PROGRAM

Bachelor’s Track Program: Earth and Environmental sciences

1. Open Doors winner’s skill set
Winning the Open Doors competition requires a firm grasp of earth and environmental science
concepts:
 structure and characteristics of Earth’s geosphere and biosphere;
 geological processes occurring on Earth’s surface and in its interior;
 global relationships between biosphere components and substance circulation;
 basic chemical reactions of the carbon cycle and biogeochemical balance;
 interaction of living organisms with the environment; structure of ecosystems and the
biosphere as a global ecosystem;
 global environmental problems and sustainable human development goals; modern
sustainability strategies, including preventive measures and adaptation to climate change; resource
conservation; carbon economy; circular economy.
The winner is expected to demonstrate a solid command of the following skills:
 assessing the availability of resources for human needs;
 identifying minerals, rocks, and ores; interpreting spatial and geological patterns;
 evaluating the state of natural objects by comparing their characteristics with specified norms;
 establishing cause-and-effect relationships between human impacts on natural systems and
changes in their condition.
2. List of degree programs covered by the subject area
[Link] of bachelor’s programs
05.03.01 Geology
05.03.02 Geography
05.03.03 Cartography and Geoinformatics
05.03.04 Hydrometeorology
05.03.06 Ecology and Nature Management
21.03.01 Petroleum Engineering

3. Content

Field of science 1. Geology

Geography
1. Planet Earth, its structure, composition and history of development: basic concepts of the
formation, structure and composition of the Earth; cumulative geographical sciences (cartography,
geoinformatics, geoecology). Main stages of the Earth’s development; Earth’s crust and its
composition..
Geography, mathematics, and physics
2. Tectonics and structural geology, physical phenomena and geometry of geologic bodies: basic
concepts of the tectonic structure and development of Earth. Dynamics and kinematics. Thematic
maps: geographic, topographic, tectonic, and structural. Plane and solid geometric figures and their
spatial relationships. Basic concepts of rock occurrence forms in Earth’s crust.
Geography, mathematics, and chemistry
3. Mineral deposits and energy resources, varieties and mathematical modeling: basic
information on varieties and classifications of mineral deposits. Fundamentals of energy resource
varieties and classifications. Chemical elements and their compounds. Chemical and physical
properties of natural substances—minerals and rocks.

Field of science 2. Geochemistry and geophysics

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Geography
1. Earth’s crust and its composition. Most common minerals and rocks. Physical and chemical
concepts, regularities, phenomena, and processes. Most common minerals and rocks.
Chemistry
2. Geochemistry: relationship between geology and chemistry; diversity of chemical elements
(Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Chemical Elements) and isotopes; their distribution within the
Earth and on its surface. Chemical properties of inorganic and organic substances; regularities and
laws; main academic and applied tasks of geochemistry. Basic chemical reactions of the carbon
cycle.
Physics and mathematics
3. Geophysics: relationship between geology and physics; basic understanding of physical
processes and physical properties on Earth. Physical laws discovered under terrestrial conditions
and their effects in the Universe. Physical phenomena, processes, regularities, and laws.
Theoretical and applied aspects of geophysics. Geophysical methods for studying the Earth and
exploring mineral resources.

Field of science 3. Meteorology and atmospheric sciences

Geography and physics
1. Structure, properties, and functions of the atmosphere; concepts of atmospheric structure.
Component composition of the modern atmosphere and its formation history. Changes in
atmospheric temperature with altitude. Movement of air masses in the atmosphere. Role of the
atmosphere in the global circulation of substances. Role of water vapor in the microclimate. Ozone
layer and issues related to its depletion and transformation. Methods for studying the state of the
atmosphere. Sustainable development goals concerning atmospheric quality and air pollution
reduction.
Geography and physics
2. Climatology and meteorology. Modern climate and challenges of its change: concepts of
weather and climate. Insights into meteorological conditions and their role in the functioning of
living systems and economic entities. Climate change in the history of Earth. Greenhouse gases
and their impact on the Earth’s climate. Climate change manifestations and their consequences;
strategies for adaptation to climate change.
Geography, chemistry, and physics
3. Atmospheric pollution and its prevention: models of pollutant distribution in the atmosphere.
Natural and anthropogenic pollution sources and their contributions to atmospheric air quality
deterioration. Consequences of atmospheric pollution: characteristics and examples from different
regions of the world. Concepts of atmospheric quality and related standards. Technologies for
protecting the atmosphere from harmful emissions. Main atmospheric quality issues in different
regions of the world.

