PHYSICS

Physics cheat sheet

1) Force
A force is a push or pull.
Formula: F=ma

Easy example: pushing a cart, kicking a ball.

Idea: bigger force can make things move faster or change direction.
2) Newton’s Laws
 First Law: things keep doing what they are doing unless a force changes them.
 Second Law: more force gives more acceleration.
 Third Law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Easy example: jumping, riding a bike, rockets.
3) Work
Work happens when a force makes something move.
Formula: W =Fd

Easy example: lifting a bag, pushing a box.

Idea: no movement = no work in physics.
4) Gravity
Gravity is the force that pulls things down.
Formula: F=mg

Easy example: dropping a pencil, throwing a ball up and seeing it come back down.
Idea: gravity is why we stay on Earth.
5) Inverse-square law
Some forces get weaker quickly when distance gets bigger.
1
Formula: F ∝ 2
r
Easy example: light from a lamp gets dimmer when you walk farther away.
Idea: double the distance, and the effect gets much weaker.
6) Pendulum
A pendulum is something that swings back and forth.
Formula: T =2 π
√ L
g
Easy example: a swing, a clock pendulum.
Idea: longer pendulums swing more slowly.
7) Wavelength
A wavelength is the distance between one wave peak and the next.
v
Formula: λ=
f
Easy example: water waves, sound waves, light waves.
Idea: higher frequency usually means shorter wavelength.
8) Projectile motion
Projectile motion is the path of something thrown in the air.
Formulas:
2
u sin ⁡( 2θ)
R=
g
2u sin ⁡θ
T=
g
2 2
u sin ⁡ θ
H=
2g
Easy example: throwing a basketball, kicking a soccer ball.
Idea: it goes forward while gravity pulls it down, so the path curves.
Easy memory trick
 Force = push or pull.
 Work = force causing movement.
 Gravity = pulls down.
 Pendulum = swings.
 Wavelength = wave distance.
 Projectile motion = thrown object path.

One tiny story

If you throw a ball, your throw is force. Because the ball moves, that is work. Gravity pulls it down.
Since it was thrown at an angle, it follows projectile motion. If it were hanging and swinging, it would
be a pendulum. If you look at waves or sound, that is where wavelength comes in.
EARTH SCIENCE
🪨 Rocks and Minerals
Concept
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical composition. Minerals combine to form
rocks.
There are three major rock types:
1. Igneous Rocks
Form when magma or lava cools and solidifies.
Examples: Granite, Basalt
Quick Memory:
🔥 Igneous = Ignite = Fire

2. Sedimentary Rocks
Form from sediments deposited by water, wind, or ice and later compacted and cemented.
Examples: Sandstone, Limestone
Quick Memory:
Sedimentary = Settled sediments

3. Metamorphic Rocks
Form when existing rocks are changed by intense heat and pressure without melting.
Examples: Marble, Slate
Quick Memory:
♨️Meta = Change

♻️Rock Cycle
Concept
Rocks continuously change from one type to another through weathering, erosion, deposition, heat,
pressure, and melting.
Example:
Magma → Igneous → Sediments → Sedimentary → Metamorphic → Magma
Quick Memory
Rocks never stay the same.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering
Breakdown of rocks where they are.
Example:
A rock cracks due to temperature changes.
Erosion
Movement of weathered materials by wind, water, or ice.
Example:
River carries sand downstream.
Deposition
Settling of transported materials.
Example:
Sand accumulates at a river mouth.
Quick Memory
Weathering = Break
Erosion = Move
Deposition = Drop

📚 Relative Dating
Concept
Determines whether rocks are older or younger without knowing exact ages.
Law of Superposition
In undisturbed layers:
 Bottom = Older
 Top = Younger
Why?
New sediments are deposited on top of older ones.

Cross-Cutting Relationship
If a fault or intrusion cuts through rock layers, it is younger than the rocks it cuts.
Why?
The rocks had to exist first before being cut.
Quick Memory
✂️The cutter is always younger.

🌎 Plate Tectonics
Concept
Earth's crust is broken into moving plates floating on the mantle.
These movements create:
 Earthquakes
 Volcanoes
 Mountains
 Trenches
Types of Boundaries
Convergent Boundary
Plates move toward each other.
Produces:
 Volcanoes
 Mountains
 Trenches
Memory:
👉👈 = Crash

Divergent Boundary
Plates move apart.
Produces:
 New ocean crust
Memory:
⬅️➡️= Divide

Transform Boundary
Plates slide past each other.
Produces:
 Earthquakes

⇄ = Slide
Memory:

🌋 Subduction
Concept
A denser oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate.
Why is it important?
Subduction causes:
 Volcanoes
 Earthquakes
 Ocean trenches
The Philippines experiences frequent subduction, explaining its many volcanoes and earthquakes.
Quick Memory
Subduction = Sink → Volcanoes + Trenches

🌍 Earthquakes
Concept
Earthquakes occur when stress builds up along faults and is suddenly released.
Important Terms
Focus (Hypocenter)
Point underground where the earthquake starts.
Epicenter
Point directly above the focus on Earth's surface.
Quick Memory
📍 Focus = Origin
📍 Epicenter = Surface
☁️Atmosphere
Concept
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth.
It protects life and controls weather.
Layers

Layer Importance

Troposphere Weather occurs here

Stratosphere Airplanes fly here

Mesosphere Meteors burn

Thermosphere Auroras occur

Exosphere Outermost layer

Why do airplanes fly in the stratosphere?

Because it has less turbulence and fewer weather disturbances.
Quick Memory
Troposphere = Weather
Stratosphere = Smooth

💧 Hydrosphere and Water Cycle

Concept
The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.
Water constantly moves through the water cycle.
Water Cycle
Evaporation
Liquid water becomes vapor.
Condensation
Water vapor cools and forms clouds.
Precipitation
Water falls as rain.
Runoff
Water flows across land.
Infiltration
Water enters the ground.
Quick Memory
E→C→P→R→I
(Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Runoff → Infiltration)

🌊 Oceanography
Concept
Oceanography studies oceans and their effects on weather and climate.
Important topics:
 Ocean currents
 Tides
 Sea surface temperature
 El Niño
 La Niña
Why important?
Oceans store and transfer heat around the planet.

