Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
1.1 Equations of Straight Lines
we have learnt that the equation of a straight line is in the form:
where m and c are constants.
For example, the equation of the linear function y= 2x + 1
describes a straight line that has gradient 2 and y-intercept 1.
1.2 Coordinates (x,y)
Coordinates is the connection between the equation of a
function and the graph of the function. Recall that if a pair of
coordinates (x, y) describes the location of a point P on the
graph, then an equation that relates y to x describes all the
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possible locations of the point P for this function. The x- and y-
coordinates of a point P on the graph of the function must also
satisfy the equation of the function.
Referring to y = 2x + 1, for each value of x, there is a
corresponding value of y.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
If we plot these points on a sheet of graph paper, we obtain a
straight line.
Think Corner
Does the point (4, 10) lie on the line with equation y = 2x + 1?
We replace x by 4 and y by 10 in the equation y = 2x + 1
LHS = 10
RHS =2x(4) + 1=9 ≠LHS
Since the coordinates of (4, 10) do not satisfy the equation y= 2x + 1, the
point does not lie on the line.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
2.1 The Graphs of Linear Equations in the
Form y=mc+x (Review of Sec 1 Contents)
1. A Cartesian plane consists of two axes , the x-axis and
the y-axis, intersecting at right angles at the origin 0(0, 0).
2. The coordinates of a point P in the Cartesian plane are
(x, y), where x is the x-coordinate and y is the y-
coordinate of the point.
3. A function is a relationship between two variables x and
y such that every input x produces exactly one output y.
4. Every pair of values (x, y) that satisfies the equation of
a function appears as a point on the graph of the function.
Conversely, every point on the graph of the function has
coordinates that satisfy the equation of the function.
5. The equation of a straight line is in the form y = mx + c,
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Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
where the constant m is the gradient of the line and the
constant c is the y-intercept.
6. The gradient of a straight line is the measure of the
ratio of the vertical change(or rise) to the horizontal
change (or run), i.e.
Practice 1
1. The equation of a function is y= 3x-1 1 . Find the value of
2
y when
(i) x=2,
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Class: ___________________
(ii) x= 2 1 ,
2
(iii) x= - 1
2
2. The equation of a function is y = 150 -20x. Find the
value of x when
(i) y = 450,
(ii) y= 150,
(iii) y =-1200.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
2. (i) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to
represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to represent1 unit
on the y-axis, draw the graph of the linear function
y=2x+3 for values of x from -3 to 3.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
(ii)The points (-2, a) and (b, 3) lie on the graph in (i). Find
the value of a and of b.
2.2 Two Special Cases
We have seen how to represent a sloping line using an equation, Let us
now look at two special cases: horizontal and vertical lines.
What are the equations of a horizontal line and a vertical line?
A. Equation of horizontal Lines
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Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
The above figure shows a horizontal line.
1. What is the gradient of the horizontal line?
2. A, B and C lie on the line. Write down the
coordinates of A, B and C.
[Link] do you notice about the y-coordinates of all
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Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
the three points on the horizontal line?
3. What can you say about a point (k, 3), where k is
a real number?
[Link] do you think the equation of the horizontal
line is?
From the above Investigation, since the gradient m of a
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Class: ___________________
horizontal line is 0,
Practice 3
B. Equation of Vertical Lines
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
The above figure shows a vertical line.
1. What is the gradient of the vertical line?
2. A, B, C and D lie on the line. Write down the
coordinates of A, B, C and D.
3. What do you notice about the y-coordinates of
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Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
all the four points on the vertical line?
4. What can you say about a point (3, k), where k is
a real number?
[Link] do you think the equation of the vertical
line is?
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
From the above Investigation, since the gradient m of a vertical
line is undefined, we cannot write the equation of a vertical line
in the form y = mx + c. As the x-coordinates of all the points on
a vertical line are equal to the same constant value a,
Practice 4
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Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
2.3 The Graphs of Linear Equations in the
Form ax+by=k.
We have learnt how to draw graphs of linear equations in
the form y= mx + c, where m and c are constants. In this
section, we shall learn to draw the graphs of linear
equations in the form ax + by = k, where a, b and k are
constant.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
Equations of the form ax + by = k can be rewritten in the
form y= mx+c, where m =− a and c= k . We say that these
b b
two equations are equivalent. Equivalence of equations
allows us to rewrite one equation into another form that is
easier for us to work with.
Practice 5
Rewrite the following equation in the form of y= mx+c
(i) 2x+y=9 (ii) x+2y=4
(iii)3x-y=2 (iv)5x + 2y =7 5.
(v) -3x+3y-1=10 (vi) 2x-4y+1=-6
Another method is to find the coordinates directly from the
equation ax+by=k. For example 2x-4y=2, we can use the
following number table to obtain three points on this line.
x -1 0 1
y -1 -0.5 0
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