Field of science 4. Environmental sciences

Physics, chemistry, and geography
1. Fundamentals of ecology: living organisms and their environments. Properties and structure
of populations. Impact of environmental factors on organisms. Community ecology. Ecosystem
structure. Succession. Biological diversity.
Geography
2. Nature management: natural conditions and resources. Types of nature management.
Environmental and economic approach to solving nature management problems. Environmental
aspects of nature management.

Field of science 5. Physical geography

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Geography and mathematics

1. Earth climate: climate-forming factors; types of Earth climate. Human impact on Earth
climate.
Geography
2. Landscapes and relief. Geological structure: concept of relief, endogenous and exogenous
processes, relief-forming factors, relief types. Natural landscape classification; anthropogenic
landscapes; natural and anthropogenic landscape-forming factors.
3. Fauna and flora; their distribution across the planet’s surface. Biogeography of oceans and
seas.
Geography and mathematics
4. Basics of cartography: scales and their types. Cartographic projections. Sheet division and
nomenclature of topographic plans and maps. Geographic and Cartesian point coordinates.
Topographic maps and plans; relief depiction on topographic maps.

Field of science 6. Mining and mineral processing

Geography and chemistry
1. Mineral deposits: basic information about varieties and classifications of mineral deposits.
Basic concepts of Earth’s formation, structure, and composition. Most common minerals and
rocks. Visual characteristics of the main minerals and rocks; physical and chemical concepts,
regularities, phenomena and processes; statistical regularities in the real world.
Geography, mathematics
2. Exploration and assessment of mineral deposits; types of mineral deposits. Plane and solid
geometric figures; their main properties. Location of mineral deposits and their economically
recoverable component. Properties of geometric figures and formulas for calculating volumes.
Percentage of economically recoverable components and economic indicators. Statistical
regularities in nature. Minerals: quality, quantity, reserves, and occurrence modes. Geographic,
economic, and environmental conditions.
Mathematics, chemistry, geography, and physics
3. Mining of mineral deposits and its environmental impact: basic chemical and physical
concepts, regularities, laws, and theories. Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of natural
materials. Geographical understanding of natural territorial and climatic conditions. Diversity of
natural phenomena and processes: landslides and rockslides. Methods for mining solid, liquid, and
gaseous mineral deposits: open-pit, underground, combined open-pit–underground, borehole
methods; land and sea types.
Physics, chemistry, and geography
4. Processing of mineral deposits: basic chemical and physical concepts, regularities, laws, and
theories. Fundamentals of mineral processing. Objectives of processing and technological effects
of beneficiation; classification of beneficiation processes. Environmental impact of mining and
mineral processing. Differences between primary and secondary mining methods.

Field of science 7. Ecology

Geography, chemistry and physics
1. Fundamentals of ecology: living organisms and their environments. Properties and structure
of populations. Impact of environmental factors on organisms. Community [Link]
structure. Succession. Biological diversity. Planetary boundaries.
Geography and chemistry
2. Unity of the living world. Structural and functional foundations of life. Cell theory; cell
structure; life processes in a cell; photosynthesis. Diversity of living organisms. Theory of
evolution.
Geography

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3. Biodiversity: biodiversity conservation for sustainable development and environmental

protection. Classification of biological objects; species; species integrity and isolation; species
criteria; relativity of species criteria; classification of living organisms.

4. Preparation materials
4.1. Recommended reading

Field of science 1. Geology

Reading list in English

1. Burzynski D., Ellis W. Fundamentals of Mathematics. Houston: OpenStax CNX, 2008.
699 p. URL: [Link]
2. Lant C. Natural Resources Sustainability: An introductory synthesis. Salt Lake City: Utah
Education Network Digital Press with Pressbooks, 2023. 749 p. URL:
[Link]
introductory-synthesis
3. Patrich J. Physical geography - Version 1. Santa Clarita: College of the Canyons, 2020.
295 p. URL: [Link]