Philippine Monsoons
Habagat (Southwest Monsoon)
Brings moist air from the ocean.
Results:
 Heavy rainfall
 Flooding
 Wet season
Why?
Warm air contains more water vapor, producing more rain.
Quick Memory
Habagat = Basa
Amihan (Northeast Monsoon)
Brings cooler and drier air.
Results:
 Cooler temperatures
 Less rainfall
Quick Memory
🍃 Amihan = Mahangin

☀️El Niño
Concept
El Niño occurs when warm Pacific Ocean water shifts eastward.
For the Philippines:
 Less cloud formation
 Reduced rainfall
 Drought conditions
Why?
The warm water that normally helps generate rain near the Philippines moves away.
Quick Memory
☀️El Niño = Dry Philippines

🌃 Nighttime Light Data

Concept
Scientists use satellite images of lights at night as indicators of human activity.
Brighter areas often indicate:
 Urban growth
 Population increase
 Economic development
Quick Memory
💡 More Lights = More Development
🇵🇭 Natural Hazards in the Philippines
Why is the Philippines hazard-prone?
Geologic Reason
Located near active tectonic plate boundaries.
Causes:
 Earthquakes
 Volcanoes
 Tsunamis
Climatic Reason
Located in the western Pacific typhoon belt.
Causes:
 Typhoons
 Floods
 Landslides
Quick Memory
🇵🇭 Philippines = Plate Boundary + Typhoon Belt

🏔 CRUST DEFORMATION
Concept
Crustal deformation occurs when stress changes the shape or position of rocks.
Types
Elastic Deformation
Rock temporarily changes shape but returns to original form when stress is removed.
Example:
Rubber band
Quick Memory
Elastic = Returns

Brittle Deformation
Rock breaks when stress exceeds its strength.
Produces:
 Faults
 Earthquakes
Quick Memory
Brittle = Breaks

Ductile Deformation
Rock bends without breaking.
Produces:
 Folds
 Mountain ranges
Quick Memory
Ductile = Dough
(Rocks bend like dough.)

⛰ FOLDS
Anticline
Rock layers bend upward.
Shape:
∩
Oldest rocks usually found at center.
Quick Memory
A = Arch = Anticline

Syncline
Rock layers bend downward.
Shape:

∪
Youngest rocks usually found at center.
Quick Memory
S = Sink = Syncline

Exam Trick
Anticline = Up
Syncline = Down

⚡ FAULTS
A fault is a fracture where rocks move.

Normal Fault
Caused by tension.
Crust is pulled apart.
Hanging wall moves downward.
Memory
Normal = Pull Apart

Reverse Fault
Caused by compression.
Crust is squeezed together.
Hanging wall moves upward.
Memory
Reverse = Compression

Thrust Fault
Low-angle reverse fault.
Common in mountain building.
Memory
Thrust = Reverse + Shallow Angle
Hanging Wall vs Footwall
Hanging Wall
Rock above fault plane.
Footwall
Rock below fault plane.
Memory
Imagine standing inside a mine:
🦶 Foot rests on Footwall
💡 Lamp hangs from Hanging Wall

⏳ GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

Concept
A system used to organize Earth's history using rock layers and fossils.
Largest to Smallest
Eon
↓
Era
↓
Period
↓
Epoch
Memory
E-E-P-E

Major Eras
Paleozoic
Ancient marine life
Mesozoic
Age of dinosaurs
Cenozoic
Age of mammals
Memory
P-M-C
Fish → Dinosaurs → Mammals

🦴 STRATIGRAPHY
Concept
Study of rock layers.
Used for relative dating.
Quick Memory
Strata = Layers

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
Concept
Uses fossils to determine ages of rock layers.
Why Useful?
Certain organisms lived only during specific time periods.
Exam Tip
If asked how to correlate rock layers far apart:
✅ Compare fossils
❌ Compare thickness
❌ Compare color

🦖 FAUNAL SUCCESSION
Concept
Fossils appear in a predictable order through time.
Older fossils occur below younger fossils.
Memory
Evolution leaves a timeline.
🌎 UNIFORMITARIANISM
Concept
"The present is the key to the past."
Processes occurring today operated similarly in the past.
Example
Rivers erode rocks today.
They also eroded rocks millions of years ago.
Memory
Same Processes, Different Time

📅 RELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE DATING

Relative Dating Absolute Dating

Order only Actual age

Older or younger Exact years

Stratigraphy Radiometric Dating

Memory
Relative = Ranking
Absolute = Number

☢ RADIOMETRIC DATING
Concept
Uses radioactive decay to determine age.
Most accurate method for absolute dating.

Carbon-14 Dating
Used for:
✅ Organic remains
✅ Wood
✅ Charcoal
✅ Bones
Limit:
❌ Only up to ~50,000 years old.
Memory
Carbon-14 = Once Alive

☀ SOLAR SYSTEM
Terrestrial Planets
Rocky planets:
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
Memory
Inner = Rocky

Jovian Planets
Gas giants:
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Neptune
Memory
Outer = Gas

🌍 GOLDILOCKS ZONE
Concept
Region around a star where temperatures allow liquid water to exist.
Earth is located in this zone.
Memory
Not Too Hot
Not Too Cold
Just Right

🔥 IGNEOUS ROCK TEXTURE

Concept
Cooling rate affects crystal size.

Cooling Rate Grain Size

Slow Large crystals

Fast Small crystals

Memory
Slow Grow
Fast Small

♨ METAMORPHISM
Concept
Rock changes because of heat and pressure.
Produces:
✅ New minerals
✅ Crystal growth
✅ Increased density
Does NOT produce:
❌ Melting
If melting occurs, magma forms and it becomes an igneous process.

🚨 SUPER HIGH-YIELD DOST FACTS

1. Anticline = Arch Up.
2. Syncline = Trough Down.
3. Brittle deformation creates faults.
4. Ductile deformation creates folds.
5. Hanging wall = Above fault plane.
6. Footwall = Below fault plane.
7. Carbon-14 only dates once-living materials up to ~50,000 years.
8. Fossils are best for correlating sedimentary layers.
9. Uniformitarianism = Present is key to the past.
10. Goldilocks Zone = Liquid water possible.
11. Slow cooling magma = Large crystals.
12. Metamorphism changes rocks without melting.
\

BIOLOGY

DOST JLSS BIOLOGY MASTER REVIEWER (EXPLAINED LIKE YOU'RE 10 YEARS OLD)
Think of Biology as learning how a city of life works.
 Cell = House
 Organelles = Workers inside the house
 Tissues = Neighborhoods
 Organs = Buildings
 Organ Systems = Districts
 Organism = Entire City

1. CELL ORGANELLES (THE WORKERS INSIDE THE CELL)

Cell Membrane = Security Guard 🚪
Controls what enters and leaves.
Easy Memory:
MEMBRANE = MIDDLEMAN
Example:
 Oxygen enters
 Waste exits

Nucleus = Mayor
Contains DNA (instructions).
Easy Memory:
NUCLEUS = BRAIN OF THE CELL
Why?
Because it tells the cell what to do.

