E – add 2 mL of distilled water Test tube F – add 2 mL of dil. sodium
bicarbonate solution
4. Take a white tile and place small strips of pH paper on it, mark them as A to F.
5. Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.
6. Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tubes A to F and pour a
drop of each content on marked pH paper respectively.
E.g., the contents of test tube A to be placed on the pH paper with label A.
7. Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with the colour pH chart
given. Record your observations.
Observations

Test tube Sample Colour of pH Paper Approximate pH Nature

A Dil. HCI Red colour 1 Strong acid
 B Dil. NaOH Dark blue colour 14 Strong base
C Dil. CH,COOH Orange colour 3 Weak acid
D Lemon juice Pink colour 2 Weak acid
E Water Green colour 7 Neutral
F Dil. NaHCO3 Light blue colour 9 Weak base
Conclusion

Test tube Sample

A Hydrochloric acid
B Sodium hydroxide
C Ethanoic acid
D Lemon juice
E Water (distilled)
F Sodium bicarbonate
Precautions

1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared and the firuit juice samples
should also be fresh.
2. Use clean and rinsed droppers.
3. Use clean test tubes and mark them carefully.
4. Rinse the test tubes and droppers with distilled water only.
5. Use clean tile.

Sources of Error

1. Be careful while using the dropper, ensure that everytime you use a clean
dropper.
2. Do not use tap water for rinsing, the pH may go wrong.

Science Lab Manual Viva Voce

Question 1:
What does “pH of a solution” mean?
Answer:
pH is defined as negative logarithm of the hydrogen ions concentration in a solution.

Question 2:
Name the scientist who introduced pH.
Answer:
Sorensen.
Question 3:
What is the pH of human blood?
Answer:
pH of human blood is 7.34 – 7.45.

Question 4:
What is the range of pH of human saliva?
Answer:
Range of pH of human saliva is 6.0-8.0.

Question 5:
Define ‘indicator’.
Answer:
It is a chemical which changes its colour when comes in contact with acid or base.

Question 6:
Name two synthetic indicators.
Answer:
Methyl orange and phenolphthalein.

Question 7:
Name two plants used to obtain natural indicators.
Answer:
Red cabbage and hibiscus.

Question 8:
Which method of measuring pH is more accurate?
Answer:
Using pH meter for measuring pH gives more accurate result.

Question 9:
If the water is heated and its temperature is increased to 50°C, what would be the pH of
water?
Answer:
At 50°C, the pH of water will be 6.55.

Question 10:
What are the components of universal indicator?
Answer:
Components of universal indicator are thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue,
phenolphthalein etc.
Question 11:
What will be the colour of the pH paper if the pH value is 7?
Answer:
The colour of pH paper when pH value is 7 will be green.

Question 12:
What will be the colour of pH paper when hydrochloric acid is added to it?
Answer:
On adding hydrochloric acid, the pH paper will obtain pink or red colour.

Chemistry Lab Manual Practical Based Questions:

Question 1:
What are strong acids?
Answer:
Those acids which release a large number of H+ ions are called strong acids.

Question 2:
How is pH paper made?
Answer:
A blotting paper is dipped in a universal indicator. When the paper absorbs the indicator
it is allowed to dry.

Question 3:
What is pH scale?
Answer:
The pH scale ranges from 0-14 and is used to measure the strength of acids and bases.

Question 4:
Give the use of pH in daily life.
Answer:
Use of antacid during indigestion, using toothpastes to prevent tooth decay, using
baking soda when stung by bee, etc.

Chemistry Lab Manual Practical Based Questions

Question 5:
Name two natural indicators.
Answer:
Litmus obtained from lichens and turmeric.

Question 6:
Why is the pH of water 7 at 25°C?
Answer:
pH of water is 7 at 25°C because both H+ ion concentration and OH concentration are
about 10-7 mol/dm3.

Question 7:
What is the application of pH?
Answer:
pH is used in medicine, agriculture, oceanography etc.

Question 8:
Name two chemicals which will turn pH paper into blue colour.
Answer:
The pH paper becomes blue when sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate solutions
are added to it.

Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
What do you mean by pH?
Answer:
pH is power of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Question 2:
What is the pH of pure water at 25°C (298 K)?
Answer:
The pH of pure water at 25°C is 7.

Question 3:
What according to you should be the pH of dil. HCl and dil. NaOH solutions? Observe
and explain your findings.
Answer:
The pH of dil. HC1 is less than 7 because when it is dissolved in water it dissociates to
release H+ ions.
The pH of dil. NaOH is more than 7 because when it is dissolved in water it dissociates
to release OH–ions.

Question 4:
On opening the soda water bottle the dissolved CO 2 comes out, would the pH of the
solution increase or decrease as the gas comes out? Explain your answer either way.
Answer:
Soda water bottle is carbonic acid with CO2 gas dissolved in it. Its pH is less than 7. But
when we open it the CO2 gas is released out and concentration of acid decreases.
Hence, the pH increases.
Science Practicals Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. Which one of the following is not required to find the pH of a solution?

(a) pH paper
(b) HCl
(c) Universal indicator
(d) Standard pH value chart.

2. Which one of the following solutions would you use to test the pH of a given sample?
(a) Blue litmus solution
(b) Red litmus solution
(c) Universal indicator solution
(d) Mixture of red and blue litmus solution.

3. Which of the following is not a component of universal indicator?

(a)Methyl red
(b) Thymol blue
(c) Safranin
(d) Phenolphthalein

4. Which of the following turns pH paper to red?

(a) Milk of magnesia
(b) Baking soda
(c) Oxalic acid solution
(d) NaCl solution.

5. If a pH indicator paper is dipped in a grape juice solution, what will be the possible
colour of the pH paper?
(a) Deep red
(b) Blue
(c) Orange
(d) Violet

6. The pH of water at 25°C and at 37°C will be respectively.

(a) 6.8 and 7
(b) 1 and 6.8
(c) 7.8 and 6
(d) 6 and 7.8

7. The nature of tea and coffee is:

(a) acidic
(b) highly acidic
(c) basic
(d) highly basic.

8. If pH of the solution changes from 6 to 4, the solution become:

(a) less basic
(b) less acidic
(c) more acidic
(d) neutral.

9. On adding few drops of milk in water, the pH of this solution will be:
(a) 7
(b) 6.8
(c) 8.4
(d) 10.3

10. The acid present in curd is:

(a) acetic acid
(b) oxalic acid
(c) lactic acid
(d) tartaric acid.

11. Water on ionization dissociates to form:

(a) [H+] and [OH–] ions
(b) [H3O+] and [OH–] ions
(c) both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) none of these.

Questions based on Observational Skills

[Link] sodium bicarbonate was placed on a strip of pH paper. The colour of the strip
(a) turned blue
(b) did not change
(c) turned green and then yellow
(d) turned light pink.

13. The two colours seen on the extreme ends of the pH chart are:
(a) red and blue
(b) red and green
(c) green and blue
(d) orange and green.
14. Solution of sodium bicarbonate was placed on a strip of pH paper. The colour of the
strip
(a) turned blue
(b) did not change
(c) turned green and suddenly yellow
(d) turned light pink

15. Observe the following figures and choose the correct option.

(a) pH of I is greater than II and IV.

(b) pH of I is less than 111 and IV.
(c) pH of IV is less than 1, II, III.
(d) pH of IV is the highest.

16. The colours obtained on a pH paper for a highly acidic, basic and neutral solutions
respectively are
(a) blue, orange, green
(b) yellow, blue, green
(c) red, blue, green
(d) red. green, blue.

17. A student tests the pH of distilled water using pH paper and observed green colour.
After adding a few drops of dilute NaOH solution, the pH was tested again. The colour
change now observed would be
(a) blue
(b) green
(c) red
(d) orange.

18. A student was given four unknown colourless samples labelled A, B, C and D. He
was asked to testtheirpH with pH paper. He observed the following colour changes:
A – light green B – dark red
C – light orange D – dark blue
The correct sequence of increasing order of pH of sample is:
(a) A < B < C < D (b) A<D<C<B
(c) C < B < A < D (d) B < C < A < D.
19. A student adds a few drops of universal indicator to a dilute solution of sodium
bicarbonate taken in a test tube.

Which of the following colours would be observed?

(a) Blue
(b) Green
(c) Mustard
(d) Yellow.

20. A student adds a few drops of universal indicator to a solution of dilute hydrochloric
acid in the way shown here. He would observe that the colour of the solution changes
from colourless to

(a) red
(b) yellow
(c) violet
(d) green.

21. A person X tested the pH of his saliva immediately after drinking coffee. The pH
range he got is:
(a) 2.0-3.0 (b) 13.0-14.0
(c) 8.0-9.0 (d) 6.0-7.0

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

22. A drop of liquid sample was put on the pH paper. The colour of the pH paper turned
blue. The liquid sample could be that of:
(a) lemon juice
(b) hydrochloric acid
(c) sodium bicarbonate solution
(d) ethanoic acid.

23. A colourless liquid sample was tested with pH paper strip. The colour of the strip
changed to green. The colourless liquid is
(a) tap water
(b) sodium bicarbonate solution
(c) lemon juice
(d) hydrochloric acid.

24. The colour of the pH paper strip turned red when it was dipped in a sample. The
sample could be of
(a) dilute sodium bicarbonate solution
(b) tap water
(c) dilute sodium hydroxide solution
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid.

25. On introducing a strip of pH paper in 1.0 ml of a given solution, the pH paper

changed to light red. The given solution could be of:
(a) sodium hydroxide
(b) sodium bicarbonate
(c) a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate
(d) ethanoic acid.

26. On putting a drop of liquid on a pH paper a student observes a small circular patch
of blue colour on the pH paper. The liquid is most probably:
(a) R,0
(b) HCl
(c) NaOH
(d) H2SO4

27. On introducing a strip of pH paper in 1.0 ml of a given solution the pH paper

changed to blue. The given solution could be of:
(a) lemon juice
(b) acid rain
(c) a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate
(d) acetic acid

28. A few drops of liquid X were added to distilled water. It was observed that the pH of
water decreased. The liquid X is
(a) lemon juice
(b) sugar solution
(c) common salt solution
(d) baking soda solution.

29. A moist litmus paper is introduced in a gas jar containing gas. After sometime, the
paper becomes colourless. The gas present in the jar is
(a) hydrogen
(b) carbon dioxide
(c) sulphur dioxide
(d) ammonia.

30. On putting a drop of liquid on a pH paper a student observes a small circular patch
of red colour on the pH paper. The liquid is most probably
(a) H2O
(b) HCl
(c) NaOH
(d) Na2CO3

31. A fruit juice is tested for its pH value. What could be the possible pH if the colour is
changed to yellow?
(a) Less than 3.5
(b) More than 7.5
(c) 7
(d) Between 5.5 and 6.5.

32. When a pH paper is dipped in a solution, the colour of the pH paper changes to
deep red. What will be the possible pH of the solution?
(a) 2
(b) 6
(c) 8
(d) none of these.

PH of Samples and behaviour using Blue Litmus Paper

33. A student placed a few drops of liquid over a portion of the blue litmus paper as
shown here. He observed that the blue litmus paper turned red. The liquid could be:

(a) dilute hydrochloric acid

(b) dilute sodium hydroxide
(c) dilute sodium bicarbonate solution
(d) water.

34. On adding a few drops of universal indicator to three unknown colourless solutions
P, Q and R, taken in three test tubes separately, as shown in the figure. A student
observed the changes in colour as green in (P), red in (Q) and violet in (R).

The decreasing order of pH of the solution taken is

(a) P > Q > R (b) R > P > Q
(c) Q > P > R (d) R > Q > P.

35. Four students were asked to test the pH of four samples as shown under. Whose
result is reported correctly?

Student Water Ethanoic acid HCl NaOH

(a) 7 1 1 1
(b) 7 3 1 1
(c) 7 1 1 13
(d) 7 3 1 13
36. In an experiment to test the pH, of a given sample using pH paper, four students
recorded the following observations. Which statement is incorrect?
Sample taken pH paper colour turned to
(I) Water blue
(II) Dil. HCl red
(III) Dil. NaOH blue
(IV) Dil. Acetic acid orange
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV.

37. What will be the pH of dil. HCl if its concentration is 0.01 M?

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4.

38. What is the pH of dil. NaOH if its concentration is 0.01M?

(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14.

39. On opening the soda water bottle what will be the pH of the solution when measured
after few minutes?
(a) pH increases
(b) pH decreases
(c) pH remains the same
(d) pH is 7.

40. If the pH paper colour is obtained orange on putting a drop of solution, the solution
is:
(a) acidic
(b) highly acidic
(c) basic
(d) highly basic.

Chemistry Practicals CBSE Class 10 Lab Manual Scoring Key

With Explanation
1. (b) HCl is not an indicator others are.
2. (c) pH can be tested by Universal indicator and not by litmus solutions.
3. (c) Safranin is used in stains and not in indicators.
4. (c) Acids turn pH paper red.
5. (c) Grape juice is weakly acidic in nature.
6. (b) pH of a sample decreases with increase in temperature.
7. (a) They are acidic in nature.
8. (c) Acids have lower pH.
9. (b) Milk is mild acidic.
10. (c) Milk and curd has lactic acid in it.
11. (c) Water has both the ions as given.
12. (h) In solid no ions are present, the litmus works only with ions which are present in
molten or in aqueous solution.
13. (a) The pH paper shows red colour for strong acids and blue colour for strong
bases.
14. (a) NaHCO3 is a strong base.
15. (d) pH of base is above 7 and higher than water or acid.
16. (c) Strong acid is red, neutral solution is green and strong base is blue with pH
paper.
17. (a) NaOH is a strong base. Hence, the color of pH paper is blue.
18. (d) The pH increases from acid to base and its color shade is from red to blue.
19. (a) Sodium bicarbonate is a base. Hence, the color observed is blue.
20. (a) Acids turn universal indicator to red.
21. (d) Coffee is slightly acidic in nature.
22. (c) It is base, rest all are acids.
23. (a) Water is neutral and the colour of pH paper for neutral solutions is green.
24. (d) Acids turn pH paper strip red.
25. (d) Rest all are bases. Acids change pH paper red.
26. (c) NaOH is base, and base turns pH paper into blue colour.
27. (c) pH paper is blue in base and rest are acids.
28. (a) Acid has pH range from 0-6. Hence, the pH will decrease with addition of acid in
water.
29. (c) Sulphur dioxide has bleaching effect.
30. (b) Only acids turn pH paper red.
31. (d) Yellow colour is given by weak acids which is present in fruits and are edible, the
pH range of weak acids is between 5 to 6.
32. (a) Deep red colour is seen at the ends of the pH paper and the pH range is 0-2.
33. (a) Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
34. (b) The pH value is above 7 for basic solutions, 7 for neutral solutions and is below
7 for acidic solutions.
35. (d) The pH value is above 7 for basic solutions, 7 for neutral solutions and is below
7 for acidic solutions.
36. (a) Water is neutral in nature. So, it turns pH paper green in colour.
37. (a) HC1 is a strong acid and pH = -log10[10-2]= 2.
38. (c) pOH = -log[OH] = -log[0.01] = -log[10-2]
Now, pH + pOH = 14
⇒ pH= 14-2=12
39. (a) The acidic gas is released out.
40. (a) Orange colour is given by acids.
 Types of Reactions

Types of Reactions Introduction

> Chemical reaction: The reaction in which two or more substances react to form a
new product with new properties is called a chemical reaction.
> Chemical reaction shows following properties:

1. The heat is evolved (either absorbed or released), bubbles may be given out, color
may change or the pH may change.
2. The reactants react to give a new product. This involves the breaking of old bonds
and formation of new bonds between the atoms.
3. The atoms of the reactant, either lose, gain or share electrons to form new
compounds.
4. The total mass of the atoms reacting in the reaction is always conserved. The atoms
are neither created nor destroyed, its mass and-number remains the same.

