Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
1.1 Equations of Straight Lines
we have learnt that the equation of a straight line is in the
form:
where m and c are constants.
For example, the equation of the linear function y= 2x + 1
describes a straight line that has gradient 2 and
y-intercept 1.
1.2 Coordinates (x,y)
Coordinates is the connection between the equation of a
function and the graph of the function. Recall that if a pair
of coordinates (x, y) describes the location of a point P on
the graph, then an equation that relates y to x describes all
the possible locations of the point P for this function. The
x- and y- coordinates of a point P on the graph of the
function must also satisfy the equation of the function.
Referring to y = 2x + 1, for each value of x, there is a
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
corresponding value of y.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
If we plot these points on a sheet of graph paper, we
obtain a straight line.
Think Corner
Does the point (4, 10) lie on the line with equation y = 2x + 1?
We replace x by 4 and y by 10 in the equation y = 2x + 1
LHS = 10
RHS =2x(4) + 1=9 ≠LHS
Since the coordinates of (4, 10) do not satisfy the equation y= 2x +
1, the point does not lie on the line.
2.1 The Graphs of Linear Equations in the Form
y=mc+x (Review of Sec 1 Contents)
1. A Cartesian plane consists of two axes , the x-axis and the y-axis,
intersecting at right angles at the origin 0(0, 0).
2. The coordinates of a point P in the Cartesian plane are (x, y),
where x is the x-coordinate and y is the y-coordinate of the point.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
3. A function is a relationship between two variables x and y such
that every input x produces exactly one output y.
4. Every pair of values (x, y) that satisfies the equation of a function
appears as a point on the graph of the function. Conversely, every
point on the graph of the function has coordinates that satisfy the
equation of the function.
5. The equation of a straight line is in the form y = mx + c, where
the constant m is the gradient of the line and the constant c is the
y-intercept.
6. The gradient of a straight line is the measure of the ratio of the
vertical change(or rise) to the horizontal change (or run), i.e.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
Practice 1
1
1. The equation of a function is y= 3x-12. Find the value of y when
(i) x=2,
1
(ii) x= 22,
1
2
(iii) x= -
2. The equation of a function is y = 150 -20x. Find the value of x when
(i) y = 450,
(ii) y= 150,
(iii) y =-1200.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
2. (i) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit
on the x-axis and 1 cm to represent1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of
the linear function y=2x+3 for values of x from -3 to 3.
(ii)The points (-2, a) and (b, 3) lie on the graph in (i). Find the value of a
and of b.
2.2 Two Special Cases
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
We have seen how to represent a sloping line using an equation,
Let us now look at two special cases: horizontal and vertical lines.
What are the equations of a horizontal line and a vertical line?
A. Equation of horizontal Lines
The above figure shows a horizontal line.
1. What is the gradient of the horizontal line?
2. A, B and C lie on the line. Write down the coordinates of A,
B and C.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
[Link] do you notice about the y-coordinates of all the three
points on the horizontal line?
3. What can you say about a point (k, 3), where k is a real
number?
[Link] do you think the equation of the horizontal line is?
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
From the above Investigation, since the gradient m of a
horizontal line is 0,
Practice 3
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
B. Equation of Vertical Lines
The above figure shows a vertical line.
1. What is the gradient of the vertical line?
2. A, B, C and D lie on the line. Write down the coordinates of
A, B, C and D.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
3. What do you notice about the y-coordinates of all the four
points on the vertical line?
4. What can you say about a point (3, k), where k is a real
number?
[Link] do you think the equation of the vertical line is?
From the above Investigation, since the gradient m of a
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
vertical line is undefined, we cannot write the equation of
a vertical line in the form y = mx + c. As the x-coordinates
of all the points on a vertical line are equal to the same
constant value a,
Practice 4
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
2.3 The Graphs of Linear Equations in the Form
ax+by=k.
We have learnt how to draw graphs of linear equations in the form
y= mx + c, where m and c are constants. In this section, we shall
learn to draw the graphs of linear equations in the form ax + by = k,
where a, b and k are constant.
Equations of the form ax + by = k can be rewritten in the form y=
mx+c, where m = − b and c=
a k
b
. We say that these two equations
are equivalent. Equivalence of equations allows us to rewrite one
equation into another form that is easier for us to work with.
Practice 5
Rewrite the following equation in the form of y= mx+c
(i) 2x+y=9 (ii) x+2y=4
(iii)3x-y=2 (iv)5x + 2y =7 5.
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Class: ___________________
(v) -3x+3y-1=10 (vi) 2x-4y+1=-6
Another method is to find the coordinates directly from the equation
ax+by=k. For example 2x-4y=2, we can use the following number
table to obtain three points on this line.
x -1 0 1
y -1 -0.5 0