Exercise # 1.

1
i. Find the multiplicative inverse of each of the following complex numbers:
(i) (- 4, 7) (ii) ( √ 2 ,−√ 5) (iii) (1, 0)
ii. Separate into real and imaginary parts (write as a simple complex number):
2−7 i (−2+3 i )2 i ( 4+ 3i )2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
4+5 i 1+i 1+ i 4−3 i
iii. Prove that z=z iff z is real.
vi. For z ∈ C , show that:
z+ z z−z 2
(i) =ℜ(z) (ii) =ℑ(z ) (iii) |z| =z z
2 2i
z1 z 3
v. If z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 3 – 2 i, z3 = 1 + 3 i, then express in the form of a + ib:
z2
vi. If z1 = 2 + 7i and z2 = - 5 + 3i, then valuate the following:
❑
(iii) |−7 z 2 +2 z2|
3
(i) ¿ 2 z1 −4 z 2∨¿ (ii) ¿ 3 z 1+2 z 1∨¿ (iv) ¿ ( z 1 + z 2) ∨¿

vii. Show that: i n+1 +i n+2 +i n+ 4=0 , for all n ∈ N .

( )
2n
1+i
viii. Find the least positive value of n, if +1
1−i
ix. Show that, the value of i nfor n ∈ N ∧n> 4 is i r , where r is the remainder when n is divided by 4.

Exercise # 1.2
i. Find the values of x and y in each of the following:
(i) x + iy + 2 – 3i = i (5-i) (3+4i)
3
(ii) (x + iy) (1-i) = (2-3i) (-5+5i) (-i )
5
x y
(iii) + =4 +5 i
2+ i 3−i
ii. If z1 = -13 + 24i and z2 = x + yi, find the values of x and y such that z1-z2 = -27 + 15i
iii. Find the values of x and y if:
−2−5 i
(i) (x + iy)2 = 25 + 60i (ii) (x + iy)2 = 64 + 48i (iv) x + iy =
(1+3 i )3
vi. If z1 = 2 + 3i and z1 = 1 – a , find the value of a such that lm (z1z2) = 7.
v. If z1 = x + yi and z2 = a + bi, find , y, a and b such that z1 + z2 = 10 + 4i and z1 – z2 = 6 +2i.
vi. Show that ∀ z 1 , z 2 ∈C , z1 , z 2=z 1 z 2
7. Find the square root of the following complex numbers:
(i) –7 – 24i (ii) 8 – 6i (iii) – 15 – 36i (iv) 119 + 120i
8. Find the square root of 13 – 20 √ 3 i and represent it on an Argand diagram.
9. Find the values of x and y if (-7 + i)(x + i y) + (-1-5 i) = i (11-i)
10. Find the values of x and y if (5 - 2 i)(x + i y) + 3 = i (11 – i) – 4 i
u−2 v
11. Find the values of u and v if + =4 i
2+ i 2−i
12. If z1 =4 + 5i and z2 = a−2 i, find the value of a such that Re(z1z2) = 20.
Exercise # 1.3
1. Factorize the following:
(i) a2 + 4b2 (ii) 9a2 + 16b2 (iii) 3x2 + 3y2 (iv) 144x2 + 225y2
(v) z2 – 2iz – 1 (vi) z2 + 6z + 13 (vii) z2 + 4z + 5 (viii) 2z2 -22z+65
2. Factorize the following polynomial into its linear factors:
(i) z2 + 8 (ii) z3 + 27 (iii) z2 – 2z2 +16z - 32 (iv) z4 + 21z2 – 100
(v) z4 – 16 (vi) z4 + 3z3 + 4 (vii) z4 + 5z2 + 6 (viii) z4 -7z2 – 144
3. Find roots of z4 + 7z2 – 144 = 0 and hence express it as a product of linear factors.
4. Solve the following complex quadratic equation by completing square method:
(i) 2z2 -3z + 4 = 0 (ii) z2 – 6z + 30 = 0 (iii) 3z2 – 18z +50 = 0
(iv) z2 +z + 13 = 0 (v) 2z2 + 6z + 6 = 0 (vi) 3z2 - 5z2 + 7 = 0
5. Solve the following equations:
(i) 2z4 - 32 = 0 (ii) 3z5 – 243z = 0 (iii) 5z5 – 5z = 0
(iv) z3 - 5z2 + z – 5 = 0 (v) 4z4 - 25z2 + 21 = 0 (vi) z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0
6. Find a polynomial P(z) of degree 3 with zeroes 3, - 2i, 2i and satisfying P(1) = 20.
7. Find a polynomial P(z) of degree 4 with zeroes 2i, - 2i, 1, - 1, and satisfying P(2) = 240.
8. Find a polynomial P(z) of degree 4 with zeroes 4, - 4, 1, + i, 1 – i and satisfying P(2) = 72.
Exercise # 1.4
1. Find the cube roots of:
(i) 8 (ii) – 8 (iii) – 27 (iv) 64 (v) – 125
2. Find the fourth roots of 16, 81, 625. Also show that their sum is zero in each case.
3. If 1, ω ,ω 2are the cube roots of unity, show that 1+ ω n+ ω2 n=3 where n is a multiple of 3 respectively.
4. Evaluate:

( ) ( )
7 7
−1+ √ −3 −1−√ −3 5 5
(i) + (ii) (−1+ √ −3 ) + (−1−√ −3 )
2 2
5. Show that ( 1−ω+ω 2 )( 1−ω 2+ ω4 )( 1−ω 4 +ω 8 )( 1−ω 8+ ω16 ) …to 2n factors = 22n.
6. Prove that:

( )( )
8 8
i+ √3 i−√ 3
(i) + =−1.
2 2
5
Evaluate ∑ ❑ ω
2k
7. where ω is an imaginary cube root of unity.
k=0

a+bω +aω
8. If ω is an imaginary cube roots of unity, prove that 2
=ω .
a ω +bω +c
12 17 19
a ω +b ω + c ω
9. If ω is a cube roots of unity, prove that 22 30
=ω .
a 14 +b ω +c ω
Exercise # 1.5
1. Plot the following points:

(i) (2, 75o) (ii) (- 3, 120o) ( π6 )

(iii) 2 , (
(iv) 5 ,
5π
6 )
 (v) ( −25 , π3 ) (
(vi) −3 ,−
2π
3 ) (vii) ( −92 ,− 1912π ) (viii) ( −52 , 512π )
2. Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
1 √3 −5 5 √ 3
(i) 4 + 3i (ii) 1 + i (iii) + i (iv) − i
2 2 2 2

(v)
1−i
(vi)
√3+i (vii)
3+4 i
1+i 1+ √ 3 i 4+ 3i
3. Convert each of the complex number z in the rectangular from x + iy:

(
(i) 4 cos
5π
3
+ isin
5π
3 ) (ii)
3
2
cos(7π
6
+i sin
7π
6 )
23 π 11 π
(iii) |z|=7 , arg ( z )= (iv) |z|=11, arg ( z )=
12 12
10 −17 π
(v) |z|= , arg ( z )= (iv) 2 cos (-33) + i 2 sin (-33)
3 12

4. (
If z1 = 9 cos
5π
4
+i sin
5π
4 ) π π
(
∧z 2=5 cos + isin then find
3 3 )
z1
(i) z1 + z2 (ii) z1 – z2 (iii) z1 . z2 (iv)
z2

5. Find z1 = 7 cos ( 23 π
12
+ isin
23 π
12 )
∧z 2=11 cos
11 π
12 (
+isin
11π
12 )
then find the following and express the

result into x + iy form:

6. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, show that:

(i) Arg ( z 1 z 2 ) =Arg z1 + Arg z 2 (ii) Arg

( )
z1
z2
= Arg z 1 + Arg z 2

7. Divide z1 = 6 (cos 150o + i sin 150o) by z2 = 3 (cos 30o + i sin 30o) and express in x + iy form.
8. Divide z1 = 2 (cos 60o + i sin 60o) by z2 = 5 (cos 90o + i sin 90o) and express in x + iy form.
9. Find the modulus and argument of z = - 2 - 2i.
2π
10. Write the equation arg ( z−2+i )= in Cartesian form, if z = x + iy.
3