Ribosome = Factory 🏭
Makes proteins.
Easy Memory:
RIBOSOME = BUILD PROTEINS
Example:
Hair, muscles, enzymes = proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = Highway

Rough ER
Has ribosomes.
Function:
Makes and transports proteins.
Smooth ER
No ribosomes.
Function:
Makes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
Memory:
ROUGH = PROTEIN
SMOOTH = FAT

Golgi Apparatus = Post Office 📦

Function:
 Modifies
 Sorts
 Packages
 Ships proteins
Why is it important?
Pancreatic cells produce digestive enzymes.
Without Golgi:
❌ Enzymes cannot be packaged
JLSS Favorite Question:
Golgi damaged →
Answer:
✅ Protein packaging/export stops
Memory:
GOLGI = GO DELIVERY

Mitochondria = Power Plant ⚡

Produces ATP.
ATP = Energy currency.
Memory:
MITO = MIGHTY ENERGY
Without mitochondria:
❌ Cell dies due to lack of energy.

Lysosome = Garbage Truck

Breaks down:
 Old organelles
 Waste materials
 Invading bacteria
Memory:
LYSO = DESTROY SO

JLSS TRICK QUESTION

Golgi destroyed
What stops?
✅ Packaging proteins
NOT:
❌ ATP production
Because ATP is made by mitochondria.

2. CELL CYCLE
Imagine making photocopies.

G1 Phase
Cell grows.
Memory:
G1 = GROW

S Phase
DNA copied.
Memory:
S = SYNTHESIS
Why?
DNA must be duplicated before division.

G2 Phase
Preparation stage.
Memory:
G2 = GET READY

M Phase
Cell divides.
Memory:
M = MULTIPLY

QUICK FLOW
G1 → S → G2 → M
Grow → Copy DNA → Prepare → Divide
JLSS FAVORITE
Cell cannot enter S phase.
What cannot happen?
✅ DNA Replication
Because S phase is where DNA is copied.

3. TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Passive Transport
Moves:
HIGH ➜ LOW
Needs ATP?
❌ NO
Types
Diffusion
Example:
Perfume spreading in a room.
Osmosis
Water movement across a membrane.
Memory:
PASSIVE = PEACEFUL
No energy needed.

Active Transport
Moves:
LOW ➜ HIGH
Needs ATP?
✅ YES
Example
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Memory:
ACTIVE = AGAINST GRADIENT

JLSS FAVORITE
ATP production blocked.
What stops first?
✅ Active transport
Why?
Because pumps need ATP.
Diffusion continues because it is free.

4. OSMOSIS
Water moves toward higher solute concentration.
Think:
Water goes where salt is.

Hypotonic Solution
Outside has LESS solute.
Water enters cell.
Animal Cell:
💥 BURSTS (Lysis)
Example:
Red blood cell in distilled water
Memory:
HYPO = HIPPO DRINKING WATER

Hypertonic Solution
Outside has MORE solute.
Water leaves cell.
Cell shrivels.
Memory:
HYPER = DRY

Isotonic Solution
Equal concentration.
No net movement.
Normal condition.

JLSS FAVORITE
Red blood cell in distilled water
Answer:
✅ Water enters
✅ Cell bursts

5. DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA Structure
Made of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains:
 Phosphate
 Sugar
 Nitrogen Base
Elements
CHONP
Memory:
DNA contains PHOSPHORUS

DNA Bases
A=T
C=G
Memory:
Apple Tree
Car Garage

Replication
DNA → DNA
Enzyme:
✅ DNA Polymerase
Why?
Copies DNA before division.

Transcription
DNA → RNA
Occurs in nucleus.

Translation
RNA → Protein
Occurs at ribosome.

SUPER MEMORY
DNA → RNA → Protein
Recipe → Copy Recipe → Cook Food

JLSS FAVORITE
DNA Polymerase destroyed.
What fails?
✅ Replication

6. BIOMOLECULES (VERY HIGH-YIELD)

Think:
Building Blocks = LEGO pieces
Chemical Bonds = The glue holding the LEGO pieces together

MASTER TABLE

Building Block
Biomolecule Function Elements Chemical Bond Example
(Monomer)

Glucose,
Carbohydrates Quick Energy C,H,O Monosaccharide Glycosidic Bond
Starch

Long-term
Lipids C,H,O Glycerol + Fatty Acid Ester Bond Butter, Oil
Energy

Muscle,
Proteins Build & Repair C,H,O,N Amino Acid Peptide Bond
Enzymes

Genetic Phosphodiester
Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P Nucleotide DNA, RNA
Information Bond

CARBOHYDRATES 🍞
Function
Quick source of energy.
Examples:
 Rice
 Bread
 Sugar
Building Block
Monosaccharide
Examples:
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
Bond
✅ Glycosidic Bond
Memory
CARBS = QUICK GASOLINE
MONO → GLYCO

LIPIDS 🧈
Function
Long-term energy storage.
Protection.
Insulation.
Building Blocks
1 Glycerol


3 Fatty Acids
=
Triglyceride
Bond
✅ Ester Bond
Memory
GLYCEROL + FATTY ACID = ESTER

SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FAT

Saturated Fat
 Single bonds
 Packed tightly
 Solid at room temperature
Examples:
 Butter
 Lard
Memory
SATURATED = STRAIGHT = SOLID
Unsaturated Fat
 Contains double bonds
 Bent structure
 Liquid at room temperature
Examples:
 Olive Oil
 Corn Oil
Memory
UNSATURATED = U-TURN = LIQUID

PROTEINS 🍗
Function
 Build body tissues
 Repair tissues
 Enzymes
 Hormones
 Antibodies
Building Block
Amino Acid
Bond
✅ Peptide Bond
Memory
AMINO → PEPTIDE

NUCLEIC ACIDS 🧬
Function
Store genetic information.
Examples:
 DNA
  RNA
Building Block
Nucleotide
Contains:
 Phosphate
 Sugar
 Base
Bond
✅ Phosphodiester Bond
Memory
NUCLEOTIDE → PHOSPHODIESTER

SUPER MEMORY TABLE

Biomolecule Monomer Bond

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Glycosidic

Lipid Glycerol + Fatty Acid Ester

Protein Amino Acid Peptide

DNA/RNA Nucleotide Phosphodiester

7. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (HORMONES)

Hormones = Text messages of the body 📱

Insulin
Function:
Lowers blood sugar.
Memory:
INSULIN = SUGAR IN CELLS

Glucagon
Function:
Raises blood sugar.
Memory:
GLUCAGON = GLUCOSE UP

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Function:
Raises blood calcium.
How?
Pulls calcium from bones.
Memory:
PTH = PULLS CALCIUM

Calcitonin
Function:
Lowers blood calcium.
Memory:
CALCI-TONE-DOWN

JLSS FAVORITES
Too much insulin?
✅ Low blood sugar
Too much PTH?
✅ High blood calcium

8. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (VERY HIGH-YIELD)

Think of the heart as a double pump.