Types of chemical reactions: Combination reaction, decomposition reaction,

displacement reaction, double displacement reaction, exothermic and endothermic
reactions.
> Combination Reaction: When two or more reactants react together chemically to
form a single product, the reaction is called combination reaction. The reactants can be
two elements, an element and a compound or two compounds.

> Decomposition Reaction: When a compound breaks down to form simpler products,
the reaction is called decomposition reaction. Decomposition can occur due to heat,
light and electricity.

> Displacement Reaction: Metals have different reactivity, some are more reactive and
some are less reactive. When a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
from its salt solution, the chemical reaction is called displacement reaction.
> Double Displacement Reaction: When two salt solutions (containing two different
metallic ions) react with each other, the less reactive metallic ion is replaced by the
more reactive metallic ion. Due to the interchanging of ions two new salts are formed.
Such reaction is called double displacement reaction.
If the salt formed in the above reaction is insoluble in water then such reaction is called
precipitation reaction.

> Exothermic reaction: In a chemical reaction, when heat is released then it is called
exothermic reaction.

> Endothermic reaction: In a chemical reaction when heat is required for the chemical
reaction to take place then it is called endothermic reaction.

Extended learning
> SO2: Sulphur dioxide is a good reductant. In the presence of water, sulphur dioxide is
able to decolourize substances. Specifically, it is a useful for bleaching papers and
delicate materials such as clothes. Oxygen in the atmosphere reoxidizes the reduced
dyes, restoring the colour.
> SO3: Sulphur trioxide will cause serious bums on both inhalation and ingestion since it
is highly corrosive in nature. SO3 should be handled with extreme care as it reacts with
water violently and produces highly corrosive sulphuric acid.

Science Lab Manual Experiment 3

Aim
To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction.

1. Action of water on quick lime.

2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

Theory
Action of water on quick time
> Quick lime is calcium oxide (CaO). It combines with water to form calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2] also called as slaked lime.

> Two substances are combining to form one product, hence it is a combination
reaction.
> Heat is released in the reaction, hence it is called as exothermic reaction.
> Slaked lime solution turns red litmus blue, hence it is basic in nature.
> The freshly prepared slaked lime is also called as lime water.
> It turns milky when carbon dioxide gas is passed through it.

Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals

> Ferrous sulphate crystals are light green in colour. The colour is due to the water of
crystallization.
> On heating the crystals of ferrous sulphate, it undergoes following changes:

> The colour changes to brown and gases are released due to the formation of new
compounds.
> Single compound decomposes to form three new compounds, hence it is called as
decomposition reaction.
> SO2 and SO3 gas turns moist blue litmus paper into red, hence it is acidic in nature.
> SO2 shows reducing property: It changes the orange colour of acidified potassium
dichromate to green when SO2 gas is allowed to pass through it.
> Water of crystallisation is released by the crystals.
> SO2 gas has choking smell, do not inhale the gas, keep the mouth of the test tube
away from your face.
Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution

> Iron nails when kept in blue coloured solution of copper sulphate, shows following
changes:
(a) The blue colour solution changes slowly into light green colour.
(b) Fe2+ ions replace Cu2+ ions and form iron sulphate in the solution, hence, this is
called as displacement reaction.
(c) Iron nail gets the deposit of reddish copper ions on it.
(d) Fe atom forms Fe2+ ions by loss of electrons and undergoes oxidation and Cu2+ ions
gain electrons to become Cu atom and undergoes reduction.
Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions

> Sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution are colourless.
> Mixing of both the solutions gives white colour precipitate due to the formation of
barium sulphate
> The exchange of ions takes place in the reaction and is called as double displacement
reaction.
> Barium sulphate is insoluble in water and hence it forms precipitate.

Materials Required
A beaker, four test tubes, test tube holder, tongs, test tube stand, a dropper, a piece of
sand paper and bunsen burner. Chemicals required: A small piece of quick lime,
ferrous sulphate crystals, iron nails (clean and unrusted), copper sulphate solution,
sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution and distilled water.

Precautions

1. Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.

2. Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat, so add water drop
by drop and use borosil beaker.
3. For heating, use hard glass tubes.
4. Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
5. Do not touch any chemical with hands.
6. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while heating.
 7. The iron nails must be cleaned properly by using sand paper before dipping them
in copper sulphate solution.

Science Lab Manual Viva Voce

Question 1:
Give two examples of combination reaction.

Question 2:
When lead nitrate is mixed with potassium iodide solution, name the compound that is
formed and give yellow precipitate.
Answer:
When lead nitrate and potassium iodide are mixed, it forms lead iodide that is yellow
precipitate and the other product is potassium nitrate.

Question 3:
What happens if iron nail is dipped in green-coloured ferrous sulphate solution?
Answer:
There is no change.

Question 4:
What is blue vitriol and green vitriol?
Answer:
Blue vitriol is CuSO4.5H20
Green vitriol is FeSO4.7H20.

Question 5:
What is the chemical name and formula of lime?
Answer:
Calcium oxide, CaO.

Question 6:
Name the type of reaction when blue vitriol, i.e., CuSO 4.5H2O is heated.
Answer:
It is a decomposition reaction.

Question 7:
What is the chemical formula of limestone?
Answer:
Formula of limestone is CaCO3
Question 8:
FeSO4.7H2O is the formula for ferrous sulphate. What does 7H 2O stand for?
Answer:
7H2O is water of crystallisation, i.e., one molecule of FeSO4 needs seven water
molecules to form a crystal.

Question 9:
What is the nature of sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide gas?
Answer:
Both SO2 and SO3 are acidic in nature.

Question 10:
What is the colour of iron and copper metal?
Answer:
The iron metal is grey in colour and copper metal is reddish-brown in colour.

Question 11:
Give the balanced chemical equation to show the reaction between sodium sulphate
and barium chloride.
Answer:

Science Lab Manual Practical Based Questions

Question 1:
State three types of decomposition reaction.
Answer:
Three types of decomposition reaction are due to

Question 2:
Barium chloride solution mixes with sodium sulphate solution to form a white precipitate.
The precipitate occurs due to which salt.
Answer:
The white precipitate occurs due to formation of barium sulphate.

Question 3:
What happens when zinc is added to blue colour copper sulphate?
Answer:
The blue-coloured copper sulphate becomes colourless.
Question 4:
Iron nail is dipped in blue-coloured copper sulphate solution. What are the
observations?
Answer:
Iron nail gets reddish-brown coating and the blue-coloured copper sulphate solution
becomes green.

Question 5:
If you add water in lime (CaO), what changes will you observe?
Answer:
The reaction between lime (CaO) and water is highly exothermic. Large amount of heat
is released with the formation of Ca(OH) 2 slaked lime.

Question 6:
State the condition necessary for displacement reaction.
Answer:
Displacement reaction is possible only when a more reactive metal displaces the less
reactive metal.

Question 7:
Name the colour of the gas formed when lead nitrate is heated.
Answer:
Brown colour gas of nitrogen dioxide is formed.

Question 8:
What is the chemical formula of lime water? What is it commonly called?
Answer:
The chemical formula of lime water is Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 is commonly called as slaked
lime.

Question 9:
Carbon dioxide gas should be passed through lime water only for a short duration.
Explain why?
Answer:
Less carbon dioxide gas will turn lime water milky but excess of CO2 gas will make it
colourless.

Question 10:
What is the chemical obtained when excess CO2 is passed through lime water?
Answer:
On passing excess of CO2 gas through lime water, calcium bicarbonate (CaHCO 3 ) is
formed which is soluble in water.
Question 11:
What happens when sodium sulphate and barium chloride solution react together?
Answer:
Sodium chloride and a white precipitate of barium sulphate are formed.

Question 12:
What do you mean by an aqueous solution?
Answer:
The solution that is made in water is called as an aqueous solution.

Question 13:
What do you mean by precipitate solution?
Answer:
When the solution obtained is not soluble in water, then we say precipitate is obtained.

Question 14:
Name the products obtained on decomposition of ferrous sulphate crystals.
Answer:
On decomposition of ferrous sulphate crystals, the products obtained are Fe 2O3, SO2,
SO3 and 14H20, i.e., Iron oxide, sulphur dioxide, sulphur trioxide and water.

Science Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
Why does the colour of copper sulphate change, when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Answer:
On adding iron nail in copper sulphate the displacement reaction takes place. Iron being
more reactive than copper displaces copper to form green solution of iron sulphate and
copper (pinkish brown) metal is displaced.

Question 2:
How would you devise the procedure to show that Mg > Fe > Cu in reactivity series?
Answer:
Step 1: Add Mg metal in ferrous sulphate, taken in one test tube and to copper sulphate
taken in another test tube, wait for some time and note the observations.
Step 2: Add Fe metal in magnesium sulphate taken in one test tube and to copper
sulphate taken in another test tube, wait for some time and record the observations.
Step 3: Add Cu metal in a test tube with magnesium sulphate and to other test tube
with ferrous sulphate in it. Observe and record.
You will note that magnesium can displace Fe and Cu from their salt solutions, Fe can
displace only copper from its salt solution and Cu cannot displace any of the metals
from the salt solutions.
Hence, the reactivity can be checked and proved that Mg is the most reactive metal and
copper is the least reactive metal among Mg, Fe and Cu.
Question 3:
What is the basic principle involved in this experiment?
Answer:
The more reactive metal can displace the less reactive metal.

Question 4:
Why the following reaction does take place?

Answer:
Chlorine is more reactive than iodine, hence it displaces the iodide ions from its
aqueous solution and release iodine.

Question 5:
Sodium sulphate and barium chloride are ________ (ionic/covalent) compounds.
Answer:
Ionic.

Question 6:
As the white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed ___________
(immediately/sometime after mixing
the two solutions), the reaction between ___________ (ionic/covalent) compounds is
___________ (instantaneous/slow).
Answer:
immediately, ionic, instantaneous.

Question 7:
What may happen on mixing Pb(NO3)2 and KCl solutions? Predict (you may try to
experimentally verify).
Answer:
The displacement reaction takes place and yellow colour precipitate of lead iodide is
formed.

Question 8:
What are the industrial applications of the type of reaction being studied?
Answer:
These reactions are used in the extraction of metals in industries. These reactions are
also helpful in packaging, food processing industries.
Science Lab Manual Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. The addition of water in lime is

(a) endothermic reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) exothermic reaction
(d) displacement reaction.

2. The compound also known as blue vitriol is

3. The chemical formula for lime is

4. The chemical formula for slaked lime is

5. The chemical formula of lead nitrate is:

6. The reaction of water and quick lime is an example of

(a) combination reaction
(b) exothermic reaction
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.

7. How many water molecules are present in a crystal of copper sulphate molecule?
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 2
(d) 3.
8. How many water molecules are present in a crystal of ferrous sulphate molecule?
(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 7
(d) 10.

9. Which of the following is an endothermic reaction?

10. What is the colour of FeSO4.7H2O?

(a) blue
(b) green
(c) white
(d) brown.

11. What is the colour of CuSO4.5H2O?

(a) blue
(b) green
(c) white
(d) yellow.

12. Four students used different ways of burning magnesium ribbon during an
experiment as shown below.
The correct way has been followed by student:

Science Lab Manual Questions based on Observational Skills

13. The copper coin is dipped in blue coloured copper sulphate solution, the colour
obtained after half an hour is
(a) reddish
(b) brownish
(c) colourless
(d) blue colour.

14. When iron nail js kept in blue coloured copper sulphate solution, after a while the
colour obtained in the test tube for the solution is
(a) blue
(b) brown
(c) green
(d) red.

15. On adding zinc granules to freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution a student
observes that:
(a) a dull brown coating is formed
(b) a black coating is formed
(c) a greyish coating is formed
(d) no coating is formed.
16. A student strongly heats hydrated ferrous sulphate salt in a dry test tube. He would
observe a:
(a) yellow residue
(b) brown residue
(c) light green residue
(d) white residue

17. A student while heating solid lead nitrate taken in a test tube would observe:
(a) white residue of PbO2
(b) green residue of NO2
(c) yellow residue of PbO
(d) brown residue of NO.

18. A student took solid quick lime in a china dish and added a small amount of water.
He heard:
(a) a popping sound
(b) a crackling sound
(c) a hissing sound
(d) no sound at all.

19. The colour of the gas evolved on heating solid lead nitrate is:
(a) yellow
(b) brown
(c) greenish-yellow
(d) green.

20. When a cleaned iron nail is placed in copper sulphate solution, the colour of the
solution changes to:
(a) blue
(b) red
(c) pale violet
(d) pale green.

21. When zinc granules are dipped in blue coloured copper sulphate solution, the colour
of solution obtained is:
(a) blue
(b) yellow
(c) colourless
(d) brown.

22. In the reaction of sodium sulphate and barium chloride the colour of the precipitate
formed is
(a) yellow
(b) green
(c) white
(d) black.

23. An iron nail was dipped in a salt solution. After sometime a reddish brown deposition
of the nail was seen. The salt solution could be
(a) Silver nitrate
(b) Sodium sulphate
(c) Aluminium chloride
(d) Copper sulphate

24. The colour of the residue left in the test tube after heating ferrous sulphate which
undergoes decomposition is:
(a) yellowish-brown
(b) black
(c) white
(d) grey.

25. When ferrous sulphate is heated strongly name the gas evolved?

26. On heating ferrous sulphate one would get

(a) sweet smell
(b) rotten egg smell
(c) irritating choking smell
(d) none of the above

Science Lab Manual Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation

Skills
27. On adding water to lime we get:

28. On passing CO2 gas through slaked lime we get

29. On strong heating of ferrous sulphate crystals the products formed are:

30. Magnesium metal burns in air with dazzling white flame. The type of chemical
reaction seen is
(a) combination reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) double decomposition.