11. If z = x + iy and arg ( z−1+2

z +1−2 i ) 4
i 9π
= ,show that x + y – 4x + 2y – 5 = 0.
2 2

12. If z = x + iy and arg ( z−2−3i )−arg ( z +2+3 i )=π ,show that 2y = 3x.
13. Solve the equation |z−2 i|=| z+2| for z=x +iy .
14. For z = x + iy, solve the equation ¿ 5 z−3+2 i∨¿.
15. Determine the set of points z = x + iy that satisfy the equation |3 z−2+i|=¿ 3 z +i∨¿
1−iz
16. If z = x + iy and w= ,show that |w|=1⟹ z is real.
z−i
z 2−z 1
17. If z1 and z2 are different complex numbers with |z 2|=1 , find ∨ ∨¿
1−z1 z 2
18. An Ac source supplies a voltage of V = 120 cos ( π
4 4 )
+ isin volts to a circuit with impedance Z= 1+i √ 3
π
2
ohm. Calculate the current in polar form.
19. An Ac circuit has impedance of Z = 3 – 6i ohms and is connected to a voltage source V = 90 + 30i volts. Find
the current in both rectangular and polar form.
20. Encrypt the word “CODE” by multiplying the complex encryption key k = 2 – i. Then decrypt it back to the
original word.
21. Consider the complex encryption key k = 3 – 3i. Encrypt the word “QUIZ”, and then recover the original
word using the inverse of the key.
22. Encrypt the word “CLASS” by adding the complex key k = - 3 + 4i. Then decrypt it back to the original word.
Exercise # 2.1
1. Given that: (a) f(x) = x2 – 1 (b) f(x) = √ 2 x +3
Find: (i) f(-3) (ii) f(0) (iii) f(x-2) (iv) f(x2+3)
f ( a+ a )−f ( a )
2. Find and simplify where,
h
(i) f ( x )=4 x +7 (ii) f ( x )=sin x (iii) f ( x )=x 3 + x 2−1 (iv) f ( x )=tan x
3. Express the following:
(a) The area A of a square as a function of its perimeter P.
(b) The circumference C of a circle as a function of its area A.
(c) The surface area S fo a cube as a function of its volume V.
4. Find the domain and the range of the function g defined below:

(i) g ( x )=5−x (ii) g ( x )=√ x+2 (iii) g ( x )= {4−3 x . x >−2

6 x +7 x ≤−2

x+ 2
(iv) g ( x )=¿ x−5∨¿ (v) g ( x )=
3−x
5. Given f(x) = x3 – ax2 + bx + 1. If f(2) = - 3 and f (-1) = 0. Find the values of a and b.
6. A stone falls from a height of 60m on the ground, the height h after x seconds is approximately given by
h(x) = 40 – 10x2.
(i) What is the height of stone when:
(a) x = 1 sec? (b) x = 1.5 sec? (c) x = 1.7 sec?
(ii) When does the stone strike the ground?
7. Consider the function f(x) = 3x – 5.
(i) Determine the domain and range of f(x).
(ii) Is the function f one-to-one? Justify your answer.
(iii) Is the function f onto if the co-domain is all real numbers? Explain.
2 x−3
8. Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) =
x+1
(i) Find the domain and range of f(x). (ii) Determine whether f(x) is onto.
(iii) Prove that f(x) is one-to-one.
9. Consider the function f: R+→ R defined by f(x) = e-x. Show that f(x) = e-x a objective.
10. Let g: R → R be given by g(x) = x3 – 3x. Determine if g(x) is injective and/or subjective.

Exercise # 2.2
1. Find the point of intersection of the coordinate axes and the following linear functions graphically:
1 3
(i) y = - 5x + 10 (ii) y = 2x – 1 (iii) y = x–3 (iv) y = 3x +
2 2
2. Find the point(s) of intersection of the following functions graphically:
(i) f ( x )=2 x +5 , g ( x )=− x+5 (ii) f ( x )=3 x−2, g ( x )=10−x
❑ 1 1
(iii) f ( x )=−3 x −4 , g ( x )= x+3 (iv) f ( x )=−3 x−4 , g ( x )= x+ 3❑
2 2
(v) f ( x )=x −1❑ g ( x )=x 2−4 x+3 (vi) f ( x )=3 x + 4 , g ( x )=x 2 +2 x−8❑

(vii) f ( x )=−2−1 , g ( x )=x 2−4 x (vi) f ( x )=−x2−3 x +2 , g ( x ) =x+6 ❑

3. Graph the following functions:
−1
(i) y= √ 3 x (ii) y= √ x +5 (iii) y= √x (iv) y=− √ x +1+2
2
(v) y= √ 2 x+ 1 (vi) y=2 √ x−3 y= √ x 2 + x−2
3 3 3
(vii)
4. A building’s height over time is modeled by H(t) = 100 + 20t which is in metres and t is the time in months.
The height of a growing tree nearby is given by T(t) = 50 + 10t + t2.
(i) At what time will the building and tree have the same height?
(ii) What will that height be?
Sketch the graphs of both functions and determine the time when the tree will overtake the height of the
building.
5. A radioactive substance has a half-life (h) of 2 years. If the initial quantity Q 0. Is 200 grams and the

( ) , then find the remaining quantity after 6 years graphically?

1
1 4
exponential decay function is Q(t) = Q0
2
Exercise # 3.1
1. Find the maximum or minimum value of the following quadratic functions by completing square:
(i) f ( x )=x 2 +6 x +13 (ii) f ( x )=x 2 +6 x (iii) f ( x )=x 2 +8 x +13

(iv) f ( x )=−x2 +3 x−5 (v) f ( x )=−2 x 2−x +21

2. Find the maximum or minimum point by sketching the following quadratic functions. Also find their domain
and range:
(i) f ( x )=x 2−4 x (ii) f ( x )=x 2−5 x +6 (iii) f ( x )=−x2 +2 x−8

(iv) f ( x )=−x2−4 x +4 (v) f ( x )=x 2 +2 x−8.3 (vi) f ( x )=6−x−x 2

3. Find the inverse of the following quadratic functions. Also find their domain and range:
(i) f ( x )=x 2−3 , x ≤0 (ii) f ( x )=x 2 +6 x +4 , x <−3 (iii) f ( x )=2 x 2−8 x +11, x ≥ 2 (iv)
2 2
f ( x )=3 x −2 x +6 , x ≥ 5(v) f ( x )=2 ( x−3 ) +1 , x ≥ 3
(vi) f ( x )−3 ( x + 4 )2−5 , x ←4
4. Solve the following absolute value quadratic equations and inequalities.
(i) |x 2 +1|=5 (ii) |x 2 +5 x+ 4|=0 (iii) |x 2−6 x +8|=4
 (iv) |3 x 2−7 x +2|=x 2−x +1 (v) |x 2−4|< 0 (vi) |x 2−3 x +2|> 4

