Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Dr. Sonendra Gupta Page 1

Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Module–IV
Syllabus: Functions of Complex Variables: Analytic Functions, Harmonic Conjugate, Cauchy-Riemann
Equations (without proof), Line Integral, Cauchy-Goursat theorem (without proof), Cauchy Integral formula
(without proof), Singular Points, Poles & Residues, Residue Theorem, Application of Residues theorem for
Evaluation of Real Integral (Unit Circle).
Lecture Plan

S. No Topic to be Covered References Teaching Reference

Methodology* to Course
Outcomes

Analytic function [CR Equation] and Chalk/Board CO4

33 R2: 131-207
Problems
34 Harmonic functions and Problems R2: 131-207 Chalk/Board CO4
Line Integral, Cauchy-Goursat Chalk/Board CO4
35 R2: 131-207
Theorem and Problems
36 Cauchy Integral formula and Problems R2: 131-207 Chalk/Board CO4
37 Singular Points, Poles & Residues R2: 131-207 Chalk/Board CO4
Problems on Singular Points, Poles & Chalk/Board CO4
38 R2: 131-207
Residues
39 Residue Theorem and Problems R2: 131-207 Chalk/Board CO4
Application of Residues theorem for Chalk/Board CO4
40 R2: 208-266
Evaluation of Real Integral (Unit Circle).
Reference Books:
R1: Dr, Sonendra Gupta, Engineering Mathematics-II, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company(P), New Delhi
R2: D.C. Agrawal, Engineering Matheamtics-II, Shri Sai Publication, Merrut, UP
R3: B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 36th Edition, 2010
R4: N.P. Bali and Manish Goyal, A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Laxmi Publications, Reprint,
2008.
R5: Erwin kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Lecture-33
Chapter – 1
Complex Variable function and Analytic function

1.1 Analytic Function or Regular function or Holomorphic function or Monogenic function

If the derivative of f (z) is exists at all points of a region R, then f (z) is said to be analytic in R.
In other words A function f (z) is said to be analytic at z = a, if f is differentiable not only z = a but at every
point of some nbd of a
Example : f (z) = 1/ (z – a) , then it is differentiable entire the z plane except z = a.
# Every analytic function must be differentiable, but converse may not be true.

1.2 The necessary and sufficient condition for f (z) to be analytic

Statement: The necessary and sufficient condition for the function w = f (z) = u (x, y) + i v (x, y) to be
analytic in a region R, if
u u v v
(i). , , and are continuous function of x and y in the region R.
x y x y
u v u v
(ii). = and =−
x y y x
1.3 Cauchy Riemann equation:
1. For Cartesian form:
If w = f (z) = u (x, y) + i v (x, y), then Cauchy Riemann equation for Cartesian form is,
u v u v
= and =−
x y y x
2. For Polar form:-
If w = f (z) = u (r, ) + i v (r,  ), then Cauchy Riemann equation for Polar form is,
u 1 v u v
= and =− r
r r   r
Problem 1 Write Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form. [RGPV Dec. 2015]
Solution: Let (r,  ) be the polar coordinates of the point whose Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) such that
x = r cos  and y = r sin 
Now, z = x + i y = r ( cos  + i sin  ) = r e i 
Since w = f (z)
u + i v = f ( r e i) … (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. r, we have
u v
r
+i = f  r e
r
( i
)1.e i … (2)

Again equation (1) partially differentiating w.r.t. , we get

u

+ i
v

= f r e( i
) r i.e i … (3)

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

From (2) and (3) we get,

u v  u v 
+i =i r + i 
   r r 
u v v u
 + i = −r + ir
  r r
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
u v v u
=− r and =r
 r  r
u 1 v u v
Thus, = and =− r
r r   r
This is required polar form of Cauchy Riemann equation.

Problem 2 Show that the function e x ( cos y + i sin y ) is an analytic function.

Or
Test the analyticity of the function w = ez
Solution: Suppose f ( z ) = e x ( cos y + i sin y )

 u + iv = e x cos y + i e x sin y
Equating on both sides, we get
u = e x cos y and v = e x sin y
Partially differentiating with respect to, x and y, we get
u v
= e x cos y = e x sin y
x x
u v
= − e x sin y = e x cos y
y y
u v u v
Clearly, = and =−
x y y x
Therefore, C-R equation is satisfied, then given function is analytic.

Problem 3 Discuss the analyticity of the function w = log z

Solution: Suppose f ( z ) = e z = e x +i y = e x ei y

 f ( z ) = e x ( cos y + i sin y )

 u + iv = e x cos y + i e x sin y
Equating on both sides, we get
u = e x cos y and v = e x sin y
Partially differentiating with respect to, x and y, we get

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

u v
= e x cos y = e x sin y
x x
u v
= − e x sin y = e x cos y
y y
u v u v
Clearly, = and =−
x y y x
Therefore, C-R equation is satisfied, then given function is analytic everywhere

Problem 4 Show that the function f ( z ) = x + 4iy is not analytic anywhere.