Field of science 2. Geochemistry and geophysics

Reading list in English

1. Flowers P., Theopold K., Langley R., Robinson W. Chemistry - 2e. Houston: OpenStax,
2019. 1207 p. URL: [Link] (free access).
2. Lant C. Natural Resources Sustainability: An introductory synthesis. Salt Lake City: Utah
Education Network Digital Press with Pressbooks, 2023. 749 p. URL:
[Link]
introductory-synthesis
3. Urone P.P., Hinrichs R., Dirks K. College Physics - 2e. Houston: OpenStax, 2022. 1679
p. URL: [Link]

Field of science 3. Meteorology and atmospheric sciences

Reading list in English

1. Holden J. Physical geography. The Basics. London and New York: Routhledge, Taylor
& Francis Group, 2011. 168 p.
URL: [Link]
[Link]
2. Sokhi R.S. World atlas of atmospheric pollution. London, New York, Gelhi: Anthem
Press, 2008. 144 p. URL: [Link]
3. Zehnder C., Manoylov K., Mutiti S., Mutiti C., VandeVoort A., Bennett D.
Introduction to Environmental Science - 2nd Edition. Atlanta: University System of Georgia,
2018. 160 p. URL: [Link]

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Field of science 4. Environmental sciences

Reading list in English

1. Ahad M.A., Ferdous A.S.M.A. A Textbook of Ecology. Dhaka: Himachal Publication,
Bishal Book Complex, 2019. 95 p.
URL: [Link]
2. Odum E.P. Ecology: The Link Between the Natural and the Social Sciences. London: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1975. 260 p.
URL: [Link]
BetweenTheNaturalAndTheSocia/page/n5/mode/2up
3. Sunal D. et al. Forest, Land, and Water: Understanding Our Natural Resources. Natural
Resources Education Series. Forest Service: Washington, D.C., 1992. 318 p.
URL: [Link]
tural_Resources_Natural_Resources_Education_Series

Field of science 5. Physical geography

Reading list in English

1. Berdin V., Dobrolyubova Y., Gracheva E., Konstantinov P., Ryzhova N., Smirnova E.,
Zamolodchikov D. Climate Box: An interactive learning toolkit on climate change. Moscow:
RA ILF publications, 2018. 256 p.
URL: [Link]
ok_EN.pdf
2. Huggett R.J. Fundamentals of Geomorphology - 3 e, London and New York: Routledge,
2011. 533 p. URL: [Link]
content/uploads/2012/11/fundamentalsofgeomorphology_routledgefundamentalsofphysicalge
[Link]
3. LotusArise. World distribution of Plants and Animals. UPSC, 2021. URL:
[Link]
4. Patrich J. Physical geography - Version 1. Santa Clarita: College of the Canyons, 2020. 295
p. URL: [Link]
5. Swanson F.J., Kratz T.K., Caine N., Woodmansee R.G. Landform Effects on Ecosystem
Patterns and Processes. BioScience. Vol. 38. No. 2. P. 92–98.
URL: [Link]
6. Uttar Pradesh Topographical Maps. Chapter 5. 2015. P. 50–68.
URL: [Link]

Field of science 6. Mining and mineral processing

Reading list in English

1. Armstrong James R. and Menon Raji. Mining and Quarrying. URL:
[Link]
2. Burzynski D., Ellis W. Fundamentals of Mathematics. Houston: OpenStax CNX, 2008. 699
p. URL: [Link]
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3. Flowers P., Theopold K., Langley R., Robinson W. Chemistry - 2e. Houston: OpenStax,
2019. 1207 p. URL: [Link]
4. Patrich J. Physical geography - Version 1. Santa Clarita: College of the Canyons, 2020. 295
p. URL: [Link]
5. Urone P.P., Hinrichs R., Dirks K. College Physics - 2e. Houston: OpenStax, 2022. 1679 p.
URL: [Link]

Field of science 7. Ecology

Reading list in English

1. Gaston K.J., Spicer J.I. Biodiversity: an introduction – 2 e. Cornwall: Blackwell Publishing,
2004. 191 p.
2. URL: [Link]
n_biodiversity_teaching/attachment/59d64edf79197b80779a8234/AS%3A494919505465344
%401495009413879/download/Biodiversity+-+An+[Link]
3. Odum E.P. Ecology: The Link Between the Natural and the Social Sciences. London: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1975. 260 p.
4. URL: [Link]
LinkBetweenTheNaturalAndTheSocia/page/n5/mode/2up
5. Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biology - 6 e. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. 1239 p. URL:
[Link]
6. Stishov M.S., Dudley N. Protected Natural Areas of the Russian Federation and Their
Categories, 208 pages. — Moscow, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 2019.
[Link]
[Link]