(vii) |x 2−5 x +6|≤ x+ 2 (viii) |2 x 2−3 x−5|< 4

Exercise # 3.2
1. Solve the following equations:
1 4x x x +1 5
(i) + =1 ,≠ 0 (ii) + = ; x ≠−1 , 0
3x 6 x+1 x 2
1 2 7 a b 1 1
(iii) + = ; x ≠−1 ,−2 ,−5 (iv) + =a+b ; x ≠ ,
x+1 x +2 x+ 5 ax−1 bx −1 a b
x+ 1 x−1
(v) + =2 , x ≠ 1, x ≠−1 (vi) 3 x 2+15 x−2 √ x 2+5 x +1=2
x−1 x +1
(vii) √ 2 x +8+ √ x +5=7 (viii) √ 3 x+ 4+¿ 2+ √ 2 x−4
(ix)√ x+ 7+ √ x+2=√ 6 x+13 (x) √ x+ 5−√ x+ 3=2
2. A farmer bought some sheep for Rs. 9000. If he had paid Rs. 100 less for each, he would have got 3 sheep
more for the same money. How many sheep did he buy, when the rate in each case is uniform?
3. A man sold his stock of eggs for Rs. 2400. If he had 2 dozen more, he would have got the same money by
selling the whole for Rs. 0.50 per dozen cheaper. How many dozen eggs did he sell?
4. A cyclist travelled 48 km at a uniform speed. If he had travelled 2 km hour slower, he would have taken 2
hours more to perform the journey. How long did he take to cover 48 km?
5. To do a piece of work, Abdullah takes 10 days more than Abdul Hadi. Together they finish the work in 12
days. How long would Abdul Hadi take to finish it alone?
6. The braking distance (in metres) of a car is modeled by: d(s) = 0.02s2 + 0.1s, where s is the speed of car in
km/h if the maximum safe braking distance is 50 metres, find the range of speed where braking is safe.
7. A rocket follows the height function h(t) = - 5t2 +20t + 30, where h(t) is the height in metrers and t is the time
in seconds. Find the time interval during which the rocket is at least 40 metres above the ground.

Exercise # 4.1
1. If A=[ aij ] 3 ×4 , then show that
(i) I3 A = A (ii) AI4 = A

[ ] [ ] [ ]
0 −1 2 2 1 −1 1 0 −2
2. If ¿ 3 2 1 , B= 1 2 4 ∧C= −1 5 0 , then find
−1 0 4 −1 2 1 3 4 −1
(i) A – B (ii) B – C (iii) (A – B) – C (iv) A – (B – C)

3. If A= [ 1i −i2i ] , B=[−i2i 11]∧C=[−i2i 1i ] , then show that

(i) (AB)C = A (BC) (ii) A(B+C) = AB + AC

4. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then explain why in general;
(i) (A + B)2 ≠ A2 + 2AB + B2 (ii) (A – B)2 ≠ A2 – 2AB + B2 (iii) (A + B) (A – B) ≠ A2 – B2
 [ ]
−0 2 3
5. If A= 1 0 2 , then find A + At, A – At, AAt and (At)t.
−3 5 3

[ ]
2 0 1
6. Solve the matrix equation A2 – 5A + 4I – X = 0 if A= 2 1 3
1 −1 0
7. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, show that A2 +B2 = A + B.
Exercise # 4.2
1. Evaluate the following determinants:

| | | | | |
−2 −4
1 a+b a−b a 2x x x
(i) 3 −1 −3 (ii) a a+b a−b (iii) y 2y y
−2 3 2 a−b a a+ b z z 2z
2. Without expansion show that:

| | | | | |
7 8 9 5 6 −1 –a 0 b
(i) 5 6 7 =0 (ii) 2 2 0 (iii) 0 a −c =0
2 3 4 2 −8 10 c −b 0

| | | | | || |
l m+ n 1 2 1 3x bc a a2 1 a2 a3
(iv) m n+l 1 =0 (v) 2 3 9 x =0 (vi) ca b b 2 = 1 b2 b3
n l+m 1 3 5 15 x ab c c
2 2
1 c c
3

3. Using properties of determinants, show that

| | | | | |
3 5 0 3 1 0 a+ x a a
2
(i) 5 25 10 =25 1 1 2 (ii) a a+ x a =x ( 3 a+ x )
7 25 1 7 5 1 a a a+ x

| || | | |
1 x yz 1 x x2 1 x x2
y = ( x− y ) ( y−z ) (z−x)
2 2
(iii) 1 y zx = 1 y y (ii) 1 y
1 z xy 1 z z
2
1 z z
2

| |
1 1 1
(v) a+1 b+1 c +1 =( a−b )( b−c ) ( c−a )
( a+1 ) ( b+ 1 ) ( c +1 )2
2 2

| |
a2+ b2 c2 c2
2 2 2
(vi) a2 2
b +c
2 2
a =4 a b c
2 2 2 2
b b c +a

| |
a b c
3 3 3
(vii) b+c c +a a+b =a +b +c −3 abc
a+b b+ c c +a

| |
a+t a a
2
(viii) b b+t b =t (a+b+ c+t )
c c c+t

| |
a−b−c 2a 2a
3
(ix) 2b b−c−a 2b =( a+ b+c )
2c 2c c−a−b
 | |
y+z z+x x+ y
❑
(x) x y z =( x+ y + z ) ( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z−x )
2 2 2
x y z

| |
1 1 1
❑
(xi) a +1 b +1 c +1 = ( a−b ) ( b−c ) ( c−a ) ( ab+bc +ca−1 )
22 1

3 3 3
a +a b +b c +c

| |
1+ a 1 1
(xii) 1 1+b 1 =abc+ ab+bc + ca
1 1 1+c

| | | |
1 a a2−bc 2 x +3 x +2 x+ 1
(xiii) 1 b b2−ca =0 (xiv) 2 x +5 x+ 3 x+ b =0 , where a ,b , c are∈ A . P .
2
1 c c −ab 2 x+ 7 x + 4 x+ c

| |
a b c
(xv) b a b =( a+b+ c ) ( a+ bω+ c ω ) ( a +bω+ cω ) , where ω isan imaginary cube root of unity.
2

c c a

[ ] [ ]
1 2 −3 −5 −2 5
4. If A= 0 −5 0 ,∧B= −3 −1 4 , then find:
−2 −2 7 −2 −1 2
(i) A13, A23, A33 and |A| (ii) B31, B32, B33 and |B|
5. Find the value of x if:

| | | | | |
2 1 x 1 x−1 3 1 1 1
(i) −1 −4 −3 =5 (ii) −1 x+ 1 2 =9 (iii) 2 x 2 =0
x 1 0 2 −3 x 3 6 x

] [ ]
3 1
6. Find |AAt| and |AtA| if: (i) A= [ −3 2 −1
2 1 3
A= 2 2
1 3
7. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then show that |kA| = k3 |A|.
8. Find the values of λ if A and B are singular.

[ ] [ ]
4 2 3 −2 4 5
A= 7 λ 6 , B= 1 −2 1
2 3 1 2 λ 0

[ ]
1 2 1
9. Find the inverse of A= −5 0 4 and show that A-1 A = I3.
5 4 0
10. Verify that (AB)t = BtAt if:

[ ] [ ]
1 1 1 2
(i) A= [ 1 −1 2
0 −3 1 ] B= −3 −2
0 1
(ii) A= 14 and B=
2 1
1 −3
−2 1 [ ]
Exercise # 4.3
1. Find the inverse of the following matrices by using row operations.
 [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 6 −3 1 2 −1 1 6 2
(i) 0 −2 0 (ii) 0 −2 8 (iii) 2 13 0
−2 5 6 1 0 2 0 −1 1
2. Find the rank of the following matrices:

[ ] [ ]
3 −1 3 0 1

[ ]
1 −2 3
1 −1 3 1
(i) −2 −6 1 −1 (ii)
2 −4 6
(iii)
1 2 −1 −3−2
3 1 4 −2
−1 0 2 2 3 4 2 1
0 1−1 25−2 −3 3
3. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:

} }
x1 +2 x 2−3 x3 =0 2 x1 −x2 + x 3=1
(i)
2 x + y−z =1
x− y +2 z=¿ 3 x+2 y + z=4 } (ii) 4 x 1−x 2+ x 3=5
−2 x 1+3 x 2 +2 x 3=3
(iii) x 1 +2 x 2 +2 x 3=2
x 1−2 x 2−3 x 3=1
4. Solve the following systems of linear equations by matrix inversion method:

} } }
x−2 y + z=−1 2 x −x2 +3 x 3=3 x + y=2
(i) 3 x + y−2 z=4 (ii) x 1 +3 x 2−2 x 3=0 (iii) 2 x−z=1
y−z=1 −3 x 1−x 2+2 x 3=4 2 y−3 z=−1