Solution: Suppose f ( z ) = x + 4iy
 u + iv = x + 4iy
Equating on both sides, we get
u = x and v = 4 y
Partially differentiating with respect to, x and y, we get
u v
=1 =0
x x
u v
=0 =4
y y
u v u v
Clearly,  and −
x y y x
Therefore, C-R equation is not satisfied, then given function is not analytic anywhere.

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

1. Determine where1/z is analytic or not.

[Answer: It is Analytic]
2. Show that the function f ( z ) = z z is not analytic anywhere.
3. Prove that the function f (z) = r2cos 2 + i r2 sin2 is analytic.

4. Discuss the analyticity of the function f ( z ) = z z , at z = 0

Dr. Sonendra Gupta Page 5

Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Lecture-34
Chapter – 2
HARMONIC FUNCTION AND TO FIND ANALYTIC FUNCTION

2.1 Harmonic Equation:

A function u (x, y) is called harmonic if first and second order partial derivatives of u are continuous and
u satisfies the Laplace’s equation, i.e.
 2u  2u
+ =0
x 2 y 2
Similarly a function v (x, y) is called harmonic if first and second order partial derivatives of v are continuous
and u satisfies the Laplace’s equation, i.e
 2v  2v
+ =0
x 2 y 2
# If f (z) = u + i v is an analytic function, then u and v both are harmonic functions. \
# u and v are called conjugate harmonic function to each other.

2.2 Method to find the Conjugate function:-

Case-1 If f (z) = u + i v is analytic function and u is given and to find v.
v= M dx +  N dy + c
Keeping y constant Indepdent of x

u u
Where, M = − and N =
y x
Case-2 If f (z) = u + i v is analytic function and v is given and to find u.
u= M dx +  N dy + c
Keeping y constant Indepdent of x

v v
Where, M = and N = −
y x
2.3 Milne’s Thomson Method [To find direct f(z)]:
With the help of this method, we can directly construct f (z) in term of z without finding out u when v is
given or vice versa.
Case 1: If f (z) = u + i v is analytic function and u is given and find f (z).
f ( z ) =  1 ( z ) dz − i  2 ( z ) dz + c

u u
Where, 1 ( x, y ) = and 2 ( x, y ) =
x y
Case 2: If f (z) = u + i v is analytic function and v is given and find f (z).
f ( z ) =  1 ( z ) dz + i   2 ( z ) dz + c

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

v v
Where, 1 ( x, y ) = and  2 ( x, y ) =
y x
Note: Since f (z) = u + i v is an analytic function. Then if f (z) = iu – v
Adding both equations, we get,
(i + 1) f ( z ) = (u − v) + i (u + v) … (1)
Taking F ( z ) = (i + 1) f ( z ) , U = u − v and V = u + v
Therefore, U is real function and V be imaginary function of F(z).
Then from (1) we get, F ( z ) = U + iV … (2)
This is also analytic because the derivative of analytic function is also analytic.

Problem 1 Show that ex ( x cosy – y siny ) is a harmonic function and find the analytic function for
which ex ( x cosy – y siny ) is imaginary part.
Solution: Given : v = e x ( x cos y − y sin y ) … (1)
v
 = e x (cos y − 0) + e x ( x cos y − y sin y ) = e x (cos y + x cos y − y sin y ) … (2)
x
Again, partially differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 2v
2
= e x ( 0 + cos y − 0 ) + e x ( cos y + x cos y − y sin y ) = e x ( 2cos y + x cos y − y sin y ) … (3)
x
Equation (1), partially differentiating w.r.t. y, we get
v
= e x ( − x sin y − y cos y − sin y ) … (4)
y

 2v
and 2
= e x ( − x cos y + y sin y − cos y − cos y ) = e x ( − x cos y + y sin y − 2 cos y ) … (5)
y
Adding (3) and (5), we get
 2v  2v
2
+ 2
= e x ( 2 cos y + x cos y − y sin y ) + e x ( − x cos y + y sin y − 2 cos y )
x y

 2v  2v
 + =0
x 2 y 2
Thus, v is harmonic.
To find analytic function of v
From (2), we have
v
= e x (cos y + x cos y − y sin y ) =  2 ( x, y )
x
 2 ( z, 0) = e z (1 + z.1 − 0 ) = e z (1 + z )
From (4), we have,
v
= e x ( − x sin y − y cos y − sin y ) = 1 ( x, y )
y
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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

 1 ( z, 0 ) = e z ( − z.0 − 0.1 − 0 ) = 0
By Milne’s Thomson method, we have
f ( z ) =  1( z, 0) dz + i  2 ( z, 0) dz + c

 = 0 + i  e z (1 + z ) dz + c

 f ( z ) = i (1 + z ) e z − 1.e z  + c
 

Thus, f ( z ) = i e z z + c Answer
This is required analytic function.