31. The reaction of sodium sulphate and barium chloride produces a precipitate, the
product formed that gives ppt. is
(a) sodium chloride
(b) barium sulphate
(c) barium sulphide
(d) none of these.

Science Lab Manual Scoring Key With Explanation

1. (c) Lime is calcium oxide and it releases heat when reacted with water.
2. (b) Copper sulphate crystals are blue in colour.
3. (c) Lime is calcium oxide.
4. (a) Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide.
5. (d) The valency of lead is 2 and nitrate ion is 1.
6. (c) Calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide and heat is
released.
7. (a) It is water of crystallization which is constant for each salt.
8. (c) It is water of crystallization which is constant for each salt.
9. (a) Heat is used for the reaction to occur.
10. (b) Ferrous salts are green in colour.
11. (a) Copper salts are blue in colour.
12. (c) Magnesium ribbon is to be burnt directly on the burner using tongs.
13. (d) Blue colour remains the same as copper and copper salt solution shows
equilibrium.
14. (c) Fe is more reactive than Cu and can displace it.
15. (c) Zinc will displace Fe from its solution. The colour of Fe is greyish-black.
16. (b) FeO is formed which is brown in colour.
17. (c) Lead nitrate decomposes to form lead oxide which is yellow in colour.
18. (b) Highly exothermic reaction has occurred.
19. (b) Nitrogen dioxide gas is released which is brown in colour.
20. (d) Iron will displace Cu to form green colour iron sulphate.
21. (c) Zinc will displace Cu from copper sulphate solution and zinc salt solutions are
colourless.
22. (c) Barium sulphate is white precipitate.
23. (d) The salt solution should be copper sulphate (CuSO4). Iron displaces copper from
its salt solution as a result of which a reddish-brown layer of Cu is deposited on iron
nail.
24. (a) Iron oxide is formed which is brownish in colour.

25.
26. (c) It is a decomposition reaction in which SO2 and SO3 are liberated which are
choking.
27. (a) Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide.
28. (a) Calcium hydroxide reacts with CO2 to form calcium carbonate.
29. (d) Ferrous sulphate crystals decomposes to form these products.
30. (a) Mg bums in air to combine with oxygen and forms MgO.
31. (b) Double displacement reaction is seen.
 Reactivity Series

Introduction
Reactivity of elements
> The atoms of the elements in the periodic table react with each other to form new
compounds (except noble gases). The atoms react due to its tendency to lose, gain or
share electrons.
> Metals: The atoms of metal will always lose electrons to form positive ions called
cations. If the atom readily loses electron at room temperature it is said to be reactive
metal than the metal whose atom does not readily lose electron at the room
temperature.
> Non-Metals: The atoms of non-metals gains or shares electrons to form negative ions
called anions, the atoms of non-metals if readily gains electrons it is said to be more
reactive.
> Speed of reaction: We can calculate the speed of reaction of metals by allowing
them to react with water at room temperature and collect the hydrogen gas obtained. If
the temperature of water, the amount of metal and the amount of water is kept constant,
the rate of reactivity can be calculated.

Why displacement reaction?

> To arrange the metals in the increasing or decreasing order of their reactivity one of
the commonly used experiment is by checking their displacement rate. This is a reliable
technique used, because aluminium is actually a reactive metal but due to the protective
coating of aluminium oxide on it, the results may show that aluminium’s reactivity rate is
slow.
> Hence the displacement reaction is used to arrange the metals in the reactivity series.

Metal Displacement Reactions

> A more reactive metal will displace (take the place of) a less reactive metal in a metal
salt solution.

Non-Metal Displacement Reactions

> This is similar to the metal displacement reactions. In case of halogens, more reactive
non-metal will displace the less reactive one from its place.

Metal displacement

> For example, in a given chemical reaction:

> Copper (II) sulphate is blue in colour. When iron nail is dipped in this solution, reaction
takes place and blue colour disappears and turns greenish and the iron metal gets
coated with pink-brown copper metal.
> A more reactive metal will always displace a less reactive metal.
> If a less reactive metal is added to a more reactive metal salt solution then there will
be no reaction.
> For example, iron is less reactive than zinc.
Iron + Zinc sulphate —> No reaction.
> In displacement reactions, the metals compete for the non-metal anion. Here, in the
above reaction it is S042- ion.
> The order of the metals in the reactivity series can be worked out by using these type
of reactions.

Reactivity series
> The arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their reactivity is called reactivity
series or activity series of metals.

Mnemonic Element Symbol Reactivity

Put Potassium K As you can see these metals (excluding

carbon, as carbon is used for the reduction of

Some Sodium Na metal from metal oxide ore, all metals below

Light Lithium Li carbon are reduced by it) are above

Color Calcium Ca hydrogen in the reactivity series so they react

Metal Magnesium Mg with acids and displace hydrogen gas.

Around Aluminium Al
Metal + Acid —> Metal salt + Hydrogen
Carbon Carbon C

Zone Zinc Zn

In Iron Fe

The Tin Sn

Light Lead Pb
 Here Hydrogen H H+ ions are responsible for acidic properties.

Comes Copper Cu These elements are below hydrogen so they

Metals Mercury Hg do not react with acids. (Acids contain

Silver Silver Ag H+ ions)

Gold Gold Au
Exception: Copper reacts with concentrated
Platinum Platinum Pt
nitric acid, the nitrate ions oxidize copper.

Note: When metals react with nitric acid they do not release hydrogen gas (except
magnesium and manganese) because nitric acid acts as a strong oxidizing agent.

EXPERIMENT 4
Aim
(i) To observe the action ofZn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.)
(b) FeSO4(aq.)
(c) CuSO4 (aq.)
(d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
(ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the
above result.

Theory
> Reactivity series: The arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their reactivity is
called reactivity series. The most reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from
its salt solution.
> Metal salts are coloured

> Reaction of Metals with Salt Solution

(i) Salt solution CuSO4.

As Al, Zn and Fe can displace Cu from its salt solution hence, all three are more
reactive than Cu.
(ii) Salt solution FeSO4.

As Zn and Al can displace Fe from its salt solution hence, Zn and A1 are more reactive
than Fe but Cu is less reactive than Fe.
(iii) Salt solution ZnSO4.

As only Al metal displaces Zn from its salt solution hence, Al is the most reactive metal
among Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

Materials Required
Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper sulphate solution, zinc
sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution, metal strips of iron, zinc; copper and
aluminium.
Procedure
> Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tubes A, B,
C and D respectively.
5. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu. Hence, Cu is the least
reactive metal among the given four metals.
> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tube A, B, C
and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tube A, B, C and D
respectively.
4. Record your observations.
Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tubes A, B, C and D
respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the given metals i.e. Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.

Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt solution, hence, Al is at the
top of the reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal could displace it. Hence,
the reactivity order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution but Cu cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

I. CuSO4 solution in each test tube.

II. FeSO4 solution in each test tube.

III. ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.

IV. Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.

Precautions
1. Clean the metals by rubbing them with a piece of sand paper before dipping them in
the salt solutions.
2. Wash the test tubes after every set of observations of interaction of a particular metal
with the four salt solution.
3. Use very little amount of saturated solution of copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate,
iron sulphate and zinc sulphate.
4. Use very small pieces of metal every time.
5. Do not touch any chemical.

Viva Voce
Question 1:
What is the colour of copper sulphate solution?
Answer:
The colour of copper sulphate solution is blue.

Question 2:
What is the colour of iron sulphate solution?
Answer:
The colour of iron sulphate solution is green.

Question 3:
When we add Fe in FeSO4 solution, no change is seen. Why?
Answer:
It is because Fe does not react with FeSO4 solution.

Question 4:
Name one metal which when added to blue CuSO4 solution changes it to green colour.

Answer:
Iron metal reacts with blue-coloured copper sulphate solution and changes it into green
colour.

Question 5:
What is the colour of Al 2(SO4)3 solution?
Answer:
Al2(SO4)3 solution is colourless.

Question 6:
Complete the given chemical equation Fe(s) + CuSO 4(aq) —>
Answer:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) —> FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Practical Based Questions

Question 1:
What is the activity series of metals?
Answer:
The arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called activity
series of metals.

Question 2:
What is displacement reaction?
Answer:
When a more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution, it is
called displacement reaction.

Question 3:
What happens when a piece of zinc metal is introduced into a freshly prepared solution
of ferrous sulphate?
Answer:
The colour of ferrous sulphate solution is green and when zinc is added to it the colour
fades and becomes colourless.

Question 4:
What happens when Fe (Iron) metal is added to blue colour copper sulphate solution?
Answer:
Iron metal reacts with copper sulphate solution to displace copper and form iron
sulphate that is green in colour.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) —> FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Question 5:
What happens when A1 metal is added to copper sulphate solution?
Answer:
Al metal reacts with copper sulphate solution to form aluminium sulphate and copper
metal is displaced.

Question 6:
Name the least reactive metal among the following: Fe, Zn, Al.
Answer:
Fe is the least reactive metal among Fe, Zn, and AT

Question 7:
What will happen if Fe metal is added to ZnSO 4 solution?
Answer:
No reaction will take place, as Fe metal is less reactive than Zn.

Question 8:
Arrange the given metals in the reactivity series:
Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Al
Answer:
The reactivity series of metals is
Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu

Question 9:
Name some metals that will react with aluminium sulphate solution, i.e., Al 2(SO4)3.
Answer:
Metals like calcium, sodium and magnesium will react with aluminium sulphate solution.

Question 10:
When you keep aluminium strip in FeSO4 solution, what change is seen?
Answer:
Aluminium is more reactive than Fe hence it displaces Fe from FeS04 and green colour
of FeSO4disappears.

Question 11:
Why is Fe metal more reactive than copper metal?
Answer:
Fe readily loses electrons as compared to copper. Hence, it is more reactive than
copper metal.

Question 12:
How can you test that a given sample contains water or not?
Answer:
On heating copper sulphate crystals the blue colour of copper slowly changes to light
blue and then colourless. The water droplets are collected on the inner part of the test
tube.

Question 14:
It is regarded that each molecule of copper sulphate crystals at room temperature
contains five water molecules as water of crystallisation. Do you see any difference in
them? (Hint: Look at the dehydration reaction of copper sulphate)
Answer:
In one molecule of copper sulphate, five water molecules are present to form crystal.
The blue colour of the crystals is due to these five water molecules. But, in anhydrous
copper sulphate the water molecules are not present.

NCERT Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change, when an iron nail is dipped in
it?
Answer:
The iron nail reacts with copper sulphate displace copper and form iron sulphate . Due
to the displacement reaction the blue colour of copper sulphate changes to green colour
of iron sulphate.

Question 2:
How would you devise the procedure to show that Mg > Fe > Cu in reactivity series?
What is the basic principle involved in this Experiment?
Answer:
I will react each metal (Mg, Fe and Cu) with the salt solutions of Mg, Fe and Cu. The
metal that will displace two metal ions from the salt solutions will be the most reactive
and the one which will not show any colour change in the solutions is the least reactive.
Principle: The most reactive metal will displace the less reactive metal.

Question 3:
Why does the following reaction takes place?
2I– (aq) + Cl2 (aq) —> 2l– (aq) + I2 (solvated)
Answer:
This is the displacement reaction seen among halogens. Chlorine is more reactive than
iodine and hence it displaces iodide ion.

Question 4:
In the following reaction, A and B are metals. BX is a salt of metal B.
A + BX —> AX + B
Which one of the two metals is more reactive? Give reason.
Answer:
Metal A is more reactive than B, because metal A displaces metal B from its salt
solution.

Question 5:
Name any two metals that are more reactive than iron.
Answer:
Zinc and magnesium.

Question 6:
Why did the colour of copper (II) sulphate solution, change, when zinc metal was dipped
in it?
Answer:
Zinc is more reactive than copper and displaces copper from its solution. Hence, the
blue colour of copper sulphate solution becomes colourless.

Question 7:
What is your observation when copper is added in iron (II) sulphate solution?
Answer:
Copper is less reactive than iron and cannot displace iron from iron sulphate solution
and there is no colour change.
Question 8:
Why can we safely preserve iron (II) sulphate in a copper vessel whereas the same
can’t be safely preserved in zinc vessel?
Answer:
Copper is less reactive than iron and cannot react with iron sulphate. Whereas zinc is
more reactive than iron and hence it can react with iron sulphate.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills
1. When an iron strip was placed in the copper sulphate
solution, the time required for the colour of the solution to change from blue to green will
be less if:
(a) it is cooled
(b) it is shaken
(c) it is kept undisturbed
(d) it is heated.

2. The colour of zinc sulphate solution is

(a) white
(b) green
(c) yellow
(d) colourless.

3. Which of the following reaction will not occur?

(a) Al + ZnSO4
(b) Zn + ZnSO4
(c) Cu + ZnSO4
(d) Mg + ZnSO4.

4. Which of the following reaction will take place?

(a) Fe + FeSO4
(b) Cu + FeSO4
(c) Au + FeSO4
(d) Mg + ZnSO4.

5. To show that zinc is more reactive than copper, the correct procedure is to
(a) prepare copper sulphate solution and dip a zinc strip in it.
(b) prepare copper sulphate solution and dip a copper strip in it.
(c) heat zinc and copper strips.
(d) add dilute nitric acid on both the strips.

6. On adding iron strip in copper sulphate solution, the reaction takes long time, to make
it happen fast we can:
(a) add more iron strips
(b) add more copper sulphate solution
(c) heat the container of reactants
(d) heat iron and add in copper sulphate.

7. You are given two test tubes A and B, with solutions ZnS04 and A12(S04)3, both are
colourless. To identify the solutions,
(a) add Zn in test tube A and B
(b) add A1 in test tube A and B
(c) first add Zn and then A1 in test tubes A and B
(d) all the above are correct.

8. Two metals which can displace iron from its solution are:
(a) copper and zinc
(b) zinc and tin
(c) silver and aluminium
(d) zinc and aluminium.

9. P + QR → PQ + R. In the above reaction,

(a) Q displaces P
(b) R is displaced by P
(c) P displaces Q
(d) R displaces Q.

10. Two beakers A and B contain Iron (II) sulphate solution. In the beaker A is placed a
small piece of copper and in the beaker B is placed a small piece of zinc. It is found that
a grey deposit forms on the zinc but not on the copper. From these observations it can
be concluded.
(a) Zinc is most active metal followed by iron and copper.
(b) Zinc is most active metal followed by copper and then iron.
(c) Iron is most active metal followed by zinc and then copper.
(d) Iron is most active metal followed by copper and then zinc.