4.2 Recommended online courses

Field of science 1. Geology

Online courses in English Link Course description
Planet Earth...and You! [Link] This course examines the Earth
rg/learn/planet-earth through a geological lens, covering
topics such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain formation, ice ages,
landslides, floods, the evolution of
life, plate tectonics, rocks and mineral
resources, and energy resources.
Special attention is given to
environmental issues and future
sustainability challenges.
Pre-University Physics URL: [Link] This course addresses fundamental
[Link]/cour physics concepts essential for many
ses/pre-university- engineering disciplines. Participants
physics/ will gain a foundational understanding
of mechanics, electricity and
magnetism, and waves. They will
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develop the ability to solve physics

problems algebraically without
numerical substitution, perform order-
of-magnitude estimations without
calculation tools, apply basic
differential and integral calculus to
physics problems, and work with
vectors at a conceptual (non-
quantitative) level.
Pre-University Chemistry URL: [Link] This course provides a foundation in
[Link]/cour general, organic, and inorganic
ses/pre-university- chemistry. Participants will apply
chemistry/ chemical principles across various
scientific and engineering contexts,
perform quantitative calculations
using basic calculus, and integrate
knowledge from multiple chemistry
disciplines to solve advanced
problems.
Geoscience: the Earth and its URL: [Link] Participants will investigate the
Resources [Link]/cour Earth’s interior and develop expertise
ses/geoscience-the- in the processes responsible for
earth-and-its- mountain building and sedimentary
resources/ basin formation. The course covers the
fundamentals of plate tectonics; the
mechanisms controlling mountain and
sedimentary basin formation;
sediment formation, transport, and
deposition; rock deformation;
hydrocarbon geology; hydrogeology;
and the geology of geothermal energy.
Fundamentals of Geology URL: This course addresses fundamental
[Link] physical processes essential for
[Link]/course/swayam understanding Earth System Sciences
-fundamentals-of- and a variety of geological
geology-292958 phenomena. It covers the origin of
Earth and its position in space; the
formation and identification of
minerals and rocks; land and surface
processes; volcanism; earthquakes;
and features of groundwater. The
course also offers a brief overview of
the economics of Earth resources such
as coal and petroleum.

Field of science 2. Geochemistry and geophysics

Online courses in English Link Course description
Pre-University Chemistry URL: [Link] This course provides a foundation in
[Link]/cour general, organic, and inorganic

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PROGRAM

ses/pre-university- chemistry. Participants will apply

chemistry/ chemical principles across various
scientific and engineering contexts,
perform quantitative calculations
using basic calculus, and integrate
knowledge from multiple chemistry
disciplines to solve advanced
problems.
Pre-University Physics URL: [Link] This course addresses fundamental
[Link]/cour physics concepts essential for many
ses/pre-university- engineering disciplines. Participants
physics/ will gain a foundational understanding
of mechanics, electricity and
magnetism, and waves. They will
develop the ability to solve physics
problems algebraically without
numerical substitution, perform order-
of-magnitude estimations without
calculation tools, apply basic
differential and integral calculus to
physics problems, and work with
vectors at a conceptual (non-
quantitative) level.
An Introduction to Pre- URL: This course introduces fundamental
University Mathematics [Link] mathematical concepts and methods
m/course/nmakhb/an- with an emphasis on practical
introduction-to-pre- applications. Participants will develop
university-mathematics skills in manipulating algebraic
expressions; graphing, differentiating,
and integrating simple functions; and
calculating basic quantities in
financial mathematics.
Introduction to Geometry URL: This course provides a comprehensive
[Link] foundation in geometric concepts,
[Link]/course/geometr ranging from basic principles to
y-schoolyourself- advanced theorems and proofs.
introduction-to- Participants will learn fundamentals
geometry-2527 such as angle measurement and
parallel lines; properties and proofs
concerning triangles, quadrilaterals,
and other polygons; area calculations
for shapes including triangles, circles,
and ellipses; Pythagorean theorem and
its applications; relationships between
line segments and angles in circles;
volume and surface area calculations
for three-dimensional solids; and
advanced theorems and proofs related
to both two- and three-dimensional
shapes.

