45)what is Raster scan display?
Raster Scan Displays are most common type of graphics monitor which employs CRT. It is based
on television technology. In raster scan system electron beam sweeps across the screen, from
top to bottom covering one row at a time.A pattern of illuminated pattern of spots is created by
turning beam intensity on and off as it moves across each row. A memory area called refresh
buffer or frame buffer stores picture definition. This memory area holds intensity values for all
screen points. Stored intensity values are restored from frame buffer and painted on screen
taking one row at a [Link] screen point is referred to as pixels .
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan: 1. Interlaced Scanning 2. Non-Interlaced
Scanning.
Advantages:- 1. Realistic image 2. Million Different colors to be generated 3. Shadow Scenes are
possible.
Disadvantages:- 1. Low Resolution 2. Expensive.
46)what is random scan display?
Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line
image on the CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line
segments. Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move from
one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y coordinates define each point. After
drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first line and design all the lines of the
image 30 to 60 time each second.
Advantages:-
1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image
is to be drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution
Disadvantages:-
1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.
47)what is window port?
The window is a rectangular area in the world coordinate system that defines
the portion of the scene or graphical world that you want to display.
It acts like a "window" through which you look at the scene.
Coordinates inside this window are the part of the scene that will be mapped to
the screen.
The window is defined by its boundaries in world coordinates, for example, by
specifying the minimum and maximum x and y values.
48) discuss the Colour display techniques.
CDT are methods used to represent and display colours on a screen using RGB components.
1. RGB Colour Model
This is the basic technique. Every pixel consists of 3 sub-pixels: Red, Green, Blue. By varying the
intensity of R, G, B, millions of colours can be produced. Used in 24-bit True Color displays.
2. Indexed Colour / LUT Technique
A Colour Lookup Table stores a limited set of colours, usually 256. Each pixel stores only an
index to the table instead of full RGB value. This saves memory. Used in GIF images and old VGA
displays.
3. Direct Colour Technique
In this method, each pixel directly stores its RGB values in the frame buffer. No lookup table is
needed. 16-bit, 24-bit and 32-bit displays use this technique.
4. Dithering Technique
When a display cannot support many colours, dithering is used. It creates patterns using
available colours to simulate new colours. Example: Floyd-Steinberg dithering. Used in printers
and low-color displays.
5. Hardware Display Techniques
These are methods used in monitors to produce colour.
CRT: Uses electron guns and RGB phosphors.
LCD/LED*: Uses backlight with RGB colour filters.
OLED*: Each pixel emits its own RGB light.
49)Explain Boundary fill algorithm.
The boundary filling algorithm is applied for filling an area of connected pixels with a specific
color other than the boundary color. It requires boundary of same color. It fills all the
connected areas until it reaches a boundary.
The algorithm starts from a point (usually inside the area to be filled) and changes the color of
all adjacent pixels that match the starting pixel.
In polygon filling, the goal is to color the inside of a polygon. It assumes the boundary color are
different and it remain intact.
50)Explain the beam penetration method of colour CRT display,
The cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor displays with the help of a combination of phosphorus, as
phosphorus exists in multi-color. Beam penetration is a method for producing color displays
with CRT. The beam penetration technique uses multilayer phosphorus and achieves color by
modulating the beam's accelerating potential. It uses a random scan system to display color.
The arrangement of beam penetration CRT is similar to the normal CRT. The only unusual
component is the use of multilayer phosphorus inside beam penetration. In multilayer
phosphorus, a layer of red phosphorus is deposited behind the initial layer of green
phosphorus. This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange, and yellow. The
electron beam is produced by using an electron gun.
51)describe bresenharm s line drawing algorithm.
The Bresenham Line Drawing Algorithm is a fundamental algorithm used to draw straight lines
on a pixel-based display such as a computer screen. It determines the points of an n-
dimensional raster that should be selected to form a close approximation to a straight line
between two points. It was developed by Jack E. Bresenham in 1962 and is widely used due to
its efficiency and simplicity.
The Bresenham line algorithm is one of the most effective incremental techniques for scan-
converting lines. It is an algorithm that chooses the locations of the points in an n-dimensional
raster that should be plotted to approximate a straight line between two points. It is a raster
line-generating algorithm that is accurate and effective and employs just incremental integer
[Link], circles, and other curves can be displayed using the Bresenham algorithm.
The horizontal axes identify pixel columns, while the vertical axes show scan-line positions,
demonstrating how the Bresenham technique can be used to draw lines on a computer screen,
subtract data, and shift bits.
52)CRT monitor.
A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is an electronic vacuum tube that uses electron beams
to create images on a phosphorescent screen. CRTs have been used in devices
such as oscilloscopes, old-style television sets, and computer monitors. It
operates by emitting electron beams from an electron gun, directing them to a
phosphor-coated screen where the electrons produce visible light.
Components of a Cathode Ray Tube monitor-
Electron Gun − The electron gun is the heart of the CRT. It generates and
focuses a stream of electrons into a fine beam.
Control Grids − These grids control the intensity of the electron beam. By
adjusting the voltage applied to these grids, the brightness of the display
can be modified.
Deflection System − The electron beam needs to be directed precisely to
the correct location on the screen. This is achieved through either
electrostatic or electromagnetic deflection Electrostatic deflection is more
commonly found in oscilloscopes, while electromagnetic deflection is used
in televisions and computer monitors.
Phosphor-coated Screen − The screen inside a CRT is coated with a
phosphorescent material, usually in the form of tiny dots or stripes. When
the electron beam strikes the screen, the phosphor glows, producing light
and thus creating an image.
Vacuum Tube − The entire assembly is enclosed in a vacuum tube. This
vacuum is necessary to prevent the electrons from being scattered by air
molecules as they travel from the electron gun to the screen.
53)what is HDTV?
HDTV (high-definition television) is a television display technology that provides
picture quality similar to 35 mm movies with sound quality similar to that of a
compact disc. Television stations and cable TV operators regularly transmit HDTV
broadcasts to users with HDTV sets today. HDTV transmits using digital signals
rather than analog signals.
54)HYPERTEXT v/s hypermedia.
[Link]. HYPERTEXT HYPERMEDIA
Hypertext refers to the system Hypermedia refers to connecting
of managing the information hypertext with other media such
01. related to the plain text. as graphics, sounds, animations.
It involves graphics, image, video,
02. Hypertext involves only text. audio etc.
It is enhanced version of
hypertext here along with text
Here only text becomes the other multimedia also becomes
03. part of link. the part of link.
Hypertext is the part of Hypermedia is the superior entity
hypermedia means it comes which is the advanced version of
04. under hypermedia. hypertext.
It allows the user to navigate
through text in a non linear It includes multimedia to improve
05. way. the multimedia experience.
It simply allows users to move It extends the ability of hypertext
from one document to another and allows user to click text or
with a single click on the any other multimedia to move one
06. hypertext or goto links. to another page.
55)what is aspect ratio?
Aspect ratios are written as a formula: 16:9 (where 16 represents the width and 9
represents the height). The width is mentioned first, as most screens are wider
than tall, and the aspect ratio will naturally have a horizontal orientation.
As a simple example, a square image has an aspect ratio of 1:1 since the height
and width are the same. But the image could be 500px × 500px, or 1500px ×
1500px, and the aspect ratio would still be 1:1.
Common aspect rations are;
1:1 is the square format. (A throwback to Instagram’s strict square image
requirements.)
3:2 and 4:3 are standard photo sizes
16:9 is the standard widescreen aspect ratio.
9:16 is the vertical video we view on our phones. It’s a perfect 90 degrees
flip of the 16:9 ratio.