Questions based on Observational Skills

11. A student took Cu, Fe, Zn and Al strips separately in four test tubes labelled I, II, III
and IV respectively. He added 10 mL of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution to
each test tube as shown below:
Black residue would be obtained in test tubes:
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) II and III (d) III and IV.

12. Aluminium powder was added to a solution of copper sulphate. The colour of the
solution changed from:
(a) colourless to blue
(b) blue to colourless
(c) light green to blue
(d) reddish-brown to light green.

13. The colour of the coating obtained on a zinc rod on dipping in aqueous copper
sulphate solution will be
(a) blue (b) brown
(c) white (d) green.

14. Which one is not observed when aluminium is added to a solution of copper
sulphate?
(a) The solution is blue in the beginning.
(b) The final solution becomes colourless.
(c) The final solution becomes light green.
(d) A brown mass is deposited on the surface of aluminium.

15. Copper turnings were added to colourless salt solution. After 10 minutes it was
observed that the colourless solution turned to a coloured solution and a shiny metal
deposition appears. The colour of the solution and that of the metal would respectively
be
(a) yellow and Zn (b) green and Fe (c) red and Sn (d) blue and Ag.

16. Iron filings were added to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate. After some time,
on observation, it was found that the colour of the solution has changed from
(a) blue to pale green (b) blue to dark green (c) blue to colourless (d) blue to reddish-
brown.
17. Zinc granules were added to zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate
and iron sulphate solutions as shown below. You would observe the deposition of metal
on zinc in test tubes

(a) I and III (b) II and IV

(c) I and II (d) III and IV.

18. A student added a piece of zinc metal in four different test tubes containing different
solutions. In which test tube he observed no change?
(a) Test tube with CuSO4 solution
(b) Test tube with AgNO3 solution
(c) Test tube with ZnSO4 solution
(d) Test tube with FeSO4 solution.

19. A student performed the following four experiments:

He would find the formation of solid deposition on

metal in experiments
(a) II, III (b) I, III
(c) I, II, III (d) II, III, IV.

20. A piece of granulated zinc was dropped into copper sulphate solution. After some
time, the colour of the solution changed from
(a) light green to blue
(b) blue to colourless
(c) light green to colourless
(d) blue to yellow.
21. A strip of copper was placed in a beaker containing zinc sulphate solution. On
observing the strip the next day, it was noticed that
(a) the copper strip remained as it was
(b) the copper strip became thinner
(c) the copper strip became thicker
(d) the colour of the strip changed.

22. When a few crystals of copper sulphate are dissolved

in water, the colour of the solution obtained would be:
(a) green (b) red
(c) blue (d) brown.

23. Iron filings were added to a solution of copper sulphate. After 10 minutes, it was
observed that blue colour of the solution changes and a layer gets deposited on iron
filings. The colour of the solution and that of the coating would respectively be
(a) yellow and green
(b) brown and blue
(c) red and greenish-blue
(d) green and reddish-brown.

24. Iron spoon was placed in a glass container holding zinc sulphate solution. What is
the right observation?
(a) Zinc sulphate will become green.
(b) Glass container will get cracks.
(c) Iron spoon will get holes in it.
(d) Iron spoon will not show any change.

25. When an aluminium strip is kept immersed in freshly prepared ferrous sulphate
solution taken in a test tube, the change observed is
(a) the green solution slowly turns blue.
(b) the lower end of the test tube becomes slightly warm.
(c) a colourless gas with a smell of burning sulphur is observed.
(d) light green solution changes to blue.

26. Solutions of FeSO4, ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions were separately taken in
four test tubes and some iron nails were placed in each of the solutions. After a few
minutes, it would be observed that the colour of
(a) all the four solutions changed.
(b) solution of ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 changed and that of FeSO4 did not change.
(c) solution of ZnSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 only changed.
(d) copper sulphate solution only changed.

27. When you place iron nail in copper sulphate solution, the reddish brown coating
formed on the nail is
(a) soft and dull.
(b) hard and flaky.
(c) smooth and shining
(d) rough and granular.

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

28. 10 mL of freshly prepared iron sulphate was taken in

each of four test tubes. Strips of copper, iron, zinc and aluminium were introduced, each
metal in a different test tube. A black residue was obtained in two of them.
The right pair of metals forming the precipitates is
(a) Copper and zinc
(b) aluminium and copper
(c) iron and aluminium
(d) zinc and aluminium

29. Four students were assigned separately the experiment of interaction of an iron nail
with a solution of copper sulphate. Each group recorded the observations as [ given
below in the table. Which group of students recorded the observations correctly?

30. A student took four test tubes containing solutions of different colours marked I, II,
III, and IV as shown below. The test tubes containing copper sulphate solution and
ferrous sulphate solution could be the tubes:
31. Four students A, B, C and D noted the initial colour of the solutions in test tubes I. II,
III and IV. After inserting
zinc rod in each solution and leaving it undisturbed for two hours, they noted the colour
of each solution again.

They recorded their observations in the form of table given below:

Students Colour of solution I II III IV

A Initial Colourless Colourless Light green Blue
Final Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless

B Initial Colourless Light yellow Light green Blue

Final Colourless Colourless Light green Colourless

C Initial Colourless Colourless Light green Blue

Final Light blue Colourless Colourless Light blue

D Initial Light green Colourless Light green Blue

Final Colourless Colourless Dark green Colourless

Which student noted the colour change in all the four test tubes correctly?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D.

32. Aluminium sulphate and copper sulphate solutions were taken in two test tubes I
and II respectively. A few pieces of iron filings were then added to both the solutions.
The four students A, B, C and D recorded their observations in the form of a table as
given below.
 Students (I) Al2(SO4)3 Solution (II) Copper Sulphate Solution

A Colourless solution changes to light green Blue colour of the solution is retained.

B Colourless solution remains unchanged Blue solution changes to green.

C Colourless solution changes to light blue Blue colour changes to light green.

D Colourless solution remains unchanged Blue colour of the solution fades away.

The correct set of observations have been recorded by student

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D.

Scoring Key With Explanaion

1. (d) Heat increases the rate of reaction.
2. (d) Zinc salt solutions are colourless.
3. (c) Cu is less reactive than Zn.
4. (d) Mg is more reactive than Zn.
5. (a) This will show displacement reaction.
6. (c) Increase in temperature speeds up the reaction.
7. (d) All tests will help in identifying the solutions.
8. (d) Both are more reactive than Fe.
9. (b) R is removed from the compound and exists freely.
10. (a) Copper does not react, but zinc reacts with ferrous sulphate solution.
Thus, zinc is more reactive followed by iron and copper.
11. (d) Zn and Al are more reactive than Fe and can displace it.
12. (b) Copper salt is blue in colour and aluminium salts are colourless.
13. (b) Cu is displaced by Zn which is brown in colour.
14. (c) Aluminium salt is colourless and not green in colour.
15. (d) Copper is more reactive than Ag.
16. (a) Fe displaces copper ions.
17. (b) Zinc is more reactive than Cu and Fe.
18. (c) Equilibrium is seen.
19. (c) As per reactivity series.
20. (b) Zinc salt solutions are not coloured.
21. (a) Copper is less reactive than zinc.
22. (c) Cu salt is blue coloured.
23. (d) Ferrous salts are green.
24. (d) Iron is less reactive than Zn.
25. (b) It shows thermite reaction and heat is evolved.
26. (d) Cu is the least reactive metal and can be displaced by all the metals given.
27. (a) The freshly deposited copper is soft and dull.
28. (d) Zinc and alufninium being more reactive will replace iron from iron sulphate.
29. (d) Fe will displace Cu ions to give green colour solution and Cu metal is brown
coated.
30. (d) Copper sulphate is blue and ferrous sulphate is green in colour.
31. (a) In first two test tubes, the metal will not react but in other two it will react.
32. (b) Fe is less reactive than Al but more reactive than Cu. Hence, displacement
reaction will occur.
 Properties of Acids and Bases

Introduction
Acids

> Acids: Acids are defined as proton donors because they lose H + ions.
> Arrhenius definition for acids: Substances which ionizes in water and releases H + ions.
> All acids have hydrogen ions, in it. For e.g., HC, HNO3.
> Acids can be categorized depending on the number of H + ions released by it.
> If an acid releases one H+ ion, it is called monobasic acid, e.g., HCl, HNO3,
CH3COOH.
> If an acid releases two H+ ions, it is called dibasic acid, e.g., H2SO4, H2CO3.
> They can also be categorized based on the extent of their splitting into ions, when
dissolved in water.
> If an acid dissociates (splits) completely into ions it is called strong acid, e.g.,
sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
> If an acid dissociates partially, it is called a weak acid, e.g., acetic acid and citric acid.
> Acids when dissolved in water release large amount of heat. If water is added to
concentrated acid then the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and
cause bums. Hence to avoid burns acid must be added drop wise into water with
constant stirring. So that the heat generated spread over in water.

Acid + Water —> Highly exothermic reaction

Experimental behaviour of acids

> It turns blue litmus red and shows the pH range less than 7.
> On splitting, the H+ ions can be replaced by positive ions like ammonium ions, metals
ions and other metal compounds like metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate and
metal hydrogen carbonate.
Bases

> Arrhenius definition of a base: Substance that releases OH– ions when dissolved in
water.
> When the base dissolves in water it is called an alkali.
> Alkalis can be categorized as strong or weak alkali, based on the extent of their
splitting into ions, when dissolved in water.
> If an alkali dissociates (splits) completely into ions it is called strong alkali, e.g.,
sodium hydroxide.
> If an alkali dissociates partially, it is called a weak alkali, e.g., ammonium hydroxide.

Experimental Behaviour of Bases

It changes red litmus blue. Its pH is more than 7.
> When bases react with metals they do not release hydrogen gas. But few exceptional
cases are there. For e.g., when sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc metal it releases
hydrogen gas.

Hydrogen gas test: To test the hydrogen gas released in an experiment, bring a
burning splinter near the mouth of
the test tube/container from which the hydrogen gas is released. Observation: The
splinter burns with the pop sound.

> Carbon dioxide gas test: To test the carbon dioxide gas, allow the gas to pass
through freshly prepared lime water.
Observation: The freshly prepared lime water turns milky.

Action of acid and base on indicators:

Indicators Acidic Solution Basic Solution Neutral Solution

Blue litmus Red No change No change

Red litmus No change Blue No change

Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange

Phenolphthalein Colourless Red or Pink Colourless

Neutralisation Reaction: Acids and bases react with each other to produce salt and
water.

Science Lab Manual Experiment 2

Aim
To study the properties of acids and bases (dilute HCl and dilute NaOH) by their
reaction with
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc metal (c) Solid sodium carbonate

Theory
Hydrochloric acid
> Chemical formula of hydrochloric acid is HCl.
> When it is dissolved in water; releases H+(aq) ions, these H+ ions cannot exist alone.
Hence, it combines with water to form H3O+ (aq) ions.

> The acidic property is seen due to this H+(aq) ions/H3O+ ions.

Properties of hydrochloric acid

> It turns blue litmus solution red.

> Hydrochloric acid reacts with metals to release hydrogen gas.

> Test for H2 gas: When a burning splinter is brought near the mouth of test tube
releasing H2 gas, it bums with a ‘pop sound’.
> Hydrochloric acid react with sodium carbonate to release CO 2 gas.

> Test for CO2 gas: When CO2 gas is allowed to pass through freshly prepared lime
water, then the lime water turns milky or when a burning splinter is brought near the
mouth of the test tube releasing CO2 gas then the burning splinter extinguishes.
Sodium hydroxide
> Chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is NaOH.
> When it is dissolved in water releases OH– ions.
Properties of Sodium hydroxide
> It turns red litmus solution blue.
> Not all bases react with zinc metal to release H2 gas but sodium hydroxide solution
reacts with zinc metal to release hydrogen gas.

> Sodium hydroxide do not react with solid sodium carbonate.

Materials Required
A test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder, droppers, a bent delivery
tube, burner and cork.

Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, blue litmus
solution, red litmus solution, zinc metal granules or powdered zinc, solid sodium
carbonate and freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure
(A) Properties of Hydrochloric Acid

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Litmus Test Blue litmus solution turns red Dil. HCl shows acidic character.
Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 mL in first test tube.
of dilute HCl solution in each test Red litmus solution shows no
tube. Pour a drop of blue litmus in one change in second test tube.
test tube and a drop of red litmus
solution in the second test tube.

2. Reaction with Zinc Metal Zinc metal reacts with the Zinc + dil. HCl →
Take 1 mL of dilute HCl in a clean test acid. Test tube becomes warm Zinc chloride + Hydrogen gas
tube. Add a small piece of zinc metal/ and pressure is exerted on Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
zinc powder in it. thumb due to release of a gas. ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Light a matchstick and bring it near The matchstick bums with a Hydrogen gas always bums with a
the mouth of the test tube, remove pop sound. pop sound when lighted
the thumb and observe. matchstick is introduced in it.

3. Reaction with Sodium Carbonat Dilute HCl reacts with sodium (i) Na2CO3 + 2HCl →
Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL of carbonate to release a 2NaCl + H20 + CO2
dilute HCl. Now add lg/pinch of colourless gas. The gas turns (ii)Ca(OH)2+CO2 →
sodium carbonate in it. Immediately lime water milky. Lime waterCaCO3 +H2O
close the mouth with cork containing White insoluble ppt
delivery tube. Hold a test tube with
lime water at the other end of the
delivery tube.
(B) Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Litmus Test Blue litmus solution shows no Dil. NaOH shows
Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 mL change. basic character.
of dilute NaOH in each test tube. Add Red litmus solution changes to
a drop of blue litmus solution in one blue colour.
test tube and a drop of red litmus
solution in the second test tube.
2. Reaction with Zinc Metal On heating the mixture; Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
Take a clean test tube. Add zinc metal reaction begins, colourless gas Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
granules/zinc powder in it. Pour 2 mL is evolved. Hydrogen gas always
of NaOH solution in the tube. Hold the The burning matchstick bums bums with a pop
test tube with a test tube holder and with a ‘pop’ sound. sound.
heat it. Bring a burning matchstick
near the mouth of the test tube.
3. Reaction with Solid Sodium No change. Dil. NaOH doesn’t
Carbonate react with sodium
Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL of carbonate.
NaOH solution in a tube and 1 g of
sodium carbonate. Heat the mixture.

Precaution

1. Use clean test tubes.

2. Use very small amount of chemicals.
3. Handle hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions very carefully.
4. Shake the solutions and reaction mixtures carefully without spilling.
5. Always carry out the test for hydrogen with a very small volume of gas.
6. For H2 gas test, be careful as H2 catches fire. The flame on test tube can be seen
due to H2 gas.
7. For lime water test, allow the CO2 gas to pass through lime water and shake the
test tube by placing thumb on the mouth of the tube to get quick result.