GOLDEN RULE
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART
Carries:
🔵 Oxygen-poor blood
Why?
Blood is returning from the body.

LEFT SIDE OF HEART

Carries:
🔴 Oxygen-rich blood
Why?
Blood just came from the lungs.

SUPER MEMORY
RIGHT = RETURNING BLOOD
LEFT = LOADED BLOOD

HEART CHAMBERS

Chamber Type of Blood

Right Atrium Oxygen-poor

Right Ventricle Oxygen-poor

Left Atrium Oxygen-rich

Left Ventricle Oxygen-rich

COMPLETE BLOOD FLOW

Body
↓
Right Atrium 🔵
↓
Right Ventricle 🔵
↓
Pulmonary Artery 🔵
↓
Lungs
↓
Pulmonary Vein 🔴
↓
Left Atrium 🔴
↓
Left Ventricle 🔴
↓
Aorta 🔴
↓
Body

IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
Most arteries:
🔴 Oxygen-rich
Most veins:
🔵 Oxygen-poor
BUT:

Blood Vessel Blood Type

Pulmonary Artery Oxygen-poor

Pulmonary Vein Oxygen-rich

Memory
ARTERY = AWAY from heart
NOT necessarily oxygen-rich.

JLSS FAVORITES
Pulmonary artery blocked
Answer:
✅ Oxygen-poor blood cannot reach lungs

Highest pressure chamber

Answer:
✅ Left Ventricle
Why?
Pumps blood to the entire body.

Chamber receiving blood from body

✅ Right Atrium

Chamber pumping blood to lungs

✅ Right Ventricle

Chamber receiving blood from lungs

✅ Left Atrium

Chamber pumping blood to body

✅ Left Ventricle

9. ECOLOGY

Food Chain
Grass
↓
Rabbit
↓
Snake
↓
Eagle
Producer → Primary → Secondary → Tertiary

10% RULE
Only 10% of energy moves upward.
Example:
200,000 kcal
↓
20,000
↓
2,000
↓
200
Memory
REMOVE ONE ZERO EACH LEVEL

JLSS FAVORITE
100,000 kcal producer
Tertiary consumers?
100,000
↓
10,000
↓
1,000
↓
100
Answer:
✅ 100 kcal

POPULATION GROWTH
Carrying Capacity
Maximum population environment can support.
Memory
CAPACITY = LIMIT

JLSS FAVORITE
Population growth levels off.
Answer:
✅ Carrying Capacity

10. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Relationship Effect Example

Mutualism +/+ Bee & Flower

Commensalism +/0 Remora & Shark

Parasitism +/- Tick & Dog

Predation +/- Lion & Zebra

Memory
Mutualism = Win-Win
Commensalism = Win-Dedma
Parasitism = Stealer
Predation = Eat or Be Eaten

11. EXTRA JLSS HIGH-YIELD TOPICS

Photosynthesis
CO₂ + H₂O + Sunlight
↓
Glucose + O₂
Memory
Plants make food and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration
Glucose + O₂
↓
ATP + CO₂ + H₂O
Memory
Food + Oxygen = Energy

Mitosis
Produces:
✅ 2 identical cells
Purpose:
Growth and repair
Memory
MITOSIS = MAKE TWO

Meiosis
Produces:
✅ 4 sex cells
Purpose:
Reproduction
Memory
MEIOSIS = MAKE BABIES

FINAL JLSS TEST-TAKING SECRET

When you encounter scenario-based questions, ask:
1. What structure/process is involved?
2. What is its main function?
3. If it stops working, what fails FIRST?
This "Function → Consequence" method is the fastest way to answer most Biology questions in the
DOST JLSS exam.

12. MENDELIAN GENETICS (VERY HIGH-YIELD)

Imagine genes as recipe cards.
You receive:
 One recipe from Mom
 One recipe from Dad
Together they determine your traits.

Important Terms
Gene
A DNA segment controlling a characteristic.
Example:
Gene = Hair Color

Allele
Different versions of a gene.
Example:
Hair Color Gene
 Black hair allele
 Brown hair allele
Memory
GENE = Category
ALLELE = Version

Dominant Allele
Shows up whenever present.
Represented by capital letter.
Example:
T = Tall

Recessive Allele
Only appears when both alleles are recessive.
Example:
t = Short

Memory
DOMINANT = BOSSY
RECESSIVE = QUIET

Genotype
Letter combination.
Examples:
TT
Tt
tt

Phenotype
What you actually see.
Examples:
Tall
Short

Memory
GENOTYPE = LETTERS
PHENOTYPE = PHYSICAL

MENDEL'S LAWS
Law of Dominance
Dominant trait masks recessive trait.
TT = Tall
Tt = Tall
tt = Short

Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during gamete formation.
Tt
↓
T and t

Law of Independent Assortment

Different genes separate independently.
Example:
Height gene and seed color gene assort separately.

JLSS FAVORITE
Tt × Tt
Genotype Ratio:
1 TT
2 Tt
1 tt
Phenotype Ratio:
3 Tall
1 Short

13. NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

Codominance
Both alleles appear fully.
Example:
AB Blood Type
A and B are both expressed.
Memory
CO-DOMINANCE
CO = TOGETHER

Incomplete Dominance
Traits blend.
Example:
Red Flower × White Flower
↓
Pink Flower
Memory
INCOMPLETE = MIXED

Multiple Alleles
More than two alleles exist.
Example:
ABO Blood System
IA
IB
i

ABO BLOOD TYPES

Blood Type Genotype

A IAIA or IAi

B IBIB or IBi

AB IAIB
Blood Type Genotype

O ii

Memory
AB = CODOMINANCE
O = RECESSIVE

14. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS

Pedigree = Family Tree for Genetics
Used to trace inherited traits.

Symbols
□ = Male
○ = Female
Filled = Has trait
Empty = No trait

Memory
Square = Boy
Circle = Girl

X-LINKED RECESSIVE
Most affected individuals are male.
Examples:
 Color Blindness
 Hemophilia
Why?
Males only have one X chromosome.

JLSS FAVORITE
 Mostly males affected?
Answer:
✅ X-linked recessive

15. CHROMOSOMES & KARYOTYPES

Karyotype
Picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs.
Used to identify chromosome abnormalities.