Problem 2 ( )
Determine the analytic function w = u + iv if v = log x 2 + y 2 + x − 2 y

(
Solution: Given, v = log x 2 + y 2 + x − 2 y )
Partially differentiating with respect to, x and y, we get
v 2x v 2y
= 2 + 1 and = 2 −2
x x + y 2 y x + y 2
v 2x
Say, = 2 + 1 =  2 ( x, y )
x x + y 2
2z 2
  2 ( z, 0 ) = +1 = +1
z +0
2 z
v 2y
and = 2 − 2 = 1 ( x, y )
y x + y 2
2 ( 0)
 1 ( z, 0 ) = −2 = 0−2 = −2
z2 + 0
By Milne’s Thomson method,
f ( z) =  1 ( z, 0 ) dz + i  2 ( z, 0 ) dz + c
2 
 =  −2 dz + i   + 1 dz + c
z 
 = − 2 z + 2 log z + z + c = 2 log z − z + c
Thus, f ( z) = 2log z − z + c Answer

Problem 3 Show that the function u =

1
2
( )
log x 2 + y 2 is harmonic. Find its Harmonic conjugate.

[RGPV June 2019]

Solution: Given: u =
1
2
log x 2 + y 2( )
Partially differentiate w.r.t., x and y successively, we get

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

u 1  2 x 
=  2  =
x
&
 2u
=
(
x 2 + y 2 (1) − x ( 2 x ) )
=
y 2 − x2
… (1)
x 2  x + y 2  x 2 + y 2 x 2
( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

and
u 1  2 y 
=  2  =
y
&
 2u
=
(
x 2 + y 2 (1) − y ( 2 y ) )
=
x2 − y 2
… (2)
y 2  x + y 2  x 2 + y 2 y 2
( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + y2 x2 + y 2

Adding (1) and (2), we get

 2u  2u
+ =0
x 2 y 2
 u is harmonic function.
To find conjugate of v:
 v   v 
Since dv =   dx +   dy
 x   y 
 u   u 
 dv =  −  dx +   dy [CR equation]
 y   x 
Integrating on both sides we get
 u   u 
v=   −  dx +
y     dy + c
 x 
Keeping y const .  independent of x.

 y 
 v=−   dx + ( No term free from x ) + c
 x 2 + y 2 
Keeping y const .  
x
 v = − tan −1   + c
 y
x
Thus, v = − tan −1   + c
 y

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

1. Show that u = 2 x − x3 + 3xy 2 is harmonic and determine its conjugate.

[Answer: v = 6 x 2 y + 2 y − y3 + c ]
2. Show that the function u = x3 − 3xy 2 + 3x 2 − 3 y 2 + 1 is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate.
[Answer: v = 3x 2 y + 6 xy − y3 + c ]
3. If u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic functions in a region R, prove that the function
 u v   u v  
 −  + i  +   is an analytic function of z = x + iy
 y x   x y  
4. Use Cauchy-Riemann equation to find v, where u = 3x2 y − y3
[Answer: v = − x3 + 3xy 2 + c ]

Lecture-35
Chapter – 3
COMPLEX LINE INTEGRAL

Problem 1 Evaluate: ( x2 − i y ) dz along the path y = x.

1+ i
0
Solution: Given, I =  ( x 2 − i y ) dz
1+ i
… (1)
0
Since, z = x + i y
So that, dz = dx + i dy = dx + i dx = (1 + i ) dx  y = x  dy = dx 
Now, from Equation (1),
1
I =   x 2 − i x  (1 + i ) dx  y = x, dz = (1 + i ) dx 
0 
1
 x3  x 2    1  1 
 = (1 + i )  − i    = (1 + i )  − i   
 3  2   3  2 
 0
1 1 5−i
 = (1 + i )( 2 − 3i ) =  2 − 3i + 2i + 3 =
6 6 6

Thus,
1+ i
0 ( x2 − i y ) dz = 5 6− i Answer

2+i
0 ( x − i y ) dz , along the straight line y = 12x
2
Problem 2 [RGPV Dec. 2019]
2+i
Solution: Given I = 
0
( x − i y )2 dz … (1)

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Since z = x + iy = x + 12 x i
 dz = (1 + 12 i ) dx
Here the limit of integration are z = 0 to z = 2 + i i.e., x = 0 to x = 2 and y = 0 to y = 1

2+i
0 ( x − i y ) dz = 0  x − 12 x i  (1 + 12 i ) dx
2 2 2
Now,

2 2 2
 = (1 + 12 i )(1 − 12 i ) x dx
0
2
 x3 
 = (1 − 12 i ) 1 + 144  
 3  0
1
 = (145 − 290 i ) 8 − 0 
3
1
 = 1160 − 2320 i 
3
2+i 1
0 ( x − i y ) dz = 3 1160 − 2320 i 
2
Thus, Answer