Science lab manual Viva Voce

Question 1:
Acid X reacts with sodium carbonate. Name the gas formed.
Answer:
The gas formed is CO2
Question 2:
Name the ion released when alkali (bases) dissolve in water.
Answer:
Bases release OH– ions when dissolved in water.

Question 3:
Name the metal with which NaOH reacts to release H 2 gas.
Answer:
NaOH reacts with zinc metal to release H2 gas.

Question 4:
A substance X releases OH– ions when dissolved in water. What is X?
Answer:
X is a base.

Question 5:
A liquid solution ‘Y’ turns blue litmus solution red. What is ‘ Y’?
Answer:
Y is an acid.

Question 6:
What is the chemical formula of sodium zincate?
Answer:
The chemical formula of sodium zincate is Na2ZnO2.

Question 7:
Name the metal which reacts with both acid and base to liberate H 2 gas.
Answer:
Zinc metal reacts with both acid and base to release H 2 gas.

Question 8:
What happens to the colour of zinc granules after it has reacted with dil. HCl?
Answer:
Zinc
granules turns black on reaction with dil. HCl.

NCERT Science lab manual Solutions for Practical Based

Questions
Question 1:
Dry litmus paper does not show any colour change when brought close to dry HCl gas.
Why?
Answer:
Acids show the acidic character only when they release H+(aq) ions when dissolved in
water.

Question 2:
If a wet blue litmus paper is brought closer to the dry HCl gas, what change will you
observe and why?
Answer:
The blue litmus paper will turn red. This is because the litmus paper is wet and therefore
H+ (aq) ions are released by HCI gas.

Question 3:
Why does lime water turn milky when CO2 gas is passed through it?
Answer:
Lime water (Ca(OH)2) reacts with CO2 to form white insoluble precipitate (CaCO3) in
water which makes lime water milky.

Question 4:
On passing excess CO2 through lime water it becomes colourless. Explain.
Answer:
When excess CO2 gas is passed through lime water, it forms calcium hydrogen
carbonate which is soluble in water.

Question 5:
State the difference between alkali and base.
Answer:
Bases turn red litmus blue and all bases are not soluble in water. Those bases which
are soluble in water are called alkali.

Question 6:
What are the products formed when NaOH solution reacts with zinc metal?
Answer:
NaOH solution reacts with zinc metal to give sodium zincate and hydrogen gas.

Question 7:
What happens if a burning splinter is brought near CO 2 gas?
Answer:
The burning splinter will extinguish, because carbon dioxide gas does not support
combustion.

Question 8:
Why do we use zinc granules for the test in the lab?
Answer:
Zinc granules have increased surface area so that reaction occurs fast.

Question 9:
What is the effect of blue litmus and red litmus solution on HCl solution?
Answer:
Blue litmus solution turns red but there is no change in red litmus solution when HCl
solution is added to it.

Question 10:
What type of reaction is seen when zinc is added to HCl solution?
Answer:
On adding zinc to HCl solution, the test tube becomes warm and the reaction is
exothermic in nature.

Question 11:
What is the formula of lime and lime water?
Answer:
The chemical formula of lime is CaO and that of lime water is Ca(OH) 2.

Question 12:
If you have phenolphthalein as an indicator, how will you test for acid and base?
Answer:
Phenolphthalein turns red or pink in basic solution and remains colourless in acidic
solution.

NCERT Chemistry lab manual Questions

Question 1:
What will be the colour of a blue litmus paper on bringing it in contact with a drop of dil.
NaOH?
Answer:
The blue litmus paper remains blue when it comes in contact with a drop of dil. NaOH.

Question 2:
Explain why hydrogen gas is not collected by the downward displacement of air?
Answer:
Hydrogen gas is lighter than air and it will easily escape in the air. We cannot collect the
lighter gas by downward displacement of air.

Question 3:
What will happen to a lighted candle if it is brought near the mouth of a gas jar
containing hydrogen gas?
Answer:
The lighted candle will burn with the pop sound.

Question 4:
Which gas is produced when aluminium metal reacts with sodium hydroxide?
Answer:
Hydrogen gas is released when aluminium metal reacts with sodium hydroxide.

Question 5:
Hydrogen gas is neutral to litmus paper. Explain how?
Answer:
The litmus paper tests the acid or base due to the release of H+ or OH– ions in aqueous
state. In hydrogen gas, the release of such ions is not seen hence the litmus paper does
not show any colour change.

Question 6:
What are the metals (other than Al) which react with alkalies to produce hydrogen gas?
What are these metals called?
Answer:
Zinc and lead metal will produce hydrogen gas when they react with alkalies. They are
called as amphoteric metals.

Question 7:
What will be the colour of a blue litmus paper on bringing it in contact with a drop of dil.
hydrochloric acid?
Answer:
The blue litmus paper turns red when it comes in contact with dil. HCl acid.

Question 8:
Which gas is produced when zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Answer:
When zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid it releases hydrogen gas.

Question 9:
Which gas is liberated when sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Answer:
When sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide gas is released. .

Question 10:
What is the utility of the reaction between NaHCO 3 and HCl in daily life situation?
Answer:
The reaction between NaHCO3 and HCl in daily life situation is used to clean the metal
surfaces which has developed the deposits of carbonate and hydrogen carbonates.
Question 11:
How can the deposits of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on the metal surface be
cleaned?
Answer:
The deposits of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on the metal surface can be
cleaned by using hydrochloric acid.

Chemistry Practicals Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. A freshly prepared lime water is made with

(a) lime + water
(b) calcium oxide + water
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.

2. Lime water is
(a) Calcium oxide
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Calcium hydroxide
(d) Calcium bicarbonate.

3. The chemical reaction in which zinc metal reacts with dil. HCl is an example of
(a) combination reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) neutralisation reaction
(d) displacement reaction.

4. The zinc metal commonly used in the laboratory for doing experiments is in the form
of
(a) filings
(b) strips
(c) granules
(d) pellets.

5. Sodium carbonate reacts with acids to give

(a) CO2
(b) SO2
(C) H2
(d) O2.

6. Hydrogen gas is not collected by downward displacement of air because:

(a) it is lighter than air
(b) it is explosive in nature
(c) it bums rapidly
(d) it is heavier than air.

7. Carbon dioxide gas is collected by the upward displacement of air because:

(a) it is lighter than air
(b) it is heavier than air
(c) it extinguishes fire
(d) it burns rapidly.

8. Hydrogen gas does not show any change with the litmus paper because:
(a) it does not react with litmus
(b) it is neither acidic nor basic
(c) both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) both (a) and (b) are incorrect.

9. NaHCO3 is used as an antacid because:

(a) it neutralizes HCl in our stomach
(b) it dissolves HCl in our stomach
(c) it is acidic in nature
(d) it is neutral in nature.

10. A dull coin which is coated with deposits of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
can be cleaned with:
(a) dil. HCl
(b) acetic acid
(c) vinegar
(d) all of these.

Questions based on Observational Skills

11. When excess carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water it becomes
(a) milky due to the formation of CaCO3
(b) milky due to the formation of CaHCO3
(c) colourless due to the formation of CaCO 3
(d) colourless due to the formation of CaHCO3

12. The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and solid sodium carbonate shows
the following:
(a) no change takes place
(b) a loud sound is produced
(c) a brisk effervescence occurs
(d) the solution turns blue.
13. When zinc metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, the gas evolved
(a) supports combustion
(b) turns lime water milky
(c) bums with a pop sound
(d) has a pungent odour.

14. When zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid

(a) the surface of zinc becomes brighter
(b) the surface of zinc becomes black and dull
(c) the metal turns into powder
(d) the reaction mixture turns green.

15. When dilute HCl is added to granulated zinc placed in a test tube, the observation
made is:
(a) the surface of the metal turns shining
(b) the reaction mixture turns milky
(c) odour of chlorine is observed
(d) a colourless and odourless gas evolves with bubbles.

16. A student takes some zinc granules in a test tube and adds dilute HC1 to it. He
would observe that the colour of the zinc granules changes to:
(a) brown
(b) black
(c) yellow
(d) white.

17. A student added dilute HCl to a test tube containing zinc granules and made
following observations.
I. The surface of zinc becomes black
II. A gas evolved which burnt with a pop sound
III. The solution remains colourless.
The correct observations are:
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III.

18. A student performed an experiment using zinc granules and sodium carbonate with
sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid under different conditions as shown here:
He would observe that no gas is evolved in the setup:
(a) I (b) II
(c) III (d) IV.

19. A student added dilute HCl to Zn granules taken in a test tube. The correct
observation would be:

(a) zinc granules turned green

(b) formation of a precipitate
(c) bubbles of a gas
(d) no change.

20. Which one of the following set-up is the most appropriate for the evolution of
hydrogen gas and its identification? [CBSE Delhi 2008]
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D.

21. When lighted candle is brought near the mouth of a gas jar containing hydrogen gas
(a) the candle is extinguished
(b) the gas will bum explosively with pop sound
(c) the gas burns and candle extinguishes
(d) none of the above.

22. Aluminium metaf reacts with sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid:
(a) hydrogen gas is released in both the cases
(b) hydrogen gas is released with dil HCl
(c) hydrogen gas is released with NaOH solution
(d) hydrogen gas is not released in any case.

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

23. A substance X when dissolved in water releases OH ions, X is
(a) NaCl
(b) HCl
(c) NaOH
(d) Na2CO3.

24. A substance Y when dissolved in water forms H+ ions, Y is

(a) NaCl
(b) HCI
(c) NaOH
(d) Na2CO3

25. A liquid sample turned red litmus paper blue. This indicates that the liquid sample is
(a) an alcohol
(b) hydrochloric acid
(c) distilled water
(d) sodium hydroxide solution.

26. A metal powder was added to dilute HCl and dilute NaOH solution taken in separate
test tubes. On making the contents react in both the test tubes, hydrogen gas was
formed in both the cases. The metal used is
(a) Cu (b) Zn (c) Fe (d) Pb.

27. When a white powder was mixed with dilute acid, odourless gas was produced
which turned lime water milky. The powder may be
(a) carbonate
(b) bicarbonate
(c) sulphate
(d) carbonate or bicarbonate.

28. When a powder was treated with dilute HC1, a gas was produced and when lighted
matchstick is shown to it, the flame was put off and the gas also did not burn. The
powder may be:
(a) ZnSO4 (b) CuSO4
(c) Na2CO3 (d) Na2SO4.

29. Which of the following will give colourless gas that burns with a pop sound, on
reaction with dilute HCl ?
(a) Solid sodium carbonate
(b) Zinc metal
(c) Sodium hydroxide
(d) Sodium bicarbonate.
30. Four students were asked by their teacher to arrange the set-up I-IV as given below
and identify the gas evolved in each case, if any.

After observation, they arrived at the following inferences and recorded these in the
form of a table given below:

The correct observation and inferences have been recorded by student

(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D.

31. Four students studied reactions of zinc and sodium carbonate with dilute HCl acid
and dilute NaOH solution and presented their results as follows. The (V) represents
evolution of gas whereas (x) represents no reaction.
The right set of observations is that of student:
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D.

32. Four students performed the reactions of dilute HCl acid and a solution of sodium
hydroxide with zinc metal and solid sodium carbonate separately. They reported the
possible reaction by (V) no reaction by (x). In which of the following sets all observations
are correct.

33. When zinc metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, the gas evolved is
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) chlorine
(c) hydrogen
(d) oxygen.

34. When sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid the gas evolved is:
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) chlorine
(c) hydrogen
(d) oxygen.

35. The metals which react with acid and alkalies to produce hydrogen gas are
(a) Na and K
(b) Zn and Na
(c) Al and K
(d) Zn and Al.

Chemistry Lab Manual – Scoring Key With Explanation

1. (c) Lime is calcium oxide and water reacts with it to form lime water.
2. (c) Lime is calcium oxide and water reacts with it to form calcium hydroxide.
3. (d) Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen and it will displace hydrogen ion.
4. (c) Granules has increased surface area for fast reaction.
5. (a) Carbonates release CO2 gas when reacted with acids.
6. (b) Hydrogen gas is lighter than air but it is explosive in nature, hence it is not
collected by downward displacement of air.
7. (b) Heavy gas does not diffuse fast and stays at urface.
8. (b) Hydrogen is neutral.
9. (a) Reaction of acid and base is a neutralization reaction and forms neutral salt.
10. (d) Acids react with it.
11. (d) Calcium bicarbonate dissolves in water.
12. (c) Carbon dioxide gas is released.
13. (c) Hydrogen gas is evolved and it gives pop sound with the burning splinter.
14. (b) Shiny surface of zinc gets coated with zinc chloride.
15. (d) Hydrogen gas is released which is colourless and odourless.
16. (b) Shiny surface of zinc gets coated with zinc chloride which is dull and black.
17. (d) Zinc gets coated with zinc chloride and turns black, it displaces hydrogen when
reacted with acids.
18. (b) Bases do not react with solid sodium carbonate.
19. (c) Zinc metal displaces hydrogen when reacted with acids.
20. (b) The tube kept above the solution will release the gas out.
21. (b) Hydrogen gas is combustible.
22. (a) As Aluminium is amphoteric in nature.
23. (c) Bases release OH– ions.
24. (b) Acids release hydrogen ions.
25. (d) Bases turn red litmus paper blue and sodium hydroxide solution is base.
26. (b) Zinc is amphoteric as it reacts with both acids and bases to form salt and water.
27. (d) Both carbonates and bicarbonates release CO 2 gas when reacted with acids.
28. (c) It contains carbonates, which release CO2 gas when reacted with acids.
29. (b) Zinc metal displaces hydrogen when reacted with acids.
30. (c) Carbonates release CO2 gas when reacted with acids. Zinc metal displaces
hydrogen when reacted with acids. Base NaOH does not react with sodium carbonate.
31. (a) Zinc is amphoteric and acid reacts with base.
32. (d) Zinc is amphoteric and acid reacts with base.
33. (c) Zinc metal displaces hydrogen when reacted with acids.
34. (a) Carbonates release CO2 gas when reacted with acids.
35. (d) Zn, Al and Pb are amphoteric metals.
 Properties of Acetic Acid

Introduction
> Acetic acid is a member of carboxylic acid group and it’s IUPAC name is ethanoic
acid.

> Acidic property of CH3COOH is due to its ability to produce hydrogen ions (H+) in
water.