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

Disorder Chromosome

Down Syndrome Trisomy 21

Edwards Syndrome Trisomy 18

Patau Syndrome Trisomy 13

Klinefelter Syndrome XXY

Turner Syndrome XO

Triple X Syndrome XXX

XYY Syndrome XYY

Memory
DOWN = 21
TURNER = XO
KLINEFELTER = XXY

16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Purpose:
Convert food into ATP.
ATP = Energy Money
OVERALL EQUATION
Glucose + Oxygen
↓
ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Memory
FOOD + OXYGEN = ENERGY

Step 1: Glycolysis
Location:
Cytoplasm
Produces:
Small ATP

Step 2: Krebs Cycle

Location:
Mitochondria
Produces:
Electron carriers

Step 3: Electron Transport Chain

Location:
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Produces:
Most ATP

JLSS FAVORITE
Products of respiration?
✅ ATP
✅ CO₂
✅ H₂O

17. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Plants make food.
Photosynthesis is ANABOLIC.
(Building molecules)

EQUATION
CO₂ + H₂O + Sunlight
↓
Glucose + O₂

IMPORTANT TRAP
Light is NOT a raw material.
Light is an energy source.

LIGHT REACTION
Location:
Thylakoids
Produces:
ATP
NADPH
Oxygen

CALVIN CYCLE
Also called:
 Dark Reaction
 Light Independent Reaction
Location:
Stroma
Produces:
Glucose

Memory
LIGHT REACTION = CAPTURE ENERGY
CALVIN CYCLE = BUILD SUGAR

18. MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

Feature Mitosis Meiosis

Divisions 1 2

Daughter Cells 2 4

Chromosome Number Same Half

Identical? Yes No

Growth &
Function Reproduction
Repair

Memory
MITOSIS = MAKE TWO
MEIOSIS = MAKE FOUR

PROPHASE I (VERY IMPORTANT)

Only happens in meiosis.
Crossing Over occurs.
Chromosomes exchange DNA.
Result:
Genetic Variation

WHY DOES MEIOSIS REDUCE CHROMOSOME NUMBER?

Because fertilization restores chromosome number.
Example:
Sperm (23)


Egg (23)
↓
Baby (46)

SPERMATOGENESIS VS OOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis
Produces sperm.
1 cell
↓
4 sperm

Oogenesis
Produces egg.
1 cell
↓
1 egg


3 polar bodies

19. BIOMES
Think:
Biome = Giant Ecosystem

Desert 🌵
Characteristics:
 Very dry
 Little rainfall
 Sparse vegetation
Memory
DESERT = DRY

Tundra 🐻‍❄️
Characteristics:
 Extremely cold
 Permafrost
 Short growing season
Memory
TUNDRA = FROZEN

Tropical Rainforest 🌴
Characteristics:
 Warm
 Heavy rainfall
 Highest biodiversity
Memory
RAINFOREST = MOST LIFE

Savannah 🦁
Characteristics:
 Grasslands
 Scattered trees
 Wet and dry seasons
Memory
SAVANNAH = LIONS & GRASS
1. MIXTURES
Solution
Definition
A homogeneous mixture with particles too small to be seen.
Memory Trick
🧠 SOLution = SOLid disappears
The solute completely disappears from sight.
Examples:
 Salt water
 Sugar water
 Air
How to Recognize
✔ Uniform appearance
✔ Does not settle
✔ No Tyndall Effect
JLSS Concept
Why can you not filter dissolved salt from salt water?
Answer:
The salt particles are molecular-sized and pass through the filter.
Common Trap
Milk is NOT a solution.
Milk is a colloid.

Colloid
Definition
Mixture with intermediate-sized particles.
Memory Trick
🧠 COLLOID = CLOUD
Both scatter light.
Examples:
 Milk
 Fog
 Smoke
 Gelatin
Must Remember
Shows Tyndall Effect.
JLSS Concept
Why do car headlights become visible in fog?
Answer:
Light is scattered by colloidal particles.
(Tyndall Effect)

2. PHYSICAL VS CHEMICAL CHANGE

Physical Change
Memory Trick
🧠 Physical = Appearance only
Examples:
 Melting ice
 Cutting paper
 Crushing can
JLSS Shortcut
If the chemical formula stays the same
→ Physical change
H₂O (ice)
↓
H₂O (water)
Still H₂O.

Chemical Change
Memory Trick
🧠 Chemical = Composition Changes
Examples:
 Rusting
 Burning
 Cooking
JLSS Shortcut
If a NEW substance forms
→ Chemical change

Signs of Chemical Change

Remember:
🧠 CGPH
C → Color change
G → Gas produced
P → Precipitate
H → Heat/Light

3. GAS LAWS
Boyle's Law
Formula
PV = constant
Memory Trick
🧠 BOYLE = SQUEEZE
Pressure ↑
Volume ↓
Think of squeezing a balloon.

JLSS Concept
Why does a syringe become harder to push?
Answer:
Volume decreases.
Pressure increases.

Charles' Law
Formula
V/T = constant
Memory Trick
🧠 CHARLES = HOT AIR BALLOON
Hotter
↓
Bigger volume

JLSS Concept
Why does bread dough rise when baked?
Answer:
Gas expands when heated.

Gay-Lussac Law
Formula
P/T = constant
Memory Trick
🧠 GAY-LUSSAC = PRESSURE COOKER
Temperature ↑
Pressure ↑

JLSS Concept
Why can aerosol cans explode in fire?
Answer:
Pressure becomes extremely high.

GAS LAW MASTER MEMORY

Pressure and Volume
🧠 Opposite Relationship
(Boyle)
↑P = ↓V

Volume and Temperature

🧠 Same Relationship
(Charles)
↑T = ↑V

Pressure and Temperature

🧠 Same Relationship
(Gay-Lussac)
↑T = ↑P
4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Proton
Memory Trick
🧠 P = Positive
Charge = +1
Location = Nucleus

Electron
Memory Trick
🧠 E = Exterior
Outside nucleus
Charge = -1

Neutron
Memory Trick
🧠 N = Neutral
Charge = 0

JLSS FORMULA MEMORY

Atomic Number
🧠 Z = Proton ID Number
Atomic Number = Protons

Mass Number
🧠 Mass = P + N
Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons

Neutrons
🧠N=A−Z
Example
Sodium-23
Atomic number = 11
Easy Solution
Protons = 11
Neutrons = 23 − 11
= 12
Electrons = 11

5. PERIODIC TRENDS
This is heavily tested.

Atomic Radius
Memory Trick
🧠 BIG FOOT RULE
Atoms become BIGGER toward the
⬅ LOWER LEFT
of the periodic table.

Why?
More electron shells are added.

Ionization Energy
Memory Trick
🧠 UPPER RIGHT = HOLDS ELECTRONS TIGHTLY

Electronegativity
Memory Trick
🧠 Fluorine is the Electron Thief
Highest electronegativity.