Problem 3 Evaluate:
1+ i
0 ( x2 − i y ) dz along the path y = x 2

Solution: Since, z = x + i y
So that, dz = dx + i dy = dx + i 2 x dx = (1 + 2 x i ) dx  y = x 2  dy = 2 x dx 
 
Now, from Equation (1),
1
( )
I =  x 2 − i x 2 (1 + 2 x i ) dx
0
 y = x, dz = (1 + i ) dx 
1
 = (1 − i )  x 2 (1 + 2 x i ) dx
0


1
(
= (1 − i )  x 2 + 2 x3 i dx
0 )
1
 x3 x 4  1 i 
 = (1 − i )  + i  = (1 − i )  + 
 3 2 
0
3 2 
1 1
 = (1 − i )( 2 + 3 i ) =  2 + 3 i − 2 i + 3
6 6
1
 = 5 + i 
6

Thus,
1+ i
0 ( x2 − i y ) dz = 5 6+ i Answer

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

1. Evaluate:
2 + 3i
1 − i ( z 2 + z ) dz , along the line joining the point (1, -1 ) and (2, 3).
−103 + 64 i
[Answer: ]
6
2+i
2. Evaluate  (2 x + i y + 1) dz along the two paths: [RGPV Dec. 2008]
1−i
25
(i) x = t + 1, y = 2t2 – 1 [Ans: 4 + i]
3
(ii). The straight line joining the points (1 – i ) and (2 + i ) [Ans: 4 + 8i]
2+i
 ( z)
2
3. Evaluate : dz along 2y = x
0
10 − 5i
[Answer: ]
3
Video Lectures Links
[Link]. Lecture No Topic Link
Complex Variable functions-Introduction of Complex variable
1 Lecture 1 [Link]
functions in Hindi
Complex Variable Functions- Analytic and Harmonic Functions
2 Lecture 2 [Link]
in Hindi
Complex Variable Functions-Analytic and Harmonic Function in
3 Lecture 3 [Link]
Hindi
Complex Variable Functions-Method to find the conjugate and
4 Lecture 4 [Link]
Analytic Function in Hindi
5 Lecture 5 Complex Variable Functions-Complex Line Integral in Hindi [Link]

6 Lecture 6 Complex Variable functions-Complex Line integral in Hindi [Link]

7 Lecture 7 Complex Variable functions-Cauchy theorem in Hindi [Link]

8 Lecture 8 Complex Variable functions- Cauchy integral Formula in Hindi [Link]

9 Lecture 9 Complex Analysis-Cauchy integral Formula in Hindi [Link]

Complex Analysis-Singular point, isolated and Non isolated
10 Lecture 10 [Link]
Singularity in Hindi
11 Lecture 11 Complex Analysis-Cauchy Residue theorem in Hindi [Link]

For RGPV Papers Solution visit:

1. [Link]
2. [Link]

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Lecture-36
Chapter – 4
CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA

4.1 Cauchy theorem or Cauchy’s Goursat Theorem:

Statement: Suppose f (z) be an analytic function and f  (z) is continuous at each point within and on a
simple closed curve C, then
c f ( z ) dz = 0
4.2 Cauchy’s theorem Extension for Multiple Connected region:
Statement: If f (z) is analytic in the region R, between two simple closed curve c1 and c2, then

c1 f ( z) dz = c2 f ( z) dz

4.3 Cauchy’s Integral Formula: [RGPV Dec. 2006, 07, June 2008]
Statement: If f (z) is analytic within and on a closed curve C, and if a is any point within C, then
1 f ( z) f ( z)
f (a) = 
2i c z − a
dz or c z − a dz = 2i  f ( z)z = a

4.4 Cauchy’s integral for derivatives:

Statement: If f (z) is analytic within and on a closed curve C, and if a is any point within C, then
f ( z) 2i f ( z) 2i  d n 
c ( z − a )2 dz =  f ( z ) z = a or  dz =  ( z ) 
1 c
( z − a )n + 1 n  dz n 

ez
Problem 1 Evaluate c ( z − 1)( z − 4 )
dz , where C is the circle z = 2 by using Cauchy’s integral

formula.
ez
Solution: Given, I =  dz
c ( z − 1)( z − 4 )

The pole of integrand is given by,

( z − 1)( z − 4) = 0  z = 1, 4
Now, z = 1  z = 1  2 [Lies within C]
and z = 4  z = 4  2 [Outside of C]
By Cauchy integral formula,
ez
ez z − 4 dz
c ( z − 1)( z − 4 ) dz = c1 z −1