> The members of the homologous series of the carboxylic acids are found in fruits and
in vinegar.
> It belongs to a functional group -COOH.
> Acetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid as it contains only one —COOH group.
> The oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid turns alcoholic drinks sour when exposed to
air.
> Ethanol + Oxygen —> Ethanoic acid + Water
> This reaction occurs if wine, beer or cider is left out open to the air, it eventually
becomes vinegar, not fit for drinking but it is very nice in salad dressing.
> Acetic acid is a weak acid and it ionizes only partially.
> Acetic acid is completely miscible in water to form homogeneous solution.
> In the chemical industry, ethanoic acid can be manufactured on a large scale by
oxidising the alcohol named ethanol.

Uses of (carboxylic acids). Acetic acid:

> 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

> It is used as a food preservative and in food flavourings.
> Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture of rubber.
> It is used in the manufacture of various dye stuffs and perfumes.
> It is used in the manufacture of rayon fibre.
> It is used as a solvent.

EXPERIMENT – 5
Aim

To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

(i) odour (smell)
(ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus
(iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate

Theory
Acetic Acid
> The chemical name and formula of acetic acid is ethanoic acid, CH 3COOH.
> The functional group — COOH group is responsible for the properties of acetic acid.
—COOH is called carboxyl group.
> It is also called glacial acetic acid, because it freezes at 16.6°C.
> Acetic acid is soluble in water.
> It has vinegar like smell.
> It dissociates in water to form CH3COO and H+ ions. The dissociation is partial and
hence it is called weak acid.
> It turns blue litmus red.
> It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate CO 2 gas.

> Acetic acid reacts with alcohol to form ester. This reaction is called esterification.
Esters have fruity smell.

Materials Required
Test tubes, water, litmus paper, test tube stand, a dropper, a beaker, a cork fit in a test
tube with bent tube fixed in it.
Chemicals Required: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), Distilled water, Sodium bicarbonate
and Freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure
1. Dilute the given acetic acid with distilled water in a beaker.
2. Pour 5 ml of acetic acid in a test tube and perform the following tests:

[Link]. Test Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour Take 5 mL of acetic acid in a It has a peculiar Acetic acid has a vinegar like
test tube and smell it by pungent smell, smell.
wafting. (vinegar like smell)
 2. Solubility Take 2 mL of acetic acid in a It dissolves in water to Acetic acid is soluble in water in
in water test tube, add 10-15 mL of form all proportions.
water and shake. homogeneous
solution.

3. Effect on Use clean dropper and pour Blue litmus paper Acetic acid turns blue litmus red.
Litmus 1-2 drops of acetic acid on turns red.
blue-litmus paper.

4. Sodium Take a pinch of sodium Reaction begins, brisk Acetic acid and sodium
bicarbonate bicarbonate in a clean test effervescence is seen, bicarbonate react to liberate
tube and add 1 mL of dilute a colourless gas is CO2 gas.
acetic acid in the test tube. evolved.

Fix a cork with bent delivery The gas turns lime CO2 gas evolved above reacts
tube in the mouth of above water milky. with calcium hydroxide to form
test tube. Dip the other end calcium carbonate which is
of delivery tube to a test insoluble in water.
tube containing lime water. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 —> CaCO3 + H20
(White
precipitate)

Reactions

Precautions
1. Acetic acid should be handled with care.
2. The vapours of the chemicals should not be inhaled.
3. Add only small amount of NaHCO3 to ethanoic acid to control the intensity of
CO2 evolved.
4. Use freshly prepared lime water for CO 2 test.
 Viva Voce
Question 1:
Give the IUPAC name of acetic acid.
Answer:
Ethanoic acid.

Question 2:
Name the functional group present in acetic acid.
Answer:
The functional group in acetic acid is carboxylic group.

Question 3:
State the temperature at which acetic acid freezes.
Answer:
16.6°C.

Question 4:
What is the smell of acetic acid?
Answer:
It has pungent or vinegar like smell.

Question 5:
Give the formula of lime water.
Answer:
Ca(OH)2.

Question 6:
Name the alkyl group present in acetic acid.
Answer:
Methyl (—CH3).

Practical Based Questions

Question 1:
Give the molecular formula of acetic acid.
Answer:
CH3COOH.
Question 2:
Give the structural formula of acetic acid.

Question 3:
State one test to show that acetic acid is an acid.
Answer:
It turns blue litmus paper red.

Question 4:
How can you prepare fresh lime water?
Answer:
Lime and water together gives fresh lime water, the reaction is highly exothermic in
nature.
CaO(s) + H2O)(l) —> Ca(OH)2(aq)

Question 5:
What happens when sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas is evolved and sodium acetate and water is obtained.

Question 6:
Give the test for carbon dioxide.
Answer:
When carbon dioxide is passed through freshly prepared lime water, the lime water
turns milky.

Question 7:
In the CO2 test why does lime water turn milky?
Answer:
Due to the formation of insoluble white precipitate of calcium carbonate.

Question 8:
Write two tests you would perform to detect, whether the given colourless liquid is acetic
acid or not. [Delhi 2013]
Answer:
Two tests:
(i) If we put a drop of the given colourless liquid on blue litmus paper, if the blue litmus
paper changes to red, then the given acid is acetic acid.
(ii) If we smell the given liquid and the liquid gives a smell like that of vinegar, then the
given acid is acetic acid.

Question 9:
What happens when acetic acid is added in a solution of Na 2CO3 in a test tube? Write
the equation for detecting the gas evolved. [All India Delhi 2014]
Answer:
CO2 gas is evolved with brisk bubbles in this reaction.

White ppt. is formed, when C02 gas is passed through the lime water.

Question 10:
A compound ‘X’ in its aqueous solution form, is added to acetic acid taken in a test tube.
Then a gas is evolved. This gas turns lime water milky. Name the compound ‘X’, and
the gas evolved. Also write the equation for the reaction. [All India Delhi 2011]
Answer:
Compound ‘X’ can be Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate)
The gas evolved is CO2 gas.

NCERT Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
Which gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate?
Answer: Carbon dioxide gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
hydrogen carbonate.

Question 2:
How will you test that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide?
Answer:
By conducting lime water test: Allow the released gas to pass through freshly prepared
lime water, if it turns lime water milky then the liberated gas is CO 2.
Note: On passing excess of carbon dioxide through the lime water, the milky precipitate
disappears.

Question 3:
How will you show that ethanoic acid is acidic in nature?
Answer:
By litmus paper test: Use blue litmus paper and put two drops of ethanoic acid on it. The
blue colour changes to red indicating the acidic nature of ethanoic acid.
Question 4:
Where do you find the use of ethanoic acid in day-to-day food products?
Answer:
Ethanoic acid is used as a preservative in keeping the food products preserved for
longer use.

Question 5:
What is the common name of ethanoic acid as sold in the market in the form of its dilute
solution?
Answer:
Ethanoic acid in its dilute solution form is known as vinegar in the market.

Question 6:
What type of reaction takes place between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide
solution?
Answer:
Ethanoic acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide (base) to form salt and water.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. The number of carbon atoms present in ethanoic acid is:

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4

2. The functional group in ethanoic acid is:

(a) -OH
(b) -CO
(c) -COOH
(d) -CHO

3. The odour of ethanoic acid resembles with

(a) Tomato juice
(b) Kerosene
(c) Orange juice
(d) Vinegar

4. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to form:

(a) carbon dioxide gas
(b) sodium ethanoate and carbon dioxide gas
(c) carbon dioxide gas and water
(d) sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide gas and water
5. The freezing temperature of ethanoic acid is:
(a) 10°C (b) 20°C (c) 18°C (d) 16°C

6. -COOH, present in ethanoic acid is called:

(a) alcohol group
(b) carboxylic group
(c) alkyl group
(d) ketone group

7. Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate and liberates carbon dioxide gas. The
carbon dioxide gas is tested with lime water. Lime water is a solution of:
(a) lemon juice in water
(b) calcium chloride in water
(c) calcium bicarbonate in water
(d) calcium hydroxide in water

8. Acetic acid is:

(a) soluble in water
(b) strong acid
(c) insoluble in water
(d) odourless

9. Following signs are usually shown on the bottles

of commercial acetic acid. The symbols indicate respectively that acetic acid is: [Delhi
2011]

(a) Flammable and corrosive

(b) Radioactive and flammable
(c) Oxidizing and corrosive
(d) Flammable and explosive
10. The pair of safety symbols you notice on the bottles of commercial acetic acid
available in the laboratory, is shown in-

Questions based on Observational Skills

11. On adding water to acetic acid the solution obtained would appear as in:

12. 10 mL of acetic acid was added to 10 mL of water and the mixture was shaken, it
was observed that:
(a) a heterogeneous solution was obtained
(b) acid formed a layer at the top
(c) acid formed a layer at the bottom
(d) a homogeneous solution was obtained.

13. The odour of ethanoic acid is:

(a) suffocating (b) sweet fruit like
(c) vinegar like (d) burning carbon.
14. Vapours of acetic acid smell:
(a) pungent like vinegar (b) sweet like rose
(c) suffocating like sulphur dioxide
(d) odourless like water

15. A student added acetic acid to test tubes, I, II, III

and IV containing the labelled substances and then brought a burning splinter near the
mouth of each test tube. [All India Delhi 2011]

Acetic acid Acetic acid The splinter would be extinguished when brought near the mouth
of test tube (a) 1 (b) II (c) III (d) IV

16. A student adds 4 mL of acetic acid to a test tube

containing 4 mL of distilled water. He then shakes the test tube and leaves it to settle.
After about 10 minutes he observes: [Delhi 2012]
(a) a layer of water over the layer of acetic acid
(b) a layer of acetic acid over the layer of water
(c) a precipitate settling at the bottom of the test tube
(d) a clear colourless solution

17. On adding acetic acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate in a test tube, a student
observes: [All India Delhi 2012]
(a) no reaction
(b) a colourless gas with pungent smell
(c) bubbles of a colourless and odourless gas
(d) a strong smell of vinegar

18. Which one of the following are the correct observations about acetic acid? [All India
Delhi 2012]
(a) It turns blue litmus red and smells like vinegar.
(b) It turns blue litmus red and smells like burning sulphur.
(c) It turns red litmus blue and smells like vinegar.
(d) It turns red litmus blue and has a fruity smell.

19. A student takes 2 mL acetic acid in a dry test tube and adds a pinch of sodium
hydrogen carbonate to it. He makes the following observations: [Delhi 2013, All India
Delhi, 2014]
I. A colourless and odourless gas evolves with a brisk effervescence.
II. The gas turns lime water milky when it is passed through it.
III. The gas bums with an explosion when a burning splinter is brought near it.
IV. The gas extinguishes the burning splinter that is brought near it.
The correct observations are:
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(c) III, IV and I (d) IV, I and II

20. A student prepared 20% sodium hydroxide solution

in a beaker containing water. The observations noted by him are given below. [Delhi
2013]
I. Sodium hydroxide is in the form of pellets.
II. It dissolves in water readily.
III. The beaker appears cold when touched from outside.
IV. The red litmus paper turns blue when dipped into the solution.
The correct observations are:
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(c) III, IV and I (d) I, II and IV

21. Select the correct observation about dilute solution of acetic acid. [Outside Delhi
2013]
(a) It smells like rotten egg and turn blue litmus red.
(b) It smells like vinegar and turns red litmus blue.
(c) It smells like rotten egg and turns red litmus blue.
(d) It smells like vinegar and turns blue litmus red.

22. In an experiment to study the properties of ethanoic acid, a student takes about 3
mL of ethanoic acid in a dry test tube. He adds an equal amount of distilled water to it
and shakes the test tube well. After some time he is likely to observe that: [Outside
Delhi 2014]
(a) a colloid is formed in the test tube.
(b) the ethanoic acid dissolves readily in water.
(c) the solution becomes light orange.
(d) water floats over the surface of ethanoic acid.
23. The most appropriate method of testing the colour of a given liquid is
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

24. Four test tubes A, B, C and D contain sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate, ethanoic
acid and sodium chloride respectively. In each of the test tubes is added a drop of blue
litmus. The colour of litmus will change to red colour in case of:
(a) Test tube A (b) Test tube B
(c) Test tube C (d) Test tube D

25. Reaction of vinegar and baking soda produces:

(a) H2 gas (b) CO2 gas
(c) O2 gas (d) NO2 gas

26. A sodium salt reacts with ethanoic acid. The reaction liberates a colourless gas that
turns lime water milky. The sodium salt is of:
(a) sodium nitrate (b) sodium chloride
(c) sodium hydroxide (d) sodium bicarbonate

27. 10 mL each of acetic acid and water are mixed together and shaken in different test
tubes as shown
The resulting mixture after standing would appear as shown in the test tube:
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV.

28. A student added acetic acid to the test tubes I, II, III and IV

The lighted candle would be extinguished when placed near the mouth of the test tube:
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) II and IV (d) I and IV

29. Ethyl alcohol reacts with acetic acid in the presence of concentrated H 2SO4 to form.
(a) ethyl acetate (b) diethyl ether
(c) propanoic acid (d) methyl acetate.

30. Acetic acid turns blue litmus red. What will happen if a few drops of dil. HCl are
added to it?
(a) the mixture remains red
(b) the mixture turns blue
(c) the mixture turns colourless
(d) none of the above.

31. Acetic acid is added to a test tube containing a solution of a substance (P), which
reacts with acid to form colourless and odourless gas. The gas (Q) turns lime water
milky. The substance (P) and (Q) are:
(a) sodium hydroxide (P) and carbon dioxide (Q).
(b) sodium bicarbonate (P) and carbon dioxide (Q).
(c) calcium hydroxide (P) and hydrogen (Q).
(d) ethyl acetate (P) and hydrogen (Q).
32. Four test tubes of acetic acid labelled as A, B, C and D were kept.
In A sodium carbonate was added In B sodium bicarbonate was added In C sodium
chloride was added In D sodium hydroxide was added.
Burning candle was brought near the mouth of each test tube. The candle would
extinguish near the mouth of test tube.
(a) A and D (b) B and C
(c) A and B (J) B and D

33. Acetic acid solution turns: [Delhi 2011]

(a) blue litmus red
(b) red litmus blue
(c) blue litmus colourless
(d) red litmus colourless

34. Why you add about 2 mL of acetic acid to a test tube containing an equal amount of
distilled water and leave the test tube to settle after shaking its contents, then after
about 5 minutes what will you observe in the test tube: [Delhi 2014]
(a) A white precipitate settling at its bottom;
(b) A clear colourless solution;
(c) A layer of water over the layer of acetic acid, or
(d) A layer of acetic acid over the layer of water.

For students

> Try the following experiments in a group and record your observation.