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Planet Earth...and You! URL: This course examines the Earth

[Link] through a geological lens, covering
rg/learn/planet-earth topics such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain formation, ice ages,
landslides, floods, the evolution of
life, plate tectonics, rocks and mineral
resources, and energy resources.
Special attention is given to
environmental issues and future
sustainability challenges.
Geology—Geochemistry URL: This course introduces a general
[Link] concept and principles of
[Link]/course/swayam geochemistry. It includes such topics
-geology- as crystal chemistry, types of chemical
geochemistry-14083 bonds, coordination numbers, colloids
in geological systems, ion exchange,
periodic table, cosmic abundance of
elements, composition of planets and
meteorites, geochemical cycles,
distribution of major, minor and trace
elements in rocks, geochemical
thermodynamics, isomorphism and
isotope geochemistry.
Basics of Geophysics URL: This playlist presents a foundational
[Link] understanding of physical processes
ylist?list=PLfk0Dfh13p and properties on Earth; physical laws
BPXtgn8BT- discovered under terrestrial conditions
dpkfaWMRusJwI&si=J and their implications in the Universe;
0cPtPFVHa8aAh43 physical phenomena, processes,
regularities, and laws; theoretical and
applied aspects of geophysics; and
geophysical methods used for Earth
studies and mineral exploration.

Field of science 3. Meteorology and atmospheric sciences

Online courses in English Link Course description
Monitoring Atmospheric URL: This course offers insight into the role
Composition. A MOOC on the [Link] of ground-based, airborne, and
role of satellite and in situ emooc satellite Earth observation
measurements for .org/about/about technologies in atmospheric
Atmospheric monitoring monitoring, providing an overview of
the methods used to track atmospheric
conditions.
Environmental Standards and URL: This course presents the scientific
Norms for the Sustainability [Link] principles and practical applications
e/74537 involved in developing environmental
assessment and quality standards.

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Special attention is given to preserving

water resource quality.
Planet Earth...and You! URL: This course examines the Earth
[Link] through a geological lens, covering
rg/learn/planet-earth topics such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain formation, ice ages,
landslides, floods, the evolution of
life, plate tectonics, rocks and mineral
resources, and energy resources.
Special attention is given to
environmental issues and future
sustainability challenges.
Mechanisms of climate change URL: The course offers a comprehensive
[Link] understanding of the climate system,
se/hse/CLIMATECHA including its fundamental principles
NGE/ and both natural and anthropogenic
influences. It examines the impacts of
climate change on human activities
and addresses the reasons behind
skepticism toward human-induced
global warming. Participants will
examine historical climate variations
over millennia, investigate the
scientific significance of the current
warming trend, and study the methods
used to reconstruct past climates and
forecast future changes. The course
concludes by exploring the major
consequences of climate change for
humanity.

Field of science 4. Environmental sciences

Online courses in English Link Course description
Ecology: from cells to Gaia URL: The course covers fundamental
[Link] principles of ecology, including
e/114944 evolutionary processes, population
dynamics, and communities. It
explores energy flow within
ecosystems and examines the impact
of human activities on these systems.
Biological Diversity URL: This course provides an overview of
[Link] the theoretical foundations of
e/114959 biological diversity, its evolution, and
dynamics, along with methods for
calculating and estimating diversity. It
introduces key techniques for
assessing alpha, beta, and gamma
diversity.

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PROGRAM

Ecology: Ecosystem Dynamics URL: This course examines ecology and

and Conservation [Link] ecosystem dynamics through the
rg/lear n/ecology- framework of systems thinking. It
conservation explores the role of humans within
ecosystems, reviewing strategies for
balancing human needs with
biodiversity. Special attention is
devoted to issues related to ecosystem
recovery.
Environmental Standards and URL: This course focuses on key issues
Norms for the Sustainability [Link] related to the development and
e/74537 application of environmental
standards and norms aimed at
supporting sustainable development.
Surface Water Quality: URL: This course provides a concise
management and modeling [Link] introduction to the principles of
e/66372/promo modeling surface water pollution,
alongside approaches to its prevention
and remediation, considering water
quality standards and the properties of
specific pollutants.