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

 ez 
 = 2i  
 z − 4  z = 1

 e1  2 i e
 = 2i  =−
1 − 4  3

ez 2 i e
Thus, c ( z − 1)( z − 4 ) dz = − 3 Answer

cos z 2
Problem 2 Evaluate  dz where C is circle z = 3 [RGPV Dec. 2018]
C ( z − 1)( z − 2 )

cos z 2
Solution: Given, I =  dz
C ( z − 1)( z − 2 )

The pole of integrand is given by,

( z − 1)( z − 2 ) = 0
 z = 1, 2
Now, z = 1  z = 1  3 and z = 2  z = 2  3
Clearly both pole lies inside of C, then by Cauchy integral formula,
cos z 2 cos z 2
cos z2
C ( z − 1)( z − 2 ) dz = C1 zz −− 12 dz + C2 zz −− 12 dz
 cos z 2   cos z 2 
 = 2i   + 2i  
 z − 2  z = 1  z − 1  z = 2

 cos    cos 4 
 = 2i   + 2i 
 1− 2   2 − 1 
 = 2i + 2i = 4i

cos z 2
Thus, C ( z − 1)( z − 2 ) dz = 4i Answer

e2 z
Problem 3 Using Cauchy’s integral formula evaluate C ( z + 1)4 dz where C is circle z = 3

e2 z
Solution: Given, I = C ( z + 1)4 dz
The pole of integrand is given by,
( z + 1)4 = 0  z = − 1 , of order 4.

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Now, z = − 1  z = 1  3
Clearly z = –1, is a pole which inside of C, then by Cauchy integral derivative formula,
e2 z 2i  d3 2z 
C ( z + 1)4
4 e
dz = lim  3 ( z + 1) 
4 − 1 z → −1  dz ( z + 1) 4


2i  d3  2i
= lim  3 e2 z  = lim 8 e2 z 
6 z → −1  dz  6 z → −1  

16i −2 8 i
= e = 2
6 3e

e2 z 8i
Thus, C ( z + 1)4 dz =
3 e2
Answer

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following by Cauchy integral formula.

e2 z 1
1.  dz where c is the circle z = [Answer: 2i e2 ]
c z ( z − 1) 2

ez 2 i
2. C ( z + 1)2 dz where C is circle z −1 = 3 [Answer:
e
]

e2 z
3. c ( z − 1)( z − 2 )
dz , where c is circle z = 3 [Answer: 2i e4 − e2  ]
 
1+ z
4. c z ( 2 − z ) dz where c is the circle z =1 [Answer:  i ]

Lecture-37-38
Chapter – 5
SINGULARITIES, POLES AND RESIDUES

5.1 Zero of analytic function:

A zero of analytic function f (z) is the value of z for which f (z) = 0
z
Example : If f ( z ) = , then taking z = 0  z = 0 therefore f (z) = 0, so we say that z = 0 is a simple zero.
z−2
5.2 Singular point :
A point at which a function f ( z ) is not analytic is known as a singular point or singularity of the
function.
Example: The function f (z) = 1/( z – 2) has a singular point at z – 2 = 0  z = 2
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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

5.3 Isolated singular point:

If z = a is a singularity of f (z) and if there is no other singularity within a small circle surrounding the
point z = a is said to be an isolated singularity of the function f (z). Otherwise, it is called non-isolated.
1
Example 1 The function f ( z ) = has two isolated singular points, say z = 1 and z = 2
( z − 1) ( z − 2)
1
Example 2 The function f ( z) = is not analytic at the points where sin (  /z ) = 0,

sin  
z
Now, sin (  /z ) = 0
  /z = ± n
 z = ±1/n
1 1
When, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 …., then z = 1, , , ... are singular points.
2 3
It is clear z = 1 is isolated singular point but z = 0 is not isolated because every nbd of 0 contains other
singularities of the function. Therefore z = 0 is a non-isolated singularity of f (z).

5.4 Types of Singularity:

1. Removable singularity:
The singular point z = a is called a removable singularity of f (z) if
lim f ( z ) = finite value (exist limit)
z→ a

sin( z − 2)
Example : The function f ( z ) = has removable singularity at z = 2.
z−2

2. Essential singularity:
The singular point z = a is called a essential singularity of f (z) if
lim f ( z ) = Does not exist
z →a

Example 1 The function f (z) = e1/ ( z – 2 ) has an essential singularity at z = 2.

Example 2 The function f (z) = e1/ z has essential singularity at z = 0.