1. Dilute the acetic acid as follows: put 2 drops of acetic acid in a test tube and add 15
mL of water in it, taste a drop of this dilute acid.
Observation’.
It tastes like _____
[Precautions: Taste under the supervision of a teacher]
2. Take 2 mL of ethyl alcohol in a test tube and add 2 mL of acetic acid to it, also add 2-
4 drops of cone. H2S04. Heat the test tube in water bath.
Record your observation:
1. Smell the product formed in the test tube.
2. Test the sample with blue litmus paper.
3. Name the reaction.

3. Take 5 mL of acetic acid, record its temperature. Now, keep the test tube with acetic
acid and thermometer inserted in it, in a beaker containing ice. Record your
observations:
Temperature Nature of Acetic Acid
e.g. 20° liquid
18°C liquid
16°C solid

4. Use pH paper to find the acidic nature of acetic acid. Colour of pH paper indicates the
strength of acid.

Scoring Key With Explanation

1. (c) “Eth” means two carbon atoms.
2. (c) Functional group of carboxylic acid is—COOH.
3. (d) Vinegar odour resembles ethanoic acid.
4. (d) Like all acids ethanoic acid reacts with NaHCO3 to release CO2 gas, water and
sodium salt.
5. (d) It is also called glacial acetic acid because it freezes at 16.6°C.
6. (b) Functional group of carboxylic acid is—COOH.
7. (d) Lime water is calcium hydroxide in water i.e., CaO + H 2O —> Ca(OH)2.
8. (a) It dissolves in water in any ratio.
9. (a) The flame sign indicates flammable and the second symbol is of corrosion.
10. (d) Acetic acid is flammable and corrosive.
11. (b) It is completely soluble in water.
12. (d) It dissolves in water to form homogeneous solution.
13. (c) Acetic acid in water is vinegar.
14. (a) Acetic acid solution is vinegar.
15. (c) CO2 gas will be released due to presence of carbonate ions in the test tube.
16.(d) Due to complete solubility in water it forms a homogeneous solution.
17. (c) CO2 gas is released and bubbles are formed.
18. (a) Acetic acid shows acidic properties.
19. (d) All are the properties and tests for CO2 gas
20. (d) All are the properties of NaOH.
21. (d) These are the properties of acetic acid.
22. (b) Ethanoic acid is soluble in water.
23. (b) The gases should not be smelled directly or kept too close to nose.
24. (c) Acids turn blue litmus red.
25. (b) Baking soda ‘has carbonate ions in it which are released when reacted with acid.
26. (d) Bicarbonates have carbonate ion which is released on reaction with acid.
27. (c) Acetic acid is soluble in water and hence gets clear solution.
28. (c) Test tubes II and IV will release CO2 gas.
29. (a) The sulphuric acid removes H2O and esterification reaction is seen.
30. (a) HCl is an acid and will turn blue litmus red.
31. (b) Sodium bicarbonate will release CO2 gas and Q is CO2.
32. (c) Both A and B test tubes will release CO2 gas.
33. (a) Acids turn blue litmus red.
34. (b) It is miscible and dissolves completely in water.
 Soap Preparation

Introduction
> Traditional soap is a product obtained by the hydrolysis of fats from animals and
vegetable oils from plants.
> Soaps are molecules of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
> It has tadpole shape with long carboxylic acid chain, non-ionic (hydrocarbon) and ions
attached to it like Na+.

> The ionic-end of soap dissolves in water while the carbon chain dissolves in oil.
> Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty
acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification.
> In this reaction, esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained remain in
colloidal form.
> It is precipitated from the solution by adding NaCl.
> The stearic acid molecule C17H35COOH or CH3(CH2)16COOH is a typical long chain
fatty acid obtained from naturally occurring plant oils and used to make traditional
soaps.
> The salt sodium stearate C17H35COO–Na+, formed when stearic acid is neutralised with
sodium hydroxide is a typical soap molecule.
> Only sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water.
> Sometimes fillers are added to the soap to increase their value. For e.g., medicated
soaps contain substances of medicinal value. Laundry soaps contain sodium rosinate
for better lather formation. Perfumes, glycerol, etc. are also added.
> Generally, potassium soaps are soft to the skin than sodium soaps. These can be
prepared by using KOH instead of NaOH.

Advantages of Soap
> Soaps are easily degradable.
> Soaps are soft to the skin.
> It is used in cleaning laundry.

Disadvantages of Soap
> Soap is less effective in cleaning stubborn stains of clothes/laundry.
> Soap forms scum with hard water. Hence, larger amount of soap is needed to wash
clothes in hard water.
 EXPERIMENT – 6
Aim
To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap.
Theory
Chemically soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long chain carboxylic acid or
glycerol. These carboxylic acids contain 15-18 carbon atoms i.e., long chain of
hydrocarbon.
> Hydrophobic end: The end of soap molecule that repels water, it is the hydrocarbon
chain.
> Hydrophilic end: The end of soap molecule that is ionic and attracts water.
> Glycerides: They are esters of glycerol, an alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups
and fatty acids. Glycerides are present

> Examples of long chain fatty acid.

> Saponification: It is the process in which esters are split with the help of an alkali.
Esters are reacted with sodium hydroxide salt to form sodium salt of acid and alcohol.
Chemical reaction of soap
Oil or fat + sodium hydroxide —> soap + glycerol
> In the above reaction, esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained
remain in colloidal form.
> Soap is then precipitated from the solution by adding NaCl.

Materials Required
Beakers, a glass rod, red litmus paper strip, knife, tripod stand, bunsen burner, wire
gauze and pair of tongs.
Chemical required: Sodium hydroxide solution, plant oil (Use castor oil + oleic acid)
and common salt.

Procedure
1. Take a beaker and add 20 mL of castor oil into it. Heat the oil by constant stirring.
2. Take 20 mL of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution in another beaker.
3. Add the sodium hydroxide solution into the beaker containing hot castor oil. Heat the
mixture slowly to boil for about 10 minutes.

4. Dip the red litmus paper strip into this reaction mixture. Note and record your
observation.
5. Now, add 5 g of sodium chloride into this mixture with constant stirring and then allow
it to cool. Addition of common salt decreases the solubility of soap. The soap molecules
get separated from the solution and floats on the surface. This is called salting out of
soap.
6. On cooling the beaker, a crust is formed on the surface of the liquid. This crust is
called soap.
7. Remove the soap cake and cut it into desired shapes and sizes.
8. The castor oil will produce a soap molecule named sodium oleate (C 17H33COONa).
Chemical Equation

Observations
1. The heated mixture of oil and caustic soda forms a pale yellow thick liquid.
2. The red litmus turns blue in this soap solution.

Conclusion
The reaction mixture of (oil) carboxylic acid with sodium or potassium hydroxide
produces a soap molecule.
ilk Precautions
1. Be careful while handling concentrated sodium hydroxide as it is corrosive in nature.
2. Do not overheat the beaker while heating.
3. Stir the soap solution carefully so that it does not spill out.
4. Add very small amount of common salt for salting out of soap.

Viva Voce
Question 1:
What are esters?
Answer:
Esters are carbon compounds with general formula RCOOR’ where R and R’ are alkyl
groups.

Question 2:
Give an example of commonly used esters.
Answer:
Fats and oils are esters.

Question 3:
What is one molecule of soap?
Answer:
A molecule of soap has tadpole like structure,
Question 4:
What is the pH range of crude soap?
Answer:
pH of crude soap is between 8 to 10.

Question 5:
Name one fatty acid.
Answer:
Stearic acid or oleic acid is an example of fatty acid.

Question 6:
What is the formula of stearic acid?
Answer:
The formula of stearic acid is C17H35COOH.

Question 7:
What is the formula of the soap with stearic acid?
Answer:
The formula of the soap with stearic acid is C 17H35COONa.

Question 8:
What is the nature of the soap?
Answer:
Soap is basic in nature. It turns red litmus blue.

Practice Based Questions

Question 1:
What is glycerol?
Answer:
It is an alkanol with 3 hydroxyl groups and the formula is CH 2OH-CHOH-CH2OH.

Question 2:
How are esters made?
Answer:
Esters can be made by the reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid.
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid —> Ester + Water

Question 3:
What is saponification?
Answer:
It is the reaction in which fats and oils produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids when
reacted with a base.
Fat/oil + NaOH —> Glycerol + Sodium salt of fatty acid (soap)
Question 4:
What happens when soap is dissolved in water?
Answer:
The ions making the soap is dissolved.

Question 5:
What does hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap mean to you?
Answer:
A soap molecule has ionic head which attracts water and is called hydrophilic.
The long hydrocarbon chain stays away from water and is called hydrophobic part of
soap.

Question 6:
What is soap?
Answer:
Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid.

Question 7:
Name one by-product of soap formation.
Answer:
Glycerol is the by-product of soap formation.

Question 8:
Name the part of the soap molecule which attracts water.
Answer:
The part of the soap molecule which attracts towards water is called hydrophilic part.

Question 9:
Give one advantage of soap over detergent.
Answer:
Soap is biodegradable but detergent is not.

Question 10:
Give one advantage of detergent over soap.
Answer:
Detergent shows its cleansing property in hard water but soap does not show cleansing
property in hard water.
Question 11:
What happens when soap is added in hard water?
Answer:
Soap reacts with the salts present in hard water and forms scum and loses its cleansing
property.

Question 12:
What are detergents?
Answer:
Detergent are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acid.

NCERT Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
Why does a red litmus paper changes its colour when dipped in soap solution? Explain
your observation.
Answer:
The red litmus paper changes to blue colour when dipped in soap solution. This is
because soap is a basic in nature and has pH more than 7.

Question 2:
Why is it advised to add common salt while preparing the soap?
Answer:
Addition of common salt decreases the solubility of soap.

Question 3:
Can we use Na2CO3 instead of NaOH? Explain.
Answer:
On using Na2CO3 instead of NaOH the yield will be less and hence it is not advisable to
use weak base like Na2CO3 for soap preparation.

Question 4:
Was heat evolved or absorbed when sodium hydroxide was added to oil?
Answer:
Heat is evolved when sodium hydroxide is added to oil.

Question 5:
What is the chemical reaction involved in the manufacture of soap?
Answer:
The chemical reaction involved in the preparation of soap is:

Question 6:
Can you devise a method to separate glycerine from the reaction mixture?
Answer:
Glycerine can be separated by adding salt. The soap mixture gets separated into
different layers. The top layer is soap and bottom layer is glycerine. The top layer is
drained out.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. Soap is formed from

(a) two hydrophobic compounds
(b) two hydrophilic compounds
(c) reaction of fats and oils on heating
(d) reaction of oil/fat with alkali

2. Soaps act by
(a) forming micelles and trapping the fat/grease with the micelles.
(b) hydrolysis of Na in water
(c) a chemical reaction between dirt and soap
(d) a chemical reaction of fat and dirt.

3. Soaps are precipitated by salting it out with saturated

(a) sodium carbonate
(b) sodium chloride
(c) sodium hydroxide .
(d) sodium bicarbonate

4. Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form a salt of

carboxylic acid and
(a) alcohol
(b) ethanol
(c) alkane
(d) aldehyde

5. In soap preparation, the alkali bond on hydrolysis breaks the ester bond to release
(a) fatty acid salt and glycerol
(b) linoleic acid salt and glycerol
(c) ethanoic acid salt and alkane
(d) fatty acid, salt and glycol.

6. Ester is formed by the reaction of

(a) alcohol and base
(b) alcohol and acid
(c) acid and base
(d) base and salt

7. The functional group of acid used in making soap is

(a) —COOH
(b) —COOOH
(c) —CH3OOH
(d) — HCOOH2

8. The formula for stearic acid present in oil is

(a) C17H35COOH
(b) C15H31 COOH
(c) C17H31 COOH
(d) C15H37 COOH

9. Glycerol is an alcohol that contains

(a) two hydroxyl groups
(b) three hydroxyl groups
(c) four hydroxyl groups
(d) one hydroxyl group

10. The reaction used for preparation of soap is

(a) esterification
(b) glycolysis
(c) saponification
(d) neutralisation

11. The by-product obtained during preparation of soap is

(a) salt
(b) sodium hydroxide
(c) glycol
(d) glycerol
12. Oil and fats commonly used for preparation of soap are called
(a) carboxylic acids
(b) esters
(c) alcohol
(c) glycerol

13. The pH-range of crude soap obtained during saponification of fats/oil and caustic
soda is
(a) 7-8
(b) 8-10
(c) 5-7
(d) 10-12

14.
(a) 3 molecules of glyceride
(b) one molecule of glyceride
(c) 1 compound of glyceride
(d) 3 compounds of glyceride

15. In the preparation of soap, a small amount of sodium chloride (common salt) is
added to the mixture of fat and sodium hydroxide. The role of common salt is
to [Outside Delhi 2013]
(a) favour the precipitation of soap
(b) enhance the cleansing capacity of soap
(c) increase the weight of the soap to earn money
(d) decrease the acidity of the soap

Questions based on Observational Skills

16. During preparation of soap, common salt, i.e., sodium chloride is added to
(a) decrease the solubility of soap
(b) increase the precipitation of soap
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above

17. While preparing soap, sodium chloride is added in the mixture so as to:
(a) complete saponification
(b) complete precipitation
(c) increase the bulk
(d) dissolve the soap.
18. A molecule of soap has four parts labelled on it. The correct pair is

(a) I-hydrocarbon chain

(b) Il-hydrophilic
(c) Ill-ionic head
(d) IV-hydrophobic.

19. Soap solution is:

(a) acidic lb) basic
(c) neutral (d) highly acidic.

20. Soaps are better than detergents because:

(a) soaps are biodegradable
(b) soaps show maximum foaming
(c) soaps are basic in nature
(d) soaps have better cleansing action.

21. Detergents are better than soaps because:

(a) detergents are biodegradable
(b) they work better with hard water
(c) they are acidic in nature
(d) they are cheaper than soaps.

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

22. In order to study saponification reaction we first prepare 20% solution of sodium
hydroxide. If we record the temperature of this solution just after adding sodium
hydroxide flakes to water and also test its nature using litmus, it may be concluded that
the process of making this solution is: [Delhi 2014]
(a) exothermic and the solution is alkaline.
(b) endothermic and the solution is alkaline.
(c) endothermic and the solution is acidic.
(d) exothermic and the solution is acidic.

23. While studying saponification reaction for the preparation of soap, the teacher
suggested to a student to add a small quantity of common salt to the reaction mixture.
The function of common salt in this reaction is to: [Delhi 2014]
(a) reduce the alkalinity of the soap.
(b) reduce the acidity of the soap.
(c) enhance the cleansing capacity of soap, or
(d) favour precipitation of soap.