PERIODIC TABLE SUPER MEMORY

CMAR
Towards LOWER LEFT
🧠 "Come Meet A Rhino"
C = Cation Size
M = Metallic Character
A = Atomic Radius
R = Reactivity of Metals

IEEA
Towards UPPER RIGHT
🧠 "I Eat Eggs Always"
I = Ionization Energy
E = Electron Affinity
E = Electronegativity
A = Anion Formation

6. STOICHIOMETRY
Memory Trick
🧠 BMCM
Balance
Moles
Convert
Measure

Golden Rule
⚠ NEVER solve without balancing.
Example
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Question:
4 mol H₂ →
?
Answer:
Ratio:
2:2
Therefore:
4 mol H₂O

7. ACIDS AND BASES

Acids
Memory Trick
🧠 Acid = H starts the formula
Examples:
HCl
H₂SO₄
HNO₃

Bases
Memory Trick
🧠 Base = OH inside formula
Examples:
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)₂

8. JLSS ULTRA-HIGH YIELD FACTS

STP
🧠 "273-1-22"
273 K
1 atm
22.4 L/mol

Avogadro's Number
🧠 6.02 × 10²³
Think:
"6 chickens laying 23 eggs"
(6.02 × 10²³)

Fluorine
Highest Electronegativity

Hydrogen
Lightest Element

Helium
Lowest Boiling Point

Carbon
Basis of Organic Chemistry

Tyndall Effect
Definition:
The Tyndall Effect is the scattering of light by particles in a colloid.
Easy Memory Trick
🧠 TYNDALL = "Tiny particles Throw light"
If light becomes visible as it passes through a mixture, it is showing the Tyndall Effect.
Why Does It Happen?
Colloids contain particles that are:
 Bigger than solution particles
 Smaller than suspension particles
These particles are large enough to scatter light but not large enough to settle.

Examples

Mixture Tyndall Effect?

Milk ✅ Yes

Fog ✅ Yes

Smoke ✅ Yes

Salt water ❌ No

Sugar water ❌ No

Real-Life Example
Have you noticed car headlights during a foggy night?
The light beam becomes visible.
Why?
➡ Fog is a colloid.
➡ Water droplets scatter the light.
➡ This scattering is the Tyndall Effect.
4

JLSS-Style Question
Question:
A student shines a flashlight through three containers:
1. Salt water
2. Milk
3. Sugar water
Only one shows a visible light path. Which one?
Answer:
✅ Milk
Explanation:
Milk is a colloid. The colloidal particles scatter light, producing the Tyndall Effect.
Salt water and sugar water are solutions, so their particles are too small to scatter light.
Quick Comparison

Property Solution Colloid Suspension

Particle Size Smallest Intermediate Largest

Tyndall Effect ❌ No ✅ Yes Usually not used as identifying feature

Settles ❌ No ❌ No ✅ Yes

JLSS Memory Hack

🧠 "COLLOIDS CAUSE CAR LIGHTS"
Think of:
 Fog
 Milk
 Smoke

SUPER JLSS CRAM SHEET (MEMORIZE TONIGHT)

Physics
 Elastic = Momentum + KE conserved
 Impulse = Ft
 Parallel = Less resistance
 Double speed = 4× KE
 Sound cannot travel in vacuum

Earth Science
 Asthenosphere moves plates
 Convergent = Collision
 Deep trench = Convergent
 Seasons = Earth's tilt
 Surface waves = Most destructive

Biology
  Mitochondria = ATP + own DNA
 Osmosis = Water movement
 Alveoli = Gas exchange
 Insulin lowers blood sugar

Chemistry
 Tyndall Effect = Light scattering
 Fluorine = Highest electronegativity
 Neutral atom = Protons = Electrons
 Boyle's Law:
o Pressure ↑

o Volume ↓

 Carbon-14 = 8 neutrons

Momentum
Big truck
Small bicycle
Even if both move,
truck has more momentum.
Formula
Momentum
=
Mass × Velocity
Heavy


Fast
=
More momentum
Elastic Collision
Imagine two rubber balls.
They bounce.
Momentum stays.
Kinetic energy stays.

Inelastic Collision
Two clay balls.
They hit.
Energy disappears as sound and heat.
Momentum still stays.

Projectile Motion
Imagine throwing a basketball.
Horizontally
Nothing changes.
Vertically
Gravity pulls it.
Always.
Gravity never rests.

Newton's Laws
First Law
Things don't change unless pushed.
Soccer ball
Won't move
unless kicked.

Second Law
More force
=
More acceleration
Heavy things need more force.
F=ma

Third Law
Push wall.
Wall pushes back.
Every action
has equal opposite reaction.

Cell Organelles
These usually appear every JLSS.
Cell Membrane
Security guard
Controls what enters.
Nucleus
Principal
Controls everything.
Mitochondria
Power plant
Makes ATP.
Ribosome
Factory
Makes proteins.
Golgi Body
Post office
Packages proteins.
Lysosome
Garbage truck
Breaks waste.
Chloroplast
Solar panel
Makes food.

DNA → RNA → Protein

Imagine cooking.
DNA
Recipe book.
RNA
Photocopy of recipe.
Protein
Finished cake.
Never forget
DNA
↓
RNA
↓
Protein

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis
One cell
↓
Two identical cells
Purpose
Growth.
Meiosis
One cell
↓
Four different sex cells
Purpose
Babies.

Acids vs Bases
Acids
Taste sour
pH below 7
Turn blue litmus red.
Bases
Taste bitter
Feel slippery
pH above 7
Turn red litmus blue.

⚡ ELECTRICITY
Imagine electricity is like water flowing inside a pipe.
 The pipe = Wire
 The water = Electrons
 The water flow = Electric Current
 The water pressure = Voltage
 The narrowness of the pipe = Resistance
Once you remember the water analogy, electricity becomes much easier.

1. VOLTAGE (V)
Imagine a water tank.
If the tank is very high,
the water comes out with lots of pressure.
That pressure is called Voltage.
Voltage pushes electricity.
Higher voltage = Stronger push.
Unit
Volt (V)
Example
A 9 V battery pushes electricity harder than a 1.5 V battery.