3. Pole :
If there exist a positive integer n such that,
lim ( z − a) n f ( z ) = Non - zero finite number
z →a

1
Example :- 1. f ( z ) = has a pole of order 3 at z = a.
( z − a )3
3z − 2
2. f ( z ) = has a simple pole at z = 1 and z = 2.
( z − 2) ( z − 1)
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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

# A pole of order one is called a simple pole

Lecture-39
Chapter – 6
RESIDUES, CAUCHY RESIDUES THEOREM

6.1 Definition of Residues:

We know that around the isolated essential singularity z = a, of a single-valued analytic function f (z)
can be expand in a Laurent’s series,
 
f ( z) =  an ( z − a)n +  bn ( z − a)− n
n=0 n =1
1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
Where, an =
2i c ( z − a)n + 1 dz and bn =
2i c ( z − a)− n + 1 dz
Then the coefficient of ( z − a)−1 i,e. b1 is called the residues of f (z) at z = a and is generally denoted by
 Res f ( z)z = a , therefore
1
 Res f ( z)z = a =  f ( z) dz
2i
C

 c f ( z) dz = 2i Res f ( z) z = a

6.2 Residues at infinity:
If f (z) has an isolated singularity at z =  or is analytic there then the residues at z =  is defined as,
 Res. f ( z )z =  = lim  − z f ( z )
z →

6.3 Computation of Residues at finite pole

Case 1: If f (z) has a simple pole (i.e., pole of order 1) at z = a
 Res f ( z )z = a = lim ( z − a ) f ( z )
z→a

Case 2: If f (z) has a pole of order n at z = a

d n −1 
z − a ) f ( z ) 
1
 Res f ( z )z = a = lim − 

( n

n − 1 z → a dx n 1

( z )
Case 3: If f ( z ) = where  (a)  0 and  (a) = 0
( z )
 ( z ) 
 Res f ( z )z = a =  
 ( z )  z = a

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

Case 4: Residue at a pole z = a of any order.

 Res f ( z )z = a = Coefficient 

1
  f ( z + a)  [ z → a + z]
z

6.4 Cauchy Residues theorem:

Statement: Let f (z) be single valued and analytic function within and on a closed contour C, except at the
finite number of poles z1, z2, ----- zn and let R1, R2, R3, ------ Rn be respectively the residues of f (z) at these
poles, then
c f ( z ) dz = 2i  R1 + R2 + R3 + - - - + Rn 

 c f ( z ) dz = 2i Sum of Residues at the poles within C 

# If a function f (z) is analytic except at finite number of singularities (including that at infinity), then the sum
of residues of these singularity is zero.
z2
Problem 1 If f ( z ) = , then find Res [f (1)].
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
z2
Solution: Given, f ( z ) =
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
Taking, ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2) = 0
 z = 1 (order 2), − 2

1 d  d z2 
 Res f ( z )z = 1 = lim ( z − 1) 2
f ( z ) = lim  ( z − 1) 2
 
z → 1 2 − 1  dz  z → 1 dz
 ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2) 
 d z2   ( z + 2) ( 2 z ) − z 2 (1) 
 = lim   = lim  
z → 1  dz ( z + 2)  z → 1  ( z + 2) 2


 z 2 + 4 z  (1)2 + 4 (1) 5
 = lim  = =
z → 1  ( z + 2) 2  (1 + 2 )2 9
5
Thus,  Res f ( z )z = 1 = Answer
9

z2
Problem 2 Determine the poles of the function f ( z ) = and the residue at each pole.
( z − 1)( z − 2) 2
z2
Solution: Given, f ( z ) =
( z − 1)( z − 2) 2
Taking, ( z − 1)( z − 2)2 = 0

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

 z = 1 and z = 2 ( of order 2 )

 z2 
 Res f ( z)z = 1 = lim ( z − 1) f ( z) = lim ( z −1)  2
z →1 z →1  ( z − 1)( z − 2) 
 z2  12
 = lim   = =1
z → 1  ( z − 2) 2  (1 − 2 )2

  Res f ( z ) z = 1 = 1 Answer

 
1 d   d ( z − 2) 2  z2
and  Res f ( z)z = 2 = lim ( z − 2) 2
f ( z ) = lim 
z→2 2 − 1  dz  z → 2  dz
( z − 1) ( z − 2) 2 
 
 d  z 2   ( z − 1)( 2 z ) − z 2 (1) 
 = lim     = lim  
z → 2  dz  z − 1   z → 2  ( − ) 2

   z 1

 =
( 2 − 1)( 4 ) − 4 = 4
( 2 − 1)2
Thus,  Res f ( z ) z = −2 = 4 Answer

z3
Problem 3 Determine the residue of f ( z ) = at its simple pole.
( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )( z − 3)
z3
Solution: Given f ( z ) =
( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )( z − 3)
Taking, ( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )( z − 3) = 0
 z = 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3
Clearly z = 2 and 3 are simple pole of order 1
 z3 
(i).  Res f ( z ) z = 2 = lim ( z − 2) f ( z ) = lim ( z − 2)  
z→2 z→2  ( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )( z − 3) 