5. Solve the following systems by reducing their augmented matrices to the echelon form and the reduced
echelon forms:

} } }
x 1−2 x 2 +2 x 3=−1 x +2 y+ z =3 x 1 +4 x2 + x 3=2
(i) 2 x1 +3 x 2+ x3 =1 (ii) 2 x+ y+ 2 z=3 (iii) 2 x 1 + x 2−2 x3 =9
5 x 1 +4 x 2−3 x 3=1 2 x +3 y−z =7 3 x1 + x 2 + x 3=−12
6. Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations by using Gaussian elimination method:

} } }
x +4 y−2 z=0 x 1+ 4 x 2 +2 x 3=0 x 1+2 x 2−x 3=0
(i) 2 x + y +5 z=0 (ii) 2 x 1+ x 2−3 x 3=0 (iii) x 1−x 2+5 x 3=0
5 x+2 y +8 z=0 3 x1 +2 x 2−4 x3 =0 2 x 1 + x 2 +4 x 3=−12
7. A triangle has vertices at A(4,1), B(-2,5) and C(0,-3). Find the vertices of the reflected triangle over the y-axis
using a transformation matrix.

[ ]
−5 0 0
8. The point A is mapped to (30, 20, - 5) by the scaling matrix P= 0 −5 0 find the coordinates of A.
0 0 −5
9. Find the equation of the image of the curve with equation y = x2 under the transformation with associated

matrix [ 13 24]
[ ]
1 0 1
10. Use the matrix A= 2 −1 1 to encode the message: KEEP IT UP, where letters A to Z are corresponding
0 1 2
to the numbers 1 to 26.

[ ] [ ][ ]
11 25 22
11. Decode the message: 20 10 14 that was encoded using matrix
43 41 41
 [ ]
1 1 −1
A= 1 0 1 , where the numbers 1 to 26 are corresponding to the letters A to Z, and 27 is representing or
2 1 1
“-”.
Exercise # 5.1
Resolve the following into partial fractions:
2
2 a−b x +1 2 x+ 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
2
x −1 ( x−a ) ( x−b ) ( x+1 )( x−1 ) ( x+1 )( x +2 ) ( x +3 )
2 3 2 2
x + 4 x+ 5 4 x +5 x −3 x−2 3 x −12 x +11
5. 6. 7. 8.
( x+1 )( x2 +5 x +6) 2
x −1 ( x−1 ) (x−2)(x−3)
( x−1 ) (x−2)( x−3)
( x−4 ) (x−5)(x−6)
2 2
x x +1 x +x
9. 10. 11. 2
( x + a ) (x +b)(x 2 +c)
2 2
( x−1 )2 ( x 2−1 )
2 2
3 x + 4 x−5 1 4 x −3 x+1
12. 13. 3 14. 15.
( x−1 )3 x ( x +1 ) ( x+1 )( x−1 )2
2
12 x −48
( x−2 )2 ( x +2 )2
Exercise # 5.2
Resolve into partial fractions:
2
2 x +3 x +3 2 x+ 1 2 x +32 2
3 x +3
1. 2. 3. 2 4.
( x+1 )( x2 +1) ( x−2 ) ( x2 +3 x +5 ) ( x−2 ) ( x2 +2 ) 3
x +1
4 2
x
4
6 x + 40 x
5. 6. 2
4 2
x +2 x +1 ( 4−x 2 ) ( x 2+ 4 )
Exercise # 6.1
1. Find the next four terms of each sequence.
(i) 12, 16, 20, . . .
2. Write down the first three terms of each of the following sequences:
(i) a n=3 n+5 (ii) a n+1=4 a n−7∧a1=3 (iii) a n=( n−3 ) (n+1)

2 20
(iv) a 1=−1 , an+1= ( 3 an +2 ) (v) a n=8−
3+ n
2 2
(vi) a 1=1 , an+1=( 3 an +2 ) (vii) a n=(−2 n )
n 2
(viii) a n=(−1 ) 7 n

n(n+1)
3. An expression for the nth triangular number is . What down the 15th triangular number. Make a
2
triangle of dots by taking n = 5.
4. Write down the nth term of each of the following sequences:
(i) 1, 4, 9, .... (ii) 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 2 + 3, … (iii) a1 b1, a2 b2, a3 b3, …
 (iv) x, x2, x3, … (v) a1, a1, d, a1 + d, … (vi) a1, a1r, a1r2, …
a1 2a 2 3 a1 1 1 1
(vii) , , (viii) , , ,…
b1 +c 1 b2 +c 2 b 3+ c 3 a1 a1 +d a1 +2 d

Exercise # 6.2
1. Find the common difference and write the next terms of each arithmetic sequence.
(i) 9, 16, 23, ... (ii) 5, 5 + √ 2 ,5+ 2 √ 2 , …
2. Write the first three terms of each arithmetic sequence, with given information.
(i) a1 = 2, d = 13 (ii) a1 = 12, d = - 13
3. Find a n+1 and a 2n if a n=4 +3 n
4. Find the indicated term of each of the following arithmetic sequences:
(i) a1 = 3, d = 7, a14 (ii) 8, 3, - 2, …, a12
5. The 18th and 30th terms of an arithmetic sequence are 367 and 499 respectively. How many terms of this
sequence are less than 1000?
6. Is 301 a term of the A.P.5, 11, 17, …?
7. If 2x, x + 8, 3x + 1 are in A.P., then find the value of x.
8. Which term of the A.P., 3, 8, 13, … is 123?
9. Which term of the A.P., 30, 29.5, 29, … is the first negative term?
10. The 7th and 21st terms of an A.P., are 37 and 107 respectively. Find the A.P. and its 100th term.
1 1 1 a−b a−c
11. If , , are in A.P., then show that = .
a−c b−c b−a a−c b−a
12. How many numbers of three digits are divisible by 7?
13. Find the 8th term from the end of the A.P., 8, 11, 14, …, 185.

() ( ) ( )
10 10 10
3 10 17
14. Find the nth term of the progression , , , … is the progression an A.P.?
7 7 7
15. If the arithmetic progressions 3, 10, 17, … and 63, 65, 67, … are such that their nth terms are equal, then find
the value of n.
16. If the pth term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p, prove that its nth term is (p + q – n).
1 1 1 2 ac
17. If , and are in A.P., show that b= .
a b c a+c
1 1 1 a−c
18. If , and are in A.P., show that the common difference is .
a b c 2 ac
ak −am
19. If ak and am denotes two different terms of an A.P., show that its nth term is a k +(n−k )( )
k −m
1 1 1 n−1
20. If a1, a2, a3, …, an are positive and in A.P., prove that + +…+ =
√ a1 + √ a2 √ a2 + √ a3 √ an−1 + √ an √ a1 + √ an
21. If the roots of the equation ( b−c ) x2 + ( c−a ) x+ ( a−b )=0 are equal. Show that a, b, c are in A.P.
22. If the sides of a right-angled triangle are in A.P., find the ratio of its sides.
23. If the nth term of a progression is a linear expression in n, then prove that this progression is an A.P.
Exercise # 6.3
1. Find A.M. between the given numbers:
 (i) 2+ √ 3 i, 2− √ 3 i (ii) (a + b)2 , (a – b)2
2. If 6, 11, 16 are three [Link]. between a and b, find a and b.