2. CURRENT (I)
Current means
How much electricity is flowing.
Imagine students leaving a classroom.
If only 5 students leave every second
➡ Small current
If 100 students leave every second
➡ Large current
Current is simply
the flow of electrons.
Unit
Ampere (A)

3. RESISTANCE (R)
Resistance means
Something that makes electricity harder to pass.
Imagine drinking juice.
🥤 Big straw → Easy
🥤 Tiny straw → Hard
The tiny straw has
HIGH resistance.
Unit
Ohm (Ω)

Easy Memory
Voltage = Push
Current = Flow
Resistance = Difficulty

4. OHM'S LAW ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

This is the MOST IMPORTANT electricity formula.
Formula
V = IR
Where:
 V = Voltage
 I = Current
 R = Resistance
Formula Triangle
V
-------
I×R
Cover what you're solving.
Need Voltage?
➡ V = IR
Need Current?
➡ I = V/R
Need Resistance?
➡ R = V/I

Example 1
Voltage = 12 V
Resistance = 3 Ω
Current?
I = 12 ÷ 3
=4A

Example 2
Current = 2 A
Resistance = 5 Ω
Voltage?
V = IR
=2×5
= 10 V

Memory Trick
More Voltage ↑
➡ More Current ↑
More Resistance ↑
➡ Less Current ↓

5. ELECTRIC POWER
Power means
How fast electricity uses energy.
Imagine two fans.
Fan A spins slowly.
Fan B spins very fast.
Fan B uses more power.
Formula
P = VI
Power = Voltage × Current
Unit
Watt (W)

Example
Voltage = 12 V
Current = 5 A
Power?
P = 12 × 5
= 60 Watts

6. SERIES CIRCUIT
Imagine Christmas lights.
Battery

💡──💡──💡
There is only ONE path.
If one bulb breaks,
❌ Everything turns off.
Resistance
In Series,
Resistance Adds
Example
3Ω+5Ω+2Ω
= 10 Ω

Memory Trick
Series
=
Straight line
=
Simply Add

7. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Imagine a road.
One road splits into three roads.
Cars can choose.
Electricity can too.
💡
Battery
💡
💡
If one bulb breaks,
the others still work.
Important
Parallel circuits have
Smaller Total Resistance

Memory Trick
Parallel
=
Many Paths
=
Current has choices.
8. CONVENTIONAL CURRENT vs ELECTRONS
Scientists first believed
Current moves
Positive ➡ Negative
Later they discovered
Electrons actually move
Negative ➡ Positive
Remember
Conventional Current
➡ Positive → Negative
Electrons
➡ Negative → Positive
They move in opposite directions.

9. SHORT CIRCUIT
Electricity always looks for
the easiest path.
If wires touch directly,
too much current flows.
The wire gets hot.
Sometimes
🔥 Fire.

10. CONDUCTORS vs INSULATORS

Conductors
Electricity flows easily.
Examples
 Copper
 Silver
  Gold
 Aluminum

Insulators
Electricity cannot pass easily.
Examples
 Plastic
 Rubber
 Glass
 Wood

Memory Trick
Copper
= Conducts
Rubber
= Resists

11. COULOMB'S LAW (Electric Charges)

Think of magnets.
Same charges
(+ +)
➡ Repel
(- -)
➡ Repel
Different charges
(+ -)
➡ Attract

Memory Trick
Like charges repel.
Unlike charges attract.

JLSS FAVORITE ELECTRICITY QUESTIONS

✔ If Voltage doubles (Resistance constant)
➡ Current doubles.
✔ If Resistance increases
➡ Current decreases.
✔ Series circuit
One bulb breaks
➡ Everything turns off.
✔ Parallel circuit
One bulb breaks
➡ Others still work.
✔ Best conductor?
➡ Copper
✔ Current direction?
➡ Positive → Negative (Conventional)

OPTICS
Optics simply means
What happens when light travels?
Light can
 Bounce
 Bend
 Split into colors

1. REFLECTION
Reflection means
Light bounces.
Imagine throwing a ball against a wall.
It bounces back.
Light behaves the same way.

Law of Reflection
Angle In = Angle Out
If light hits at
30°
It leaves at
30°
Easy.

2. REFRACTION
Refraction means
Light bends.
Imagine pushing a shopping cart.
Half enters mud.
It turns.
Light also bends
when it enters
 Water
 Glass
 Plastic

Example
A pencil inside water
looks bent.
Actually
it's straight.
Light bends.
3. DISPERSION
White light
contains many colors.
A prism separates them.
This is called
Dispersion

Rainbow Colors
ROYGBIV
 Red
 Orange
 Yellow
 Green
 Blue
 Indigo
 Violet

4. IMAGE
The picture formed by a mirror
is called an
Image.
There are two kinds.

REAL IMAGE ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Light rays actually meet.
Can be projected onto a screen.
Usually upside down.
Real Images
✔ Can be projected
✔ Inverted
Memory Trick
Real
=
Really there.

VIRTUAL IMAGE ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

The image only appears
to be there.
Light rays never actually meet.
Cannot be projected.
Always upright.

Memory Trick
Virtual
=
Fake Picture

5. CONCAVE MIRROR
Looks like
🥣
Curves inward.
It can produce
 Big images
 Small images
 Real images
 Virtual images
depending on where the object is.

Object Beyond C
Image
✔ Real
✔ Inverted
✔ Smaller

Object Between C and F

Image
✔ Real
✔ Inverted
✔ Bigger

Object Inside F
Image
✔ Virtual
✔ Upright
✔ Bigger

Memory Trick
Inside Focus
=
Virtual
Outside Focus
=
Real

6. CONVEX MIRROR
Looks like
🍚
Bulges outward.
ALWAYS
✔ Virtual
✔ Upright
✔ Smaller
Never changes.

Example
Car side mirrors.
They let you see more area.

Easy Table

Mirror Image Produced

Convex Always Virtual, Upright, Smaller

Concave (Inside F) Virtual, Upright, Bigger

Concave (Outside F) Real, Inverted

7. LENSES
Lenses
bend light.

Convex Lens
Looks like
()
Fat in the middle.
Brings light together.
Example
Magnifying glass.
Can produce
Real or Virtual images.

Concave Lens
Looks like
)(
Thin in the middle.
Spreads light apart.
ALWAYS
✔ Virtual
✔ Upright
✔ Smaller

Memory Trick
Convex
=
Converges
Concave
=
Spreads

8. FOCUS (F)
Focus
is where light meets.
Example
A magnifying glass burning paper.
The burning point
=
Focus.

9. PRINCIPAL AXIS
An imaginary straight line
through the center
of the mirror or lens.
10. CENTER OF CURVATURE (C)
Imagine a mirror
is part of a huge circle.
The center of that circle
is called
Center of Curvature.
Usually
Mirror → F → C

11. WAVES
A wave carries
Energy
but
NOT Matter.

Amplitude
Height of the wave.
Greater amplitude
➡ Louder sound

Frequency
Number of waves passing
every second.
Higher frequency
➡ Higher pitch

Wavelength
Distance between
two wave peaks.
Long wavelength
➡ Lower frequency
Short wavelength
➡ Higher frequency

12. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Order from
Lowest Energy
to
Highest Energy
Radio
↓
Microwave
↓
Infrared
↓
Visible
↓
Ultraviolet
↓
X-ray
↓
Gamma Ray