Field of science 5. Physical geography

Online courses in English Link Course description
Geography URL: This course is designed to explore the
[Link] diverse aspects of the Earth’s physical
courses-geography- and cultivated landscapes. It covers a
online broad range of topics, including the
study of natural features such as
mountains, rivers, and ecosystems, as
well as geographic themes like
population growth, migration patterns,
and cultural traditions.
The Environment of the URL: This course covers the production and
Earth’s Surface [Link] movement of matter on Earth’s
urses/12-090-the- surface, including soils and soil
environment-of-the- erosion; precipitation; streams and
earths-surface-spring- lakes; groundwater; and glaciers and
2007/ their deposits. Integrating geology,
climatology, hydrology, and soil
science, it offers a cohesive
introduction to Earth surface studies.
The course emphasizes fundamental
concepts alongside practical
applications to support informed
management of the Earth’s physical
and chemical resources.

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Introduction to Biogeography URL: The course provides information on

[Link] species distribution and conservation
se/introduction-to- challenges while developing skills to
biogeography create innovative solutions in
biogeography.
Mechanisms of climate change URL: This course offers a comprehensive
[Link] understanding of the climate system,
se/hse/CLIMATECHA including its fundamental principles
NGE/ and both natural and anthropogenic
influences. It examines the impacts of
climate change on human activities
and addresses the reasons behind
skepticism toward human-induced
global warming. Participants will
examine historical climate variations
over millennia, investigate the
scientific significance of the current
warming trend, and study the methods
used to reconstruct past climates and
forecast future changes. The course
concludes by exploring the major
consequences of climate change for
humanity.
Specialization GIS, URL: This course covers selected topics in
Cartography and Spatial [Link] cartography, GIS, and spatial analysis.
Analysis g/specializations/gis-
mapping-spatial-
analysis

Field of science 6. Mining and mineral processing

Online courses in English Link Course description
Planet Earth...and You! URL: This course examines the Earth
[Link] through a geological lens, covering
rg/learn/planet-earth topics such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain formation, ice ages,
landslides, floods, the evolution of
life, plate tectonics, rocks and mineral
resources, and energy resources.
Special attention is given to
environmental issues and future
sustainability challenges.
Pre-University Physics URL: Pre-University This course addresses fundamental
Physics (TUDelft) physics concepts essential for many
URL: [Link] engineering disciplines. Participants
[Link]/cour will gain a foundational understanding
ses/pre-university- of mechanics, electricity and
physics/ magnetism, and waves. They will
develop the ability to solve physics
problems algebraically without
12
PROGRAM

numerical substitution, perform order-

of-magnitude estimations without
calculation tools, apply basic
differential and integral calculus to
physics problems, and work with
vectors at a conceptual (non-
quantitative) level.
Management of energy URL: This course aims to provide an
resources [Link] understanding of the fundamental
e/172611 principles and concepts underlying the
development of the energy sector. It
addresses the goals, threats, and
opportunities associated with energy
resource development and their
societal impacts. Topics include major
types of energy resources, regulatory
methods and tools—including legal
frameworks—and environmental risk
assessment. Participants will also gain
insight into green energy, its various
forms, and potential applications.

Field of science 7. Ecology

Online courses in English Link Course description
Ecology: from cells to Gaia URL: This course introduces foundational
[Link]
principles of ecology, including
114944 evolutionary processes, population
dynamics, and community structure. It
examines energy flow within
ecosystems and evaluates the effects
of human activities on ecological
systems.
Biological Diversity URL: This course provides an overview of
[Link] the theoretical foundations of
114959 biological diversity, its evolution, and
dynamics, along with methods for
calculating and estimating diversity. It
introduces key techniques for
assessing alpha, beta, and gamma
diversity.
Ecology: Ecosystem URL: This course is an introduction to
Dynamics and Conservation [Link] ecology and ecosystem dynamics
/lear n/ecology- through systems thinking. It examines
conservation the role of humans in ecosystems and
explores approaches to balance human
needs with biodiversity. Special
attention is devoted to issues related to
ecosystem recovery.

13