BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
PROBABILITY
PREPARED BY JAMES
FRANCISCO
PROBABILITY
Used to describe the likelihood of an event to happen.
It deals with events that occur by chance. It is used in
gambling and insurance.
Total number of possible outcome
Probability (P) =
Total number of sample space
EXAMPLE 1
What is the probability of getting an even number in
rolling a dice.
3
Probability (P) = = 0.5
6
EXAMPLE 2
In a deck of cards, what is the probability of getting a
queen?
4 1
Probability (P) = = = 0.0769
52 13
EXAMPLE 3
4
A card is drawn from an a. P(J) = = 0.0769
52
ordinary deck. Find the 1
b. P(6C) = = 0.0192
probability of: 52
a. getting a jack 13 4 13 x 4
c. P(3) + P(D) = + -
b. getting the 6 of clubs 52 52 52 52
c. getting a 3 or a diamond = 0.3077
d. getting a 3 or a 6 c. P(3) + P(6) =
4
+
4
52 52
= 0.1538
PROPERTIES PROBABILITY
1. The probability of any events E, P(E), must be between
0 and 1 inclusive. Saying that any probability 0<P<1
1. If the event is impossible, the probability of an event is
0.
1. If an event is a certainty, the probability of an event is
1.
ADDITIVE LAWS OF PROBABILITY
Addition Rule 1
When 2 events are mutually exclusive, the probability
that A or B will occur is P(A) + P(B)
EXAMPLE 1
A city has 9 coffee shops: 3 Starbuck’s, 2 Caribou Coffee,
and 4 Crazy Mocho Coffees. If a person selected one shop
at random to buy a cup of coffee, find the probability that
it is either a Starbuck’s or Crazy Mocho Coffees.
3 4 7
P(A or B) = + = = 0.7778
9 9 9
ADDITIVE LAWS OF PROBABILITY
Addition Rule 2
If A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
EXAMPLE 1
For the 2 Events given the sample space:
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {3,4,5}
4 3 2 5
P(A or B) = + - = = 0.8333
6 6 6 6
EXAMPLE 2
In a hospital unit there are 8 nurses and 5 physicians; 7
nurses and 3 physicians are females. In a staff person is
selected, find the probability that the subject is a nurse or
a male.
4 3 2 5
P(A or B) = + - = = 0.8333
6 6 6 6
ADDITIVE LAWS OF PROBABILITY
Rule of Complementary Events
Two events that exist such that one event will occur if and
only if the other does not take place. For two events to be
classified as complementary events they must be
mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
P(A’) = 1 - P(A)
EXAMPLE 1
If the probability that a person lives in an industrialized
country of the world is 1/5, find the probability that a
person does not live in an industrialized country.
1
P(A) =
5
1 4
P(A’) = 1 - = = 0.8
5 5
MULTIPLICATION RULES OF
PROBABILITY
Multiplication Rule 1
When 2 events are independent, the probability of both
occurring is P(A and B) = P(A) . P(B)
EXAMPLE 1
A coin is flipped and a die is rolled. Find the probability of
getting a head on the coin and a 4 on the die.
1 1
P(H and 4) = P(H) . P(4) =
2 6
= 0.8333
EXAMPLE 2
A card is drawn from a deck and replaced; then a second
card is drawn. Find the probability of getting a queen then
an ace.
4 4
P(Q and A) = P(Q) . P(A) =
52 52
1
=
169
MULTIPLICATION RULES OF
PROBABILITY
Multiplication Rule 2
When 2 events are dependent, the probability of both
occurring is P(A and B) = P(A) . P(B|A)
EXAMPLE 1
Three cards are drawn from an ordinary deck and not
replaced. Find the probability of these events.
a. Getting 3 jacks
b. Getting an ace, a king, and a queen in order
c. Getting a club, a spade, and a heart in order
A.) B.)
4 3 2 4 4 4
P(3J) = P(A,K,Q) =
52 52 52 52 52 52
1 1
= =
5525 16575