Memory Trick
Rabbits
Make
Invisible
Vegetables
Under
X-ray
Glasses

JLSS FAVORITE OPTICS QUESTIONS

✔ Vehicle side mirror?
➡ Convex
✔ Dentist mirror?
➡ Concave
✔ Magnifying glass?
➡ Convex Lens
✔ Which image can be projected?
➡ Real Image
✔ Which image cannot be projected?
➡ Virtual Image
✔ Which mirror ALWAYS forms a virtual image?
➡ Convex Mirror
✔ Why does a pencil look bent in water?
➡ Refraction
✔ What forms a rainbow?
➡ Dispersion
10-SECOND JLSS CHEAT SHEET
🧠 CGPH
= Signs of Chemical Change
🧠 CMAR
= Lower Left
🧠 IEEA
= Upper Right
🧠 STP
= 273 K, 1 atm, 22.4 L
🧠P+N=A
🧠N=A−Z
🧠 Boyle = Squeeze
🧠 Charles = Hot Air Balloon
🧠 Gay-Lussac = Pressure Cooker
🧠 Fluorine = Electron Thief
🧠 Balance First in Stoichiometry
Topic Remember

Across Period Electronegativity ↑

Bond Polarity Greater ΔEN = More polar

Sulfur in H₂SO₄ +6

Catalyst Lowers activation energy

Charles' Law Hotter → Larger volume

pH 1 unit = 10× change

Hydrogen Bond H with F, O, or N

STP 22.4 L/mol

Strong Electrolyte NaCl

Element Identity Number of protons

Isotopes Different neutrons

OIL RIG Oxidation = Loss, Reduction = Gain

Highest Boiling H₂O

Point

Endothermic Absorbs heat

Equilibrium Forward rate = Reverse rate

PHYSICS CHEAT SHEET

Topic Remember

Satellite Gravity = Centripetal Force

Friction Converts kinetic energy into heat

Highest-frequency visible light Violet

Two equal resistors in parallel R/2

Convex lens Beyond F → Real image

Momentum kg·m/s

Mechanical waves Need a medium

Power Work ÷ Time

Free fall Constant acceleration (g)

Rocket Newton's Third Law

Super Memory Rules (JLSS Favorites)

1. Series = Simply Add (Resistance adds.)
 2. Parallel = Plenty of Paths (Current has many routes.)
3. Current = Positive → Negative (Conventional current.)
4. Electrons = Negative → Positive.
5. Convex Mirror = Always Virtual, Upright, Smaller.
6. Concave Lens = Always Virtual, Upright, Smaller.
7. Real Images = Can be projected + Inverted.
8. Virtual Images = Cannot be projected + Upright.
9. Reflection = Bounce.
10. Refraction = Bend.
11. Dispersion = Rainbow.
12. ROYGBIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.

Electricity

Concept Meaning

Voltage Pushes electricity

Current Flow of electrons

Resistance Opposes current

Ohm's Law V = IR

Electric Power P = VI

Series Circuit One path, resistance adds, one bulb breaks = all off

Parallel Circuit Many paths, lower resistance, others still work

Conductors Copper, Silver, Gold

Insulators Rubber, Plastic, Glass

Current Positive → Negative (Conventional)

Direction

Optics

Concept Remember

Reflection Light bounces

Refraction Light bends

Dispersion White light → Rainbow

Real Image Can be projected, inverted

Virtual Image Cannot be projected, upright

Concave Mirror Can be real or virtual

Convex Mirror Always virtual, upright,

smaller

Convex Lens Magnifying glass

Concave Lens Always virtual, upright,

smaller

Side Mirror Convex

Dentist Mirror Concave

Rainbow Dispersion

ROYGBIV Colors of visible light

EARTH SCIENCE CHEAT SHEET

Topic Remember

Liquid Layer Outer Core

Seasons Earth's 23.5° tilt

Transform Boundary Earthquakes

Igneous Rock Cooled magma/lava

Lithification Compaction + Cementation

Ozone Layer Stratosphere

El Niño Drought

La Niña Heavy rain

Richter Magnitude

Mercalli Intensity

Hardest Mineral Diamond

Marine Fossils on Plate tectonic uplift
Mountains

⭐ MUST-MEMORIZE JLSS FACTS

1. Bottom layer = Older.
2. Cross-cutting fault = Younger.
3. Weathering breaks rocks.
4. Erosion moves materials.
5. Deposition drops materials.
6. Subduction forms trenches and volcanoes.
7. Earthquakes occur along faults.
8. Troposphere contains weather.
9. Stratosphere is where airplanes fly.
10. Habagat = Wet season.
11. Amihan = Cool, dry season.
12. El Niño = Less rainfall.
13. Night lights indicate development.
14. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
15. The Philippines is hazard-prone because of both plate tectonics and its tropical location.
BIOLOGY
ULTIMATE JLSS CHEAT SHEET

Topic Quick Memory

Golgi Package & Ship
Ribosome Protein Factory
Mitochondria ATP Factory
Lysosome Garbage Disposal
S Phase DNA Replication
Active Transport Needs ATP
Diffusion No ATP
Hypotonic Cell Bursts
Hypertonic Cell Shrinks
DNA Polymerase DNA Copying
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide + Glycosidic
Lipid Glycerol/Fatty Acid + Ester
Protein Amino Acid + Peptide
DNA/RNA Nucleotide + Phosphodiester
Insulin Sugar Down
Glucagon Sugar Up
PTH Calcium Up
Calcitonin Calcium Down
Right Heart Oxygen-poor
Left Heart Oxygen-rich
Pulmonary Artery Oxygen-poor
Pulmonary Vein Oxygen-rich
Left Ventricle Highest Pressure
10% Rule Remove One Zero
Carrying Population Limit
Capacity
Mutualism +/+
Commensalism +/0
Parasitism +/-
Saturated Fat Solid
Unsaturated Fat Liquid
Mitosis Growth
Meiosis Reproduction

ULTIMATE JLSS GENETICS CHEAT SHEET

Topic Quick Memory

Gene Characteristic

Allele Version of gene

Genotype Letters

Phenotype Physical trait

Dominant Capital Letter

Recessive Lowercase Letter

Segregation Alleles Separate

Independent Assortment Genes Separate Independently

Codominance Both Show

Incomplete Dominance Blend

ABO Multiple Alleles

AB Blood Codominance

O Blood Recessive

Pedigree Family Tree

Karyotype Chromosome Picture

Down Syndrome Trisomy 21

Turner Syndrome XO

Klinefelter Syndrome XXY

Glycolysis Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle Mitochondria

ETC Most ATP

Light Reaction Thylakoid

Calvin Cycle Stroma

Prophase I Crossing Over

Mitosis Growth

Meiosis Reproduction

Spermatogenesis 4 Sperm

Oogenesis 1 Egg

Desert Dry

Tundra Cold

Rainforest Wet

Savannah Grassland