3. Insert five [Link]. between

√2∧15 .
√2
4. The A.M. of two numbers is 7 and their product is 45. Find the numbers.
b−a
5. If n arithmetic means are inserted between a and b, prove that d= , where d is the common difference.
n+1
1
6. If A is the A.M. between a and b, prove that (a – A)2 + (A – b)2 = ( a−b )2 .
2
n+ 1 n+1
+b
a
7. For what value of n , n n is the A.M. between a and b, where a ≠ b .
a +b
Exercise # 6.4
1. Sum the series:
4 6
(i) 3 + 6 + 9 + … + a20 (ii) + √ 5+ +…+ an
√5 √5
2. Find Sn for each arithmetic series:
(i) a 1=4 ,n=25 , an =100 (ii) a 1=40 , n=20 , d=−3 (iii) a n=52 , n=21 , d=−4
3. Find a1 for the arithmetic series: d = 8, n = 18, sn = 1786.
4. How many terms of the series: 96 + 93 + 90 + … amount to 1071.
5. If the three sides of a right-angled triangle having perimeter 36cm are in A.P., find them.
6. Sum the series
(i) 3 + 5 – 7 + 9 + 11 – 13 + 15 + 17 – 19 + … to 3n terms.
(ii) 1 + 4 – 7 + 10 + 13 – 16 + 19 + 22 – 25 + … to 3n terms.
7. Find the sum of 20 terms of the series whose rth term is 3r + 1,
8. The 5th and 9th term of an A.P. are 11 and 17 respectively. Find the sum of 20 terms.
9. Obtain the sum of all integers in the first 1000 positive integers which are neither divisible by 5 nor by 2.
10. The sum of 9 terms of an A.P. is 171 and its eighth term is 31. Find the series.
11. The 5th term of an arithmetic progression is 21 and the sum of first six terms is 90. Find the 18 th term.
12. The sum of three numbers in an A.P. is 24 and their product is 440. Find the numbers.
13. The first four terms of an A.P. are 2, 6, 10 and 14. Find the least number of terms needed so that the sum of
the terms is greater than 2000.
14. Find four numbers in A.P. whose sum is 32 and the sum of whose squares is 276.
15. Find the five numbers is A.P. whose sum is 25 and the sum of whose squares is 135.
1 1 1
16. If , , are in A.P. then show that a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
a+b c+ a b+c
17. The sum of the first four terms of an A.P. is 56. The sum of the last four terms is 112. If its first term is 11,
then find number of terms.
18. The first, second and last terms of an A.P. are a, b and c respectively. Show that the sum of A.P. is
( b+c−2 a ) (c +a)
.
2 ( b−a )
19. Show that the sum of n [Link]. between a and b is n times the single A.M. between them.
Exercise # 6.5
−3
1. Find the 6th term of the G.P.: - 6, - 3, …
2
2. Find the 8th term of the sequence, 3, 32, 33, ….
3. The nth terms of the sequences 1, 2, 4, 8, … and 256, 128, 64 …. are equal. Find the value of n.
4. Find the first five terms of each sequence described:
1 −1
(i) a 1=243 , r= (ii) a 1=579 , r=
3 2
5. Find the 12th term of 1 + i, 2i, - 2 + 2i,….
6. If the 4th and 9th terms of a G.P. are 54 and 13122 respectively. Find the G.P. also find its general term.
7. If a, b, c, d are in G.P., prove that:
(i) a – b, b – c, c – d are in G.P.
(ii) a2 – b2, b2 – c2, c2 – d2 are in G.P.
(ii) a2 + b2, b2 + c2, c2 + d2 are in G.P.
8. If (p + q)th term of a G.P. is m and (p – q)th term is n, then find the pth term.
9. Find three consecutive numbers in G.P,. whose sum is 26 and their product is 216.
10. The 3rd term of a G.P. is the square of 1st term. If the 2nd term is 9 then find the 6th term.
1

√
∧1 a.
11. If 1 b are in G.P. show that the common ratio is ±
, c
a c
12. If the numbers 1, 4 and 3 are subtracted from three consecutive terms of an A.P., the resulting numbers are in
G.P. find the original numbers if their sum is 21.
13. If three consecutive numbers in A.P. are increased by 1, 4, 15 respectively, the resulting numbers are in G.P.
find the original numbers if their sum is 6.
1
14. If pth, qth terms of a G.P. are q and p respectively, show that (p + q)th term is ( q p ÷ pq ) p−q

15. If a, 2a + 2, 3a + 3, … are in G.P., then find the fifth term.

Exercise # 6.6
1. Find G.M. between
(i) - 2 and 8 (ii) -2 i and 8i (iii) 6 and 9
2. Insert four real geometric means between 3 and 96.
3. If both x and y are positive distinct real numbers, show that the geometric mean between x and y is less than
their arithmetic mean.
n n
a +b
4. For what value of n , n+ 1 n−1 is the positive geometric mean between a and b?
a +b
5. The A.M. of two positive integral numbers exceeds their (positive) G.M. by 2 and their sum is 20, find the
numbers.
6. The A.M. of two numbers is 5 and their (positive) G.M. by 4 find the numbers.
7. The arithmetic mean between two positive numbers a and b is double their geometric mean. Prove that
a :b=2+ √ 3 :2−√ 3 .
8. If one geometric mean G and two arithmetic means p and q are inserted between two positive numbers, show
that G 2=2 ( 2 p−q ) (2 q− p ) .

Exercise # 6.7
1 1
1. Find the sum of first 15 term of the G.P., 1 , , ,…
3 9
2. The 3rd term of a G.P. is 16 and the 6th term is – 128. Find the first term and the sum of the first seven terms.
3. Sum to n terms the series.
(i) 0.2 + 0.22 + 0.222 + … (ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + …
4. Sum to n terms the series:
(i) 1 + (a + b) + (a2 + ab + b2) + (a3 + a2b + ab2 b3) + …
(ii) r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + …

5. Sum the series 2 + (1 – i) + ( 1i ) + … to 8 terms.

1
6. Show that the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a G.P. to sum of terms from (n + 1)th to (2n)th term is n
r
where r is the common ratio of the G.P.
Exercise # 6.8
1. Find the 8th term of the arithmetic-geometric sequence, where the arithmetic part is 1,4,7… and the geometric
part is 5, 10, 20, …
2. Find the nth term of the arithmetic-geometric sequence, where the arithmetic part is 3, 7, 11, … and the
geometric part is 2, 6, 18, …
3. Consider the arithmetic-geometric sequence, defined by arithmetic part:
1
a n+1=2 n+5 and geometric part: b n−2= (−3 )n . Find the nth term and the sum of first three terms of the
9
arithmetic-geometric sequence.
4. Sum of n terms the following series:
(i) 1.2 + .4 + 5.8 + 7.16 + … (ii) 2.3 + 4.32 + 6.33 + 8.34 + …
5 8 11 3 5 7
(iii) 2+ + + +… (iv) 1+ + + +…
4 42 43 5 52 53
4 7 10
(v) 1+ + + +…
3 9 27
5. Sum the following infinite series:
3 5 7 5 8 11
(i) 1+ + + +… (ii) 2+ + + +…
2 4 8 3 9 27
1 1 1 1
6. Show that 2 2 . 4 2 .8 8 . 16 16 … ∞=4

7. Show that √ 4 . √
4
16 . √ 64 . √ 256 … ∞=16
8 16

8. Sum to n terms the series 2 + 4x + 6x2 + 8x3 + … where x ≠+ 1

 ( ) ( )
2 3
2 n+1 2 n+1 2 n+1
9. Find the sum to n terms of the series: +3 +5 +…
2n−1 2 n−1 2 n−1