 z3  23
 = lim  = = −8 Answer
z → 2  ( z − 1)4 ( z − 3 )  ( 2 − 1)4 ( 2 − 3 )
 
 z3 
(ii).  Res f ( z ) z = 3 = lim ( z − 3) f ( z ) = lim ( z − 3)  
z →3 z →3  ( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )( z − 3) 

 z3  33 27
= lim  = = Answer
z → 3  ( z − 1)4 ( z − 2 )  ( 3 − 1)4 ( 3 − 2 ) 16
 

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

1− 2z 1
1. Find the order of each pole and residue at it of [Answer: , 1 and –3/2]
z ( z − 1) ( z − 2) 2

z2
2. Determine the poles of the function f ( z ) = and the residue at each pole.
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
[Answer: 5/9 and 4/9]
z2
3. Find poles and residues of the function [Answer: 1/2, –4 and 9/2]
( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z − 3)

Lecture-40
Chapter – 7
EVALUATION OF REAL INTEGRAL (UNIT CIRCLE)

7.1 Real integral around unit Circle:

2
Suppose the integral of the type I =  f (cos , sin ) d  … (1)
0
Where f (cos, sin) is a rational function of cos and sin.
Since z = x + i y, put x = r cos and y = r sin
 z = r ( cos + i sin )
 z = r ei 
Taking r = 1, then z = x2 + y 2 = 1
Therefore, z = ei   dz = i ei  d
dz
 d =
iz

ei  + e− i  1  1  ei  − e− i  1  1
Now, cos  = =  z +  and sin  = =  z − z 
2 2  z 2i 2i
As  varies from 0 to 2 and z moves once round the unit circle in the anti-clockwise direction i.e., z= 1,
then
2
1  1 1  1   dz
 f (cos , sin ) d  =  f   z +  ,  z −  
c 2  z  2i  z  i z
0

Where c is a circle z= 1

2 cos 2 
Problem 1 Use the calculus of Residue to show that 0 5 + 4 cos 
d =
6

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

2 cos 2
Solution: Given, I =  d … (1)
0 5 + 4 cos 
dz
Let z = ei   dz = i ei  d  i.e., d  =
iz

and cos  =
ei  + e−i  z 2 + 1
2
=
2z
(
& e 2i  = cos 2 + i sin 2 and R.P e 2i  = cos 2)
Now, from (1),
2 cos 2  2 e 2i  
0 5 + 4cos 
d  = R.P.   d 
 0 5 + 4cos  
 
 
 z2 dz 
 = R.P.  
 2  iz
 5 + 4 z +1 
c

  2z  
   

1 2z2
= R.P.    dz
 i  c 2 z 2 + 5z + 2
2 cos 2 1 z2
 0 5 + 4 cos 
d  = R.P.   
 i  c ( 2 z + 1)( z + 2 )
dz … (2)

where c is circle z = 1

z2
Suppose f ( z ) =
( 2 z + 1)( z + 2 )
For the poles, taking ( 2 z + 1)( z + 2 ) = 0
1
 z = − 2, −
2
Now, z = − 2  z = 2  1 [Outside the circle C]
1 1
and z=−  z =  1 [Within C]
2 2
1
Cleary pole z = − , lies inside the circle z = 1 , then the Residues is
2
 1
 Res f ( z ) z = − 1 = lim  z +  f ( z )
z→−  2
2 1
2

 
1  1  z 2 
 = lim  z +   
2 z → −1  2   1
z +  ( z + 2) 
2   2 

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1  z2 
 = lim  
2 z → − 1  ( z + 2 ) 
2
1  1/ 4  1
 = =
2  −1/ 2 + 2  12
By Cauchy Residue theorem, we have
c f ( z ) dz = 2i  Res f ( z )z = − 12
z2  1  i
 dz = 2i   =
c ( 2 z + 1)( z + 2 ) 12  6
Putting in equation (2) we get
2 cos 2  1   i 
 0 5 + 4 cos 
d  = R.P.    
 i  6 

 =
6
2 cos 2 
Thus 0 5 + 4cos 
d =
6
Hence Proved

Problem 2 Apply calculus of Residues to prove that:

2 cos 2 2a 2
0
1 − 2a cos  + a 1− a 2
d = 2
. a2  1

2 cos 2
Solution: Given, I =  d
0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2

dz
Let z = ei   dz = i ei  d  i.e., d  =
iz
ei  + e−i  z 2 + 1
and cos  = = & e2 i  = cos 2 + i sin 2
2 2z
Now, from (1),
2 cos 2 2 cos 2 + i sin 2
0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
d  = R.P. 
0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
d

2 e2 i 
 = R.P.  d
0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
z2  dz 
 = R.P.    [Putting the value of z]
C  z2 +1  2  zi 
1 − 2a  +a
 2 z 
 
1 z2
 = R.P.    dz
 i  C z − az 2 − a + a 2 z

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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

