Chapter 1 - Introduction

Lecture 1
• What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
• Classification of Materials
• Functional Classification of Materials
• Classification of Materials Based on
Structure
• Environmental and Other Effects
• Materials Design and Selection

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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
What are Materials?
• Materials may be defined as substance of which
something is composed or made of.

• We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.

• Examples :
 Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 % and 5.00 %
of weight of earths crust respectively.
 Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 % and
20.95 % of dry air by volume respectively.
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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Materials science: Deals with investigating the internal structure,
properties and processing of materials.
• Materials engineering: Deals with the application of knowledge
gained by materials science to convert materials to products.
• Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
• Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms or
ions in a material.
• Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from
naturally occurring or other chemicals.
• Processing means different ways for shaping materials into useful
components or changing their properties.

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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we
control
– Stone Age – naturally occurring materials
• Special rocks, skins, wood
– Bronze Age
• Casting and forging
– Iron Age
• High Temperature furnaces
– Steel Age
• High Strength Alloys
– Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age
• Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospace
• Silicon – Information Technology
• Plastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace
and higher speeds

– Exotic Materials Age?

• Nano-Material and bio-Materials 4
 Four Elements of Materials Science
Four Major Components of Material Science and Engineering:
Processing Structure Properties Performance

Chemical Synthesis Atomic/Molecular St. Mechanical Cost

Melting Bond structure Electrical Reliability
Casting Crystal Structure Optical Efficiency
Annealing Defect Structures Thermal Service Life
Sintering Microstructure Magnetic ...
Diffusion Energy Band Structure
....

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Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)
600

Hardness (BHN)
30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 12.31(a) and
12.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
400 (b) Fig. 17.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(a) Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 12.19;
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 11.29; (c) Fig. 12.33; and (d) Fig.
12.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures
30 μm 12.19, 12.21, & 12.33 copyright 1971 by United
200 30 μm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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Structure, Processing, & Properties
ex: Rolling of Steel

 At h1, L1  At h2, L2
 low UTS  high UTS
 low YS  high YS
 high ductility  low ductility
 round grains  elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processing

determines Structure! 7
Structure, Processing, & Properties
A better understanding of structure-composition properties
relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of
materials.
Example is the dramatic progress in the strength to
density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of
new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.

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The Materials Selection Process
Civil, mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineers must
frequently select materials.

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic,
optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing. 9
Classification of Materials
• Metals: (e.g. Cu, Steel, Platinum etc.)
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of electrons

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.
• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic &
non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, not elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
• Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared
between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on
minute proportions of contaminants. Ex: Si, Ge, GaAs
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Classification of Materials
• Composite Materials
– Mixture of two or more materials.
– Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
– Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
– Mainly two types :-
• Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
• Particulate: Particles in a matrix
– Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer

– Examples :
• Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix)
• Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)
• Carbon fiber (F1 car structure, TDF bike structures, boeng 787 etc.)

– Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine, construction.

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Functional Classification of Materials
 Aerospace
 Biomedical
 Electronic Materials
 Energy Technology and Environmental Technology
 Magnetic Materials
 Photonic or Optical Materials
 Smart Materials
 Structural Materials

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Functional Classification of Materials

Note that metals, plastics, and ceramics occur in different categories.

A limited number of examples in each category is provided
Ref: The Science and Engineering of Materials
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Classification of Materials Based on Structure
 Crystalline material is comprised of one or many crystals. In each
crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic arrangement.
• Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of only one
crystal (there are no grain boundaries).

• Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of many crystals

(as opposed to a single-crystal material that has only one crystal).

- Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.

- Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a
polycrystalline material. 14
Classification of Materials Based on
Structure
 Amorphous or Non-crystalline atoms only have
short-range, nearest neighbor order
Ex: viscous materials (generally complex formulas) or
rapid cooling - glass

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 Properties
Property - All materials when exposed to external stimuli will evoke some form of
response.

Force → deformation, failure

Light → reflection, absorption

Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external
forces.

Properties are independent of shape and size.

Six Categories
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Deteriorative 16
Properties: Mechanical
Response to mechanical forces applied on a material

• Elastic Modulus
• Yield Strength
• Tensile Strength
• Fracture Toughness
• Ductility
• Hardness
• Resilience
• Creep resistance

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Properties: Electrical
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Fig. 19.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
5 Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill
Company, New York, 1970.]

Resistivity, ρ
(10-8 Ohm-m)
4
3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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 Properties: Thermal
• Properties of material change with temperature.
• With increasing temperature it starts to creep, it may oxidize or
degrade and there is loss of strength.

Parameters:
• Maximum service temperature Tmax for use of material.
• Thermal expansion coefficient.
• Thermal conductivity
• Heat capacity

Thermal Conductivity
400

300
•Thermal Conductivity of

(W/m-K)
Copper decreases when 200
you add zinc! 100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc) 19
 Properties: Magnetic
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Fe+3%Si

Magnetization
Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
Fig. 21.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.) Electronically reproduced by permission of
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey.

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 Properties: Optical
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material’s structure (i.e.,
single crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of porosity).
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal no porosity some porosity

Fig. 1.2, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing)

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 Properties: Deteriorative
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

10-8 “as-is”

crack speed (m/s)

“held at
160°C for 1 hr
before testing”
Alloy 7178 tested in
10-10
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23°C

increasing load
Fig. 18.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Boveri Co.)

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Future of Materials Science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of
atomic structure.

• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length scales

between 1 and 100 nm with unusual properties. Electronic components, materials for quantum
computing.

• Smart materials: airplane wings that de-ice themselves, buildings that stabilize themselves
in earthquakes…

• Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, advances in

nuclear waste processing, etc.

• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most
advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that we
do not know how to reproduce…

• Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades that can
operate at 2500°C, room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors (artificial nose) of
extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts that never require ironing…

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 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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