( ) ( )
❑ 2
1 1
10. Prove that 1+2 1+ +3 1+ +…to n terms = n2.
n n
11. Sum the series to n terms 2 + 5x + 8x2 + 11x3 + …. And deduce the sum to infinity if |x| < 1.
Exercise # 6.9
1. Find the 9th term of the following harmonic sequences:
1 1 1 −1 −1
(i) , , ,… (ii) , ,−1 , …
3 5 7 5 3
2. Insert five harmonic means between the following given numbers:
−2 1
∧2 ∧1
(i) 5 (ii) 4
13 24
−1 1
3. The first term of an H.P. is and the fifth term is . Find its 9th term.
3 5
4. If 5 is the harmonic means between 2 and b, find b.
1
∧1
5. If the number 1 2 k +1 are in harmonic sequence, find k.
,
k 4 k −1
n +1 n+ 1
a +b
6. Find n so that n n may be H.M. between and b.
a +b
7. If a2, b2 and c2 are in A.P., show that a + b, c + a and b + c are in H.P.
9
8. If the H.M. and A.M between two numbers are 4 and respectively, find the numbers.
2
16
9. If the (positive) G.M. and H.M. between two numbers are 4 and , find the numbers.
5
b+c−a c +a−b a+ b−c
10. If , , are in A.P., show that a, b, c are in H.P.
a b c
11. If a, b, c, d are in H.P., show that 3(a – b) (c – d) = (b – c) (a – d).
12. If between any two numbers there are inserted two [Link] A1, A2, two [Link]. G1, G2 and two [Link] H1, H2 ;
A1+ A2 H1+ H2
show that = .
G1 G2 H1 H 2
13. The H.M of two numbers is 4. The A.M., A and the G.M., G satisfy the relation 2A + G2 = 27. Find the
numbers.
14. First three of the four numbers a, b, c, d are in A.P., and the next three are in H.P., show that ad = bc.
15. If a, b, c are in G.P., show that loga x, logb x, logc x are in H.P.
16. If a, b, c are in H.P., show that
a−b a
(i) = (ii) ( a−c )2=( a+c ) ( a−2 b+ c ) .
b−c c
17. If 2 + x, 5 + x and 9 + x are in H.P., find the value of x.
18. If the roots of the equation a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a) x + c (a – b) = 0 are equal, prove that a, b, c are in H.P.
Exercise # 6.10
1. Sum the following series upto n terms.
(i) 1 ×3+2 ×5+3 × 7+… (ii) 1 ×5+2 ×8+ 3× 11+…
(iii) 1 ×2+2 ×5+3 × 8+… (iv) 1 ×3 ×5+2 ×6 +3 ×5+7+ …
(v) 1 ×2 ×4 +2 ×3 ×7+ 3× 4 × 10+…
(vi) 22 + 42 + 62 + … (vii) 32 + 62 + 92 + …
2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
(viii) 4 ×1 +7 ×2 +10 ×3 + … (ix) 1 × 1 +2 × 2 + 3 × 3 + …
(x) 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22+32) + …
2. Sum the series.
(i) 12 – 22 + 32 – 42 + … + (2n – 1)2 – (2n)2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 +2 1 +2 +3
(ii) + + +… to n terms.
1 2 3
3. Find the sum to n terms of the series whose nth terms are given.
(i) 5n2 + 2n + 3 (ii) n2 + 2n – 3
4. Given nth terms of the series, find the sum to 2n terms:
(i) 3n2 + 5n + 2 (ii) n2 + n – 2
Exercise # 6.11
1. A Sum of Rs. 10400 is paid off in 40 installment such that each installment is Rs. 10 more than the preceding
installment. Calculate the value of the first installment.
2. An investor invests Rs. 150000 at an annual compound interest rate of 6% for 8 years. Find the total amount
will he get after 8 years.
3. The population of a town is 4084101 at present and five years ago it was 3200000. Find its rate of increase if
it increased geometrically.
4. Determine the total worth of a yearly Rs. 5000 investment after 20 years if the interest rate 5% compounded
annually.
5. A water tank has a leakage. Each week, the tank loses 5 gallons of water due to the leakage. Initially, the tank
is full and contains 2000 gallons.
(i) How many gallons are in the tank 20 weeks later?
(ii) How many weeks until the tank is half-full?
(iii) How many weeks until the tank is empty?
6. A drug company has manufactured 7 million doses of a vaccine to date. They promise additional production at
a rate of 1.4 million doses/month over the next year.
(i) How many does of the vaccine, in total, will have been produced after a year?
(ii) The general term a n describes the total number of doses of the vaccine produced. Describe the
meaning of the variable n in the context of this problem. Find the general term a n .
7. At a toll booth, the number of vehicles passing through during the first minute is 100. Due to road congestion,
each minute only 80% of the vehicles from the previous minute manage to pass.
(i) Represent the number of vehicles passing each minute as a sequence.
(ii) Find the total number of vehicles that pass through in 15 minutes.
(iii) What is the maximum number of vehicles that can pass in the long run (as time t → ∞ .
8. A sum of Rs. 5000 is inverted at 8% simple interest per year. Calculate interest at the end of each year. Do
these interests from an A.P.? if so find the interest at the end of 20 years making use of this fact.
9. A machine is purchased for Rs. 20, 000. Depreciates at 6% per annum for the first four years and after that 8%
per annum for the next six years. Depreciation being calculated on diminishing value. Find the value of the
machine after a period of 10 years.
10. Two cars start together in the same direction from the same place. The first goes with uniform speed of
25km/h. the second goes at a speed of 12km/h in the first hour and increases the speed by 1 km/h each
succeeding hour. After how many hours will the second car overtake the first car if both cars go non-stop?
11. 150 workers were engaged finish a piece of work in a certain number of days. Five workers dropped the
second day, five more workers dropped the third day and so on. It takes 10 more days to finish the work now.
Find the number of days in which the work was completed.
12. A radioactive product has a half life of 5 years. If the radioactivity level is 68 micro curies after 20 years.
Determine the original level of radioactivity.
13. An object moving in a line is given an initial velocity of 4.5 m/s and a constant acceleration of 2.5 m/s 2. How
long will it take the object to reach a velocity of 20m/s?
14. In an integrated circuit with an initial current of 1080 mA, the temperature in the components decreases from
20% to 17% to 14%. Assuming that each temperature decrease is caused by a decrease in the initial current,
what is the value of the current t fourth measurement?
15. Show that the amount of a certain sum of money at compound interest of r% per year for n years from a G.P.
Exercise # 7.1
1. Evaluate each of the following:
10 ! 12! 1440 2400 ( n+2 ) !
(i) (ii) (iii) + (iv)
0!8! 3! (12−3 ) ! 3! 4 ! 5 ! 2! ( n+1 ) !
2. Write each of the following in the factorial from:
(i) n3 – n (ii) n(n – 1)(n – 2) … (n – r + 1)
3. Find n, if (n + 4)!= 3024 n!.
1 1 x
4. If + = find x.
7! 8! 9!
( 2n+ 1 ) !
5. Prove that: =[ 1.3. 5 … ( 2 n−1 ) ( 2 n+1 ) ] 2 n
n!
( n+2 ) ! ( n+ 1 ) !
6. Express as a single fraction: + .
( r +2 ) ! ( r +1 ) !
7. There are four distinct colored balls and four boxes of same colors as those of the balls. Determine the number
of possible ways the balls, one each in a box, can be placed such that a ball does not go to a box of its own
colour?
Exercise # 7.2
1. Evaluate the following;
10 5 7
(i) P5 (ii) P2 (iii) P7 (iv) 10P3
2. Find the value of n whet:
n 15
(i) P3 = 504 (ii) Pn = 15. 14. 13. 12. 11 (iii) nP5 : n-2P2 = 540 : 1
3. Prove from the fast principle that:
n
(i) Pr = n. n-1Pr-1 (ii) n
Pr = n-1Pr + r. n-1Pr-1
4. How many words can be fainted from the letters of the following words using all letters when no letter is to be
repeated:
(1) PYTHON (ii) NETWORK (iii) COMPUTER
5. How many signals can be given by 6 flags of different colours, using 2 flags at a time?
6. How many signals can be given by 5 flags of different colours, when any number of flags are used at a time.
7. How many 4 digit mambas can be formed, with distinct digits, with each digit odd?
8. How many numbers between 100 and 1000 can be formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without
repetition? How many of them are divisible by 5?
9. Find the numbers greater than 35000 that can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, without repeating any
digit.
10. Find the number of 5-digit numbers that can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 (when no digit is repeated),
but
(i) the digits 2 and 8 are next to each others;
(ii) the digits 2 and 8 are not next to each other.
11. How many 6-digit numbers can be formed, without repeating any digit from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5? In how
many of them will 0 be at the tens place?
12. How many 5-digit multiples of 5 can be framed from the digits 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, when no digit is repeated.
13. In how many ways can 8 different books including 2 on English be arranged on a shelf in such a. way that the
English books we never together?
14. Find the number of arrangements of 3 different books on English and 5 different books on Urdu for placing
them on a shelf such that the books on the same subject are together.
15. In how many ways can 5 boys and 4 girls be seated on a bench so that the girls and the boys occupy enemata
seats?
Exercise # 7.3
1. How many arrangements of the letters of the following words, taken all together can be made?
(1) PAKISTAN (ii) CURRICULUM (iii) PROBABILITY
2. How many penmutations of the letters of the ward 'BANANA" can be made, if B must be the first letter in
each arrangement?
3. How many amusements of the letters of the word TRIGONOMETRY can be made, if each arrangement
begins with T and ends with Y?
4. Abdallah has a collection of 9 marbles consisting of 4 identical red marbles, 3 identical blue marbles and 2
identical green marbles. If he wards to arrange all of them is a straight row, how many distinct arrangements
are possible?
5. In how many different ways can the following persons sit around a round table?
(a) 8 persons (b) 7 persons (c) 6 persons
6. In how many ways can 5 couples sit around a round table if no two women are sitting together?
7. How many 6-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9?
8. 15 members of a club form 4 committees of 3, 5, 4 and 3 members so that no member is a member of more
than one committee Thai the number of committees.
9. The [Link] of 11 districts meet to discuss the law-and-order situation in their districts. In how many ways can
they be seated at a. round table, when two particular [Link] insist on sitting together?
10. The Governor of the Punjab calls a meeting of 14 officers. In how many ways can they be seated at a round
table?
11. Fatima invites 14 people for a dinner. That are 9 males and 5 females who are seated at two different tables.
Guests of one sex sit at one round table and the guests of the other sex sit at the second table. Find the number
of ways in which all guests can be weed.
12. Find the number of ways in which 5 men and 5 women can be seated at a round table in such a way that no
two persons of the same sex sit together.
13. In how many ways can 8 keys be arranged in a circular key ring?
14. How many necklaces can be made from 10 beads of different colours?
Exercise # 7.4
1. Evaluate the following;
50 1000 10 20
(i) C50 (ii) C0 (iii) C7 (iv) C17
2. If 3nC2 : nC2 = 15 : 1, find n. (ii) If nPr = 10 and nCr = 20, find r.
3. Find the values of n and r, when
n
(i) Cr = 56, nPr = 336 (ii) n-1
Cr-1 : nCr : nCr = 1 : 3 : 7
4. Prove that
n
(i) Cr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr (ii) r. nCr = (n – r + 1) nCr-1
5. Prove that product or r consecutive integers is divisible by r!
6. In how many ways can five subjects be selected out of eight subjects to select a course programme?
7. Find the number of possible arrangements of vowel letters from the English alphabet?
8. In how many ways 3 dishes of Desi foods and 2 dishes of Chinese foods be selected from 6 dishes of deal
foods and 8 dishes of Chinese foods?
9. From a standard deck of 52 playing ends, there are 26 black cards and 26 red cards. How many different ways
can eight cards be selected if 3 are black and the remaining 5 are red?
10. A bag contains 8 red bells and 7 green balls. Find the total number of possible ways in which five balls are
selected in a way;