1 z2
 = R.P.    dz
 i  C z − a (1 − az )
2 cos 2 1 z2
 0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
d  = R. P.   C
 i  (1 − az )( z − a )
dz … (2)

where c is circle z = 1

z2
Suppose f ( z ) =
(1 − az )( z − a )
For the poles, taking (1 − az )( z − a ) = 0
1
 z = a and
a
2
Now, z = a  z = a i.e. z = a 2  1 [Lies within the circle C]
1 1 2 1  1 
and z=  z = i.e. z = 2  1 [Outside the circle C]  a2  1   1
a a a  a2 
Cleary pole z = a, within the circle z = 1 with order 1, then the Residues is
 Res f ( z )z = a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a

 z2   z2 
 = lim ( z − a)   = lim  
z→a  (1 − az )( z − a )  z → a  (1 − az ) 

a2
 =
1 − a2
By Cauchy Residues theorem
C f ( z ) dz = 2i Sum of Residues of poles which lie within C 
z2  a2 
 C (1 − az )( z − a ) dz = 2 i  2
1 − a 
Putting in equation (2), we get
cos 2  1   2i a  2 a
2 2 2
0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
d  = R.P.     =
 i   1 − a 2  1 − a 2

2 cos 2 2 a 2
Thus, 0 1 − 2a cos  + a 2
d =
1 − a2
Answer

 1 + 2 cos 
Problem 3 Apply the calculus of Residue to show that 0 5 + 4 cos  d  = 0
 1 + 2 cos 
Solution: Given, I =  d … (1)
0 5 + 4 cos 
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Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

dz
Let z = ei   dz = i ei  d  i.e., d  =
iz

and cos  =
ei  + e−i  z 2 + 1
2
=
2z
( )
& e i  = cos  + i sin  and R.P e i  = cos 

Now, from (1),

 1 + 2 cos  1 2  1 + 2 cos 
0 5 + 4 cos  d  = 2 0 5 + 4 cos 
d

1  2 1 + 2e i  
 = R.P.   d 
2  0 5 + 4 cos  
 
 
1  1+ 2z dz 
= R.P.  
 2  iz
 5 + 4 z +1  
2 c

  2z  
   
1 1+ 2z
= R.P.    dz
 2 i  c 2 z + 5z + 2
2

 1 + 2 cos  1 1+ 2z
 0 5 + 4 cos  d  = R.P. 2 i  c ( 2 z + 1)( z + 2 ) dz
 1 + 2 cos  1 1
 0 5 + 4 cos  d  = R.P. 2 i  c z + 2 dz … (2)

where c is circle z = 1
1
Suppose f ( z ) =
z+2
For the poles, taking z + 2 = 0
 z = −2
Now, z = − 2  z = 2 1 [Outside the circle C]
Cleary pole z = –2, outside the circle z = 1 , then the Residues is
 Res f ( z ) z = −2 = 0

So that c f ( z ) dz = 0
 1 + 2 cos  1 1
Thus, 0 5 + 4 cos  d  = 2 R.P.  i  0 = 0
 1 + 2cos 
Hence, 0 5 + 4cos  d  = 0 Answer

Dr. Sonendra Gupta Page 24

Mathematics-II [BT-202] Module-IV E-Notes

IMPROVE YOUR SELF

Prove that the following:

2
d 
1.  =
5 + 3cos  2
0
2
d 2
2.  2 − cos 
=
3
0
2 cos  2
3. 0 e cos ( sin  − n ) d  =
n
Video Lectures Links
[Link]. Lecture No Topic Link
Complex Variable functions-Introduction of Complex variable
1 Lecture 1 [Link]
functions in Hindi
Complex Variable Functions- Analytic and Harmonic Functions
2 Lecture 2 [Link]
in Hindi
Complex Variable Functions-Analytic and Harmonic Function in
3 Lecture 3 [Link]
Hindi
Complex Variable Functions-Method to find the conjugate and
4 Lecture 4 [Link]
Analytic Function in Hindi
5 Lecture 5 Complex Variable Functions-Complex Line Integral in Hindi [Link]

6 Lecture 6 Complex Variable functions-Complex Line integral in Hindi [Link]

7 Lecture 7 Complex Variable functions-Cauchy theorem in Hindi [Link]

8 Lecture 8 Complex Variable functions- Cauchy integral Formula in Hindi [Link]

9 Lecture 9 Complex Analysis-Cauchy integral Formula in Hindi [Link]

Complex Analysis-Singular point, isolated and Non isolated
10 Lecture 10 [Link]
Singularity in Hindi
11 Lecture 11 Complex Analysis-Cauchy Residue theorem in Hindi [Link]

For RGPV Papers Solution visit:

1. [Link]
2. [Link]

Dr. Sonendra Gupta Page 25