Scoring Key With Explanation

1. (d) Soap is the sodium salt of fatty acid.
2. (a) Cleansing property of soap is due to micelles formation.
3. (b) Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap.
4. (a) As glycerol is the by product of soap formation.
5. (a) The reaction of saponification.
6. (b) Alcohol and carboxylic acid react together to form an ester.
7. (a) Carboxylic acid group is—COOH.
8. (a) Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain.
9. (b) Three—OH groups are present in glycerol.
10. (c) Saponification is used for making of soap.
11. (d) 3-OH groups product named glycerol is by product of soap formation.
12. (b) Oils and fats contain esters.
13. (b) Soaps are mild basic compounds.
14. (b) Glycerides are esters of glycerol.
15. (a) Salt helps nfs precipitation of soap.
16. (c) Common salt helps in both the properties.
17. (b) NaCl helps in quick and more precipitation of soap.
18. (c) Mouth of tadpole part is ionic and hydrophilic in nature.
19. (b) Soaps are basic in nature.
20. (a) Bacteria acts on soap molecules to decompose them.
21. (b) Soaps cannot show cleansing property in hard water but detergents can.
22. (a) NaOH in water releases heat and the solution is alkaline in nature.
23. (d) NaCl helps in making more precipitates of soap during saponification.
 Cleaning Capacity of Soap in Hard and Soft Water

Introduction
> Water is used for washing along with the soap. The effectiveness and cleansing
action of soap depends on the type of water.
> Soft water: The type of water which produces lather with the soap is called soft water.
Washing of clothes is very effective and easy in soft water.
> Hard water: The type of water which does not produce lather with the soap is called
hard water. It contains dissolved salts in it. The soap forms scum with hard water and
not fit for laundry purpose.

Types of Hard Water

> Temporary hard water contains dissolved hydrogen carbonate ions, HCO 3–, of calcium
and magnesium.
> Removal of temporary hardness: When water is heated, these ions decompose
(break down) to form carbonate ions, CO32-. The carbonate ions in the boiled water react
with dissolved calcium and magnesium ions to form calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate which is insoluble in water and can be removed by filtration. The residue is
the insoluble calcium or magnesium carbonate and the filtrate is the soft water.
> Equations:

> Permanent hard water contains dissolved sulphate ions, (SO42-) and chloride ions (Cl–)
of calcium and magnesium. These do not decompose when heated. The ions remain
dissolved and do not react with calcium and magnesium ions so the water stays hard
even when boiled.
> Soaps do not produce any lather with hard water.
> Removal of permanent hardness of water: The permanent hardness can be removed
by boiling it with washing soda, i.e., sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 )
> When the hard water is heated with sodium carbonate the double displacement
reaction takes place. The insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates are formed and
can be removed by filtration.
> Equations:
> Traditional soaps are ionic compounds which dissolve in water forming a long singly
charged hydrocarbon negative ion (anion), which is balanced by a singly charged metal
positive ion e.g. Na+.
> Soap molecules have a hydrophilic ‘head’ (‘water liking’) and a hydrophobic ‘tail’
(‘water hating’).
> When you shake soap with an oily/greasy material (washing clothes or scrubbing a
surface), the oil/grease breaks up into tiny droplets or globules and removed from the
surface to which they were attached.
> The long ‘hydrocarbon’ hydrophobic tail of the soap dissolves in the oil or grease
globule and the negative head is on the surface of the globules/droplets but in contact
with water.
> The long ‘hydrocarbon’ hydrophobic tail can only interact at the molecular level with
oil/grease. It is attracted to oil and grease.
> The ‘ionic’ hydrophilic head can only interact with water and forms weak bonds with
water.
> Two negative hydrophilic heads cannot interact with each other and tend to repel each
other, but strongly interact with water.
> The hydrophobic end takes the oil/grease with it and the hydrophilic end gets washed
away with the water carrying its tail which is hydrophobic along with the oil/grease.
 Science Lab Manual Experiment – 7
Aim
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
Theory
> Soap: It is the sodium or potassium salt of long-chained carboxylic acids.

Cleansing Property of Soap

> Soaps when mixed in water its ionic end dissolves in water but the long chain of
carboxylic acid does not dissolve in water but dissolves in oil.
> The soap molecules form structures called ‘micelles’.
> The ionic end is towards the water and the non-ionic end faces towards the oil.
> This forms emulsion in water.

> The soap micelles thus [Link] dissolving the dirt in water and we can wash clothes
clean.
> Soft water: The water with no salt in it.
> Hard water: The water with dissolved salt in it. It may be calcium or magnesium salts.
> For cleansing purpose, the foam needs to be produced which depends on free
availability of hydrophobic portion of soaps (or alkyl group).
> In soft water, soap shows the cleansing property by forming foam.
> In hard water, hydrophobic end of soap is trapped due to scum or precipitation with
the calcium and magnesium salts. This makes the hard water unsuitable for washing.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, test tube stand and measuring cylinder.
Chemical required: Samples of hard and soft water, soap solution and cooking oil.
Procedure (Part A)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water (soft water) in a test tube. Label it as ‘A’.

2. Take 10 mL of hard water (water from hand-pump, underground water) in another
test tube. Label it as ‘B’.
3. In both the test tubes, add few drops of soap solution.
4. Shake the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ vigorously for an equal period of time. Keep them in
the test tube stand and record your observations.

Observations
1. In test tube A, soap formed lather or foam.
2. In test tube B, white precipitate was formed with no lather or foam.

Conclusion
Soaps are effective cleaner only in soft water because the soap molecules form lather in
soft water. But in case of hard water, the soap molecules do not remain as soap
molecules but the ionic end of soap reacts with the salts present in hard water to form
curdy white precipitate called scum.

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Same quantity of soap solution must be added to both the test tubes containing soft
water and hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.
Note: If hard water is not available prepare some hard water by dissolving hydrogen
carbonate/sulphates/chloride salt of calcium or magnesium in water.
Procedure (Part B)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water/soft water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label this
test tube as ‘A’.
2. Take 10 mL of hard water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label this test tube as
‘B’.
3. Now, add a few drops of soap solution in both the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’.
4. Shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
5. Keep them on the test tube stand and record your observations.

Observations
1. The test tube ‘A’ with soft water showed the oil emulsified due to soap solution.
2. The test tube ‘B’ showed no emulsification due to soap solution.

Conclusion
1. The formation of emulsion of oil in soft water by soap shows the effect of soap in
cleaning.
2. Soaps are more effective cleaners in soft water than in hard water.

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Use same cooking oil for soft water and hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.

Science Lab Manual Viva Voce

Question 1:
What is hard water?
Answer:
Water with salts in it is called hard water.
Question 2:
Name two sources of soft water.
Answer:
Rainwater, boiled water.

Question 3:
What is a micelle?
Answer:

When soap molecules are dissolved in water they form an arrangement as shown which
is called micelle formation.
The ionic end is pointing outside towards water and non-ionic end is pointing towards
the oil.

Question 4:
Name the cleansing agent that can be used in hard water.
Answer:
Detergents.

Question 5:
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer:
No, we cannot test for water if it is hard on using a detergent.

Science Lab Manual Practical Based Questions

Question 1:
Name any two salts present in water.
Answer:
Magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride.

Question 2:
Name two sources of hard water.
Answer:
Groundwater, sea.
Question 3:
Why don’t soaps show cleansing property in hard water?
Answer:
It is because soap’s ionic part combines with salts present in hard water to form
insoluble precipitate.

Question 4:
Name two parts of a soap molecule.
Answer:
Soap molecule has two parts, i.e., ionic and non-ionic. The ionic part of soap is
hydrophilic and non-ionic part is hydrophobic.

Question 5:
Name few dissolved salts present in hard water.
Answer:
The salts that may be present in hard water are hydrogen carbonates, sulphates,
chlorides of calcium or magnesium.

Question 6:
What happens when soap solution is mixed with hard water? Why?
Answer:
Soap forms curdy white precipitate when dissolved in hard water. This is because the
ionic end of soap molecule on dissolving in water reacts with the salts of hard water to
form the precipitate.

Question 7:
Why are soaps effective in soft water and not in hard water?
Answer:
In hard water it forms insoluble precipitate called scum whereas in soft water it does not
form any such compound and hence shows its cleansing property.

Question 8:
How will you test in the laboratory, whether the given sample of water is hard or soft?
Name two salts which make the water hard. [Delhi 2011]
Answer:
When few drops of soap solution are added in the given sample of water, if lather is
formed with soap then water is soft water. If lather is not formed then water is hard.
Calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate salts present in water make the water hard.

Question 9:
Can we test hard water by using detergent? Write one more method other than using
soap to test the hardness of hard water. [Delhi 2012]
Answer:
We cannot use detergent for testing hard water. As detergents form lather in both hard
water and soft water.
Method to test the hardness of water: If on boiling the water, some insoluble salt’s
precipitates (white ppt.) are formed, these precipitates then settl e down and can be
removed by filtering the water. The given sample of water is then hard water.

Question 10:
When boilers of water are used for a very long time, then white layers get deposited on
inside of these boilers?
How can these white layers be removed? [Outside Delhi 2012]
Answer:
When hard water is used in these boilers, then white scum of salts present in the hard
water gets deposited inside the boilers making a white layer. These white layers can be
removed by washing the boilers with dil. HCl acid.

Question 11:
Name two salts each of calcium and magnesium which make the water hard. [Outside
Delhi 2013]
Answer:
These salts are:
Calcium chloride — CaCl2 Magnesium chloride — MgCl,
Calcium sulphate — CaSO4 Magnesium sulphate — MgSO4.

Science Lab Manual Questions

Question 1:
Do both hard water and soft water produces foam with soap?
Answer:
Only soft water produces foam with soap and hard water does not produce any foam.

Question 2:
Why is scum formed when hard water is treated with soap?
Answer:
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions in it which reacts with soap to form
insoluble precipitate called scum.

Question 3:
What do you understand by temporary and permanent hardness of water?
Answer:
Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
bicarbonate salt dissolved in water. These salts can be removed by a simple process of
boiling the water or on addition of sodium carbonate to hard water.
Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of chloride and sulphate salts of
calcium and magnesium in water. These salts cannot be easily removed and needs ion
exchange method for removal.
Question 4:
What is the reaction between soap molecules and ions present in hard water?
Answer:

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

1. The correct formula for soap is

(a) C17H35COO+-Na–
(b) C17H35COO–Na+
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

2. A student wanted to make hard water in lab, the correct method of doing so is
(a) Water + Magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride
(b) Water + Magnesium chloride and sodium chloride
(c) Water + Magnesium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate
(d) All of the above

3. Hardness of water cannot be detected when we add:

(a) soap
(b) detergent
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.

Questions based on Observational Skills

4. The micelle of soap is formed on adding soap to water. What is the correct labelling
of this micelle?

(a) (1) hydrophobic end (2) hydrophilic end (3) soap

(b) (1) oil (2) hydrophilic end (3) soap
(c) (1) hydrophilic end (2) hydrophobic end (3) oil
(d) (1) hydrophobic end (2) hydrophilic end (3) oil

5. Soap does not show its cleansing property in

(a) distilled water
(b) mineral water
(c) soft water
(d) salty water

6. Two test tubes P and Q as shown in given figure were used to study the cleansing
property of soap. In test tube P foam is formed and in test tube Q scum is formed. The
best cleansing property of soap is seen in
7. The correct labelling of test tube A and B when A contains soft water and B contains
hard water is:

8. Four test tubes marked as P, Q, R and S, contain solutions of sodium chloride,

potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. On adding soap in it the
test tube that gives lather is:
(a) P only (h) Q only
(c) R only (d) both P and Q

9. In the above set-up (Q.8) the scum is formed in:

(a) P (b) R
(c) S (d) R and S

10. Soap solution is added to ethyl alcohol, the correct observation is:
(a) it forms lather.
(b) micelles are formed.
(c) soap dissolves in alcohol.
(d) soap forms scum.

11. A student takes potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and
calcium sulphate in test tubes A, B, C and D respectively. On adding soap solution to
each test tube lather is formed in test tube:
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
12. If soap is added in hard water which of the .following will not happen?
(a) Scum is formed.
(b) Lather is not formed.
(c) Micelles are formed.
(d) No cleansing action of soap.

13. In hard water, detergent is added. Which of the following observation is true?
(a) Foam is formed.
(b) Cleansing action is seen.
(c) Micelles are formed
(d) All of the above.

14. A student takes about 6 mL of distilled water in four test tubes marked P, Q, R and
S. He dissolves sodium sulphate in P, potassium sulphate in Q, calcium sulphate in R
and magnesium sulphate in S. After that he adds equal amount of soap solution in each
test tube. On shaking these test tubes, he would observe a good amount of lather in the
test tubes marked
[All India Delhi 2013]
(a) P and Q (b) Q and R
(c) R and S (d) P and S

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

15. The white precipitate that is formed when soap is mixed with hard water is due to
(a) ions in water (b) minerals in water
(c) salts in water (d) acid in water

16. Soap shows its cleansing property due to

(a) micelles formation
(b) lather formation
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

17. Soap removes dirt from any surface due to

(a) its tadpole structure
(b) mixture formation
(c) lather formation
(d) hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

18. Two students A and B were told to test for hard and soft water. They both were
given test tubes with soft and hard water respectively and few drops of oil in them. Both
the students added soap solution in it and recorded their observations. The correct
record is
19. The foaming capacity of soap depends on:
(a) hydrophilic part
(b) saponification
(c) ions present in water
(d) alkyl group.

20. The hardness of water is due to

(a) calcium and magnesium ions
(b) sodium and chloride ions
(c) carbonate and biocarbonate
(d) alkyl group.

21. To remove the temporary hardness of water, we can:

(a) add sodium carbonate to it
(b) add sodium hydroxide to it
(c) filter it
(d) boil it.

22. Hard water required for an experiment is not available in a school laboratory.
However, following salts are available in the laboratory. Select the salts which may be
dissolved in water to make it hard for the experiment. [Delhi 2013]
1. Calcium Sulphate
2. Sodium Sulphate
3. Calcium Chloride
4. Potassium Sulphate
5. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
6. Magnesium Chloride
(a) 1,2 and 4 (c) 3, 5 and 6 (b) 1,3 and 6 (d) 2, 4 and 5
23. In a locality, hard water, required for an experiment, is not available. However, the
following salts are available in the school laboratory: [Outside Delhi 2014]
(1) Sodium sulphate
(2) Calcium sulphate
(3) Magnesium chloride
(4) Sodium chloride
(5) Calcium chloride
(6) Potassium sulphate
Which of the above salts may be dissolved in water to obtain hard water for the
experiment?
(a) 2, 3 and 5 (b) 1,2 and 5
(c) 1,2, 4 and 6 (d) 3 and 5 only