(i) 3 red and 2 green (ii) 1 red and 4 green

(iii) 4 red and 1 green (iv) ell the red bells

11. How many diagonals and triangles can be formed by joining the vertices of the polygon baying 15 sides.
12. Find the number of sides of a polygon if the number of its diagonals is 104.
13. How many triangles can be formed by joining 15 points, 6 of which lie on the same straight line?
14. The members of a club are 10 boys and 8 girls. In how many ways can a committee of 6 boys and 3 girls be
formed?
15. How many committees of 7 members can be chosen from a group of 10 persons when each committee must
include 2 particular persons?
16. In how many ways can a cricket team. of 11 players be selected out of 17 players? How many of theta will
include a particular player?
17. There are 6 men and 8 women members of a club. How many committees of seven can be formed:
(i) with 3 women (ii) with at most 3 women (iii) with at least 5 women
18. There are three sections in a, question paper; each section has 3 questions. A student has to solve all 5
questions, choosing at least one question from each section. In how many ways can the student make his
choice?
19. Consider a cryptographic system that generates an 8-character password. Each character in the password, can
be either a lowercase letter (a -f) or a digit (0-5). How many passwords can be generated if each password
must contain exactly 5 lowercase letters and 3 digits:

(a) with repetition allowed (b) without repetition

20. On Defense Day, Teacher I compiles a list of 10 distinct national songs, while Teacher 11 prepares a separate
list of 10 different national songs (with no overlap between the two lists). The principal needs to select 3 songs
from Teacher La list, and 3 songs from Teacher II’s list,

Determine the number of possible selection methods when:

(i) the order/sequence of the selected songs is important.
(ii) the order/sequence of the selected songs is not important.
Exercise # 8.1
1. Use mathematical induction to prove the following formulae for every positive integer n.
n
(i) log x =n log x , where x is positive.
n
(ii) 2 + 5 + 8 … + (3n – 1) = (3 n+1)
2
n n
(iii) 2 + (2 + 5) + (2 + 5 + 8) + … + (3n + 1) = (n + 1)2
2 4
(iv) 2 + 6 + 18 + … + 2 × 3n-1 = 3n – 1
n ( n+1 ) (4 n+5)
(v) 1 ×3+2 ×5+3 × 7 + … + n × (2 n+1 )=
6
1 1 1 1 1
(vi) + + +…+ =1−
1× 2 2× 3 3 × 4 n ( n+1 ) n+ 1

2 3 r ( 1−r n )
n
(vii) r +r +r + …+r = ,(r ≠ 1)
1−r
n
(viii) a+ ( a+d ) + ( a+2 d )+ …+ [ a+ ( n−1 ) d ] = [2 a ( n−1 ) d ]
2
(ix) a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d when a1 ,a 1+ d ,a 1+ 2d …from an A.P.
n−1 2
(x) a n=a1 r when a1 , a1 ,r , a1 r …from a G.P.

(xi) (33)+( 43)+(53)+…+(n+2

3 ) ( 4 )
= n+3

(xii) The sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2.

2. Prove by mathematical induction that for all positive integral values of n
 2
(i) n +n is divisible by 2 (ii) 5n−2n is divisible by 3
n
(iii) 8 ×10 −2 is divisible by 6
n +1
n
r −1
3. Prove that∑ ❑ r k = , where n is a positive integer.
k=1 r −1
4. x – y is a factor of x n− y n for all positive integral values of n, ( n ≠ y ) .
n
5. n !> 2 −1 for integral values of n ≥ 4 .
n n −1
6. 4 >3+2 for integral values of n ≥ 2.
n
7. 1+nx ≤ ( 1+ x ) for n≥ 2∧x >−1.
8. Aliza invests Ra. 1000000 in a business that promises a 6% return compounded annually. Prove by
mathematical induction that the amount of money after n years is 1,000,000(1.06) n.
9. A bank offers an investment with an annually interest rate r. if P rupees are invested, the amount after n years
is given by: A ( n ) =P(1+r )
10. Sikander saves Rs. 500 in the first month and increases his savings by Rs. 500 every subsequent month. Using
mathematical induction, determine whether his total savings will reach at least Rs. 12,000 after 24 months.
11. Prove by mathematical induction that if Ali takes a loan of Rs. 2,000,000 and pay Rs. 50,000 at the end of
each year, the remaining balance after n years is Rn =2,000,000−50,000 n .
12. If Salman start savings with Rs. 5,000 and saves an additional Rs. 1,000 at the end of every month, derive a
formula S(n) for his total savings after n months. Prove the correctness of year formula using mathematical
induction.
Exercise # 8.2
1. Using binomial theorem, expand the following:

( ) (√ √ )
6 6

( )
7
x 2 x a x
(i) − (ii) 2 a− (ii) (i) −
2 x2 a x a
2. Calculate the following be means of binomial theorem:
(i) (0.97)3 (ii) (2.02)4 (iii) (9.98)4 (iv) (2.1)5
3. Expand and simplify the following:
4 4 5 5
(i) ( a+ √2 x ) + ( a− √2 x ) (ii) ( 2+ √ 3 ) + ( 2−√3 )
4. Expand the following in ascending power of x:
(i) (2 + x – x2)4 (ii) (1 – x + x2)4
5. Find the term involving:

( )
13
2
(i) x4 in the expansion of (3 – 2x)7 (ii) x-2 in the expansion of x− 2
x

( )
9
2 11
(iii) a4 in the expansion of −a (iv) y3 in the expansion of ( x− √ y )
x
6. Find the coefficient of:

( ) ( )
10 2n
2 3 2 1
(i) x5 in the expansion of x − (ii) xn in the expansion of x −
2x x

( ).
10
3 2
7. Find 6 term in the expansion of x −
th
2x
8. Find the term independent of x in the following expansions:

( ) ( )
10 4

( )
10
2 1 1
(i) x− (ii) √ x+ 2 (iii) (1 + x2)3 1+ 2
x 2x x
9. Determine the middle term in the following expansions:

( ) ( ) ( )
2 10 11 2 m +1
1 x 3 1 1
(i) − (iii) x− (ii) 2 x−
x 2 2 3x 2x

10. Show that (n1)+(n2)+(3n)+ …+( nn)=2 −1 n

Exercise # 8.3
1. Expand the following upto 4 terms, taking the values of x such that the expansion in each case is valid:

-1/3 1/2
( 1−x )−1
(i) (1 + x) (ii) (4 – 3x) (iii) 2 (iv)
(1+ x )
√1+2 x
1−x
2. Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion of:

1+ x
2
( 1+ x )2
(i) (ii)
( 1+ x )2 ( 1−x )
2

3. If x is so small that its square and higher powers can be neglected, then show that:

(i)
1−x 3
≈ 1− x (ii)
√1+2 x ≈ 1+ 3 x
√1+ x 2 √1−x 2
1

(iii)
1/ 2
( 9+7 x ) −( 16+3 x ) 1 17 4
(iv)
√ 4+ x ≈ 2+ 25 x
≈ − x 3
( 1−x ) 4
4+ 5 x 4 384
4. If x is so small that its cube and higher power can be neglected, show that:

(i) √ 1−x−2 x 2 ≈ 1− 12 x− 98 x 2 (ii)

√ 1+ x
1−x
1
≈ 1+ x+ x 2
2
5. If x is very nearly equal 1, then prove that p x p−q x q ≈ ( p−q ) x p +q .
6. Identify the following series as binomial expansion and find the sum.

() () ()
2 3
1 1 1.3 1 1.3 .5 1
1− + − +…
2 4 2!4 4 3!8 4
1 1.3 1.3 .5
7. Use binomial theorem to show that 1+ + + + … √2
4 4.8 4.8 .12

() ()
2 3
1 1.3 1 1.3 .5 1
8. If y= + + + …prove that y2 + 2y – 2 = 0.
3 2! 3 3! 3
1 1.3 1 1.3 .5 1
9. If 2y = + . 4+ . 6 +… ,prove that 4y2 + 4y – 1 = 0.
2
2
2 ! 2 3 ! 2
3
x r
p −q
r
10. Show that the coefficient of x in is
( 1− px ) (1−qx ) p−q
Exercise # 8.4
1. Expand the following upto 4 terms, taking the values of x such that the expansion in each case is valid:
 1 1 √7
(i) √ 99 (ii) ( 1.03 ) 3 (iii) (iv)
√252
5
√8
2. Find the remainder when 8100 is divided by 7.
3. Find the remainder when 2100 is divided by 3.
4. Using the binomial theorem, find which number is larger:
(i) 1910 + 2010 or 2110 (ii) 2915 + 3015 or 3115
5. Using the binomial theorem, show that:
(i) 57 + 75 is divisible by 36. (ii) (17)15 + (13)7 is divisible by 6.
(iii) (21)9 + (19)11 is divisible by 20. (iv) (31)4 + (29)6 is divisible by 30.
(v) (101) 5 + (99)7 is divisible by 100.
6. Using the binomial theorem, find the remainder when 3101 is divided by 8.
7. Using binomial theorem, find the last digit of the number (32)32.
8. Using the binomial theorem, show that 7 th – 6n leaves remainder 1 when divided by 6 for all positive integers
n.
9. By using the binomial theorem, show that for each n ∈ N , 5n−1 is divisible by 4.
10. By using the binomial theorem, show that for each n ∈ N , 5n−2n is divisible by 3.
11. Show that a 2+ ( a+2 )2 + ( a+ 4 )2 +1 is divisible by 12, whenever “a” is an odd integar.
12. A company expects its annual revenue to grow at a fixed rate of 6% per year. The revenue in year is R = Rs.
10,000,000. Estimate the company’s revenue after 4 year using the binomial theorem for small growth rates.
13. A bank offers a compound interest rate of 10% per year. Zafar invests Rs. 2,000,000 for 4 years. How much
will his investment be worth at the end of 4 years.
14. Zaid is organizing a sports competition with 8 teams. Every team plays against every other team exactly once.
How many matches will be played in total? Use Pasca’ls triangle to solve this.
Exercise # 9.1
1. Find remainder and quotient by simplifying the following:
(i) (3x2 – x – 2) ÷ (x – 1) (ii) (x3 + 12x2 – 3x + 4) ÷ (x – 2)
(iii) (x4 – 5x3 – 8x2 + 13x + 12) ÷ (x – 6) (iv) (5x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 1) ÷ (x2 + 4)
(v) (3x4 – 5x3 +4x - 6) ÷ (x2 – 3x + 5)
2. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when the first polynomial is divided by the second
polynomial.
(i) x2 + 5x +6, x – 2 (ii) x3 + 5x2 +6, x + 1
(iii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x , x – 1 (iv) x4 + x2 + 1, x + 3
(v) x4 + x3 + 2, x + 2
3. Use the factor theorem to determine if the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial.
(i) x + 1, x2 – 1 (ii) x – 2, x2 – 5x + 6
(iii) x + 1, x3 + x2 + x – 3 (iv) x – 2, x3 + x2 – 7x + 2
(v) x – 3, x4 - 3x3 + x2 - x + 1
4. Use synthetic division to show that x is the zero of the polynomial and use the result to factorize the
polynomial completely.
(i) x3 – 7x + 6, x = 2 (ii) x3 – 28x – 48, x = – 1
 (iii) 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18, x = 2, x = 3
5. Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder when the polynomial x 4 – 10x2 – 2x + 4 is
divided by x + 3.
6. If x + 1 and x – 2 are factors of x3 – px2 + qx + 2. Using synthetic division, find the value of p and q.
7. When the polynomial 4x4 + 2x3 + kx2 + 13 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 16. Find the value of k.
8. When the polynomial x3 + x2 + x + k is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 7. Find the value of k.
9. Use factor theorem to find the values of p and q if x + 1 and x – 2 are the factors of the polynomial x 3 + px2 +
qx + 3.
10. Use factor theorem to find the values of a and b if – 2 and 2 are the roots of the polynomial 2x 3 + 4x2 + ax +
b.
Exercise # 9.2
1. Consider a data set at monthly sales figures. A polynomial regression model P ( x )=x 3+ 2 x 2 + x−3 is fitted to this
data. If the observed sales in the 5 th month are 240 units, find the percentage error.
2. A retailer company has developed a polynomial regression model to predict weekly product demand:
3 2
D ( w )=w −2 w +5 w−4 , where D(w) represents predicted demand (in units) and w is the week number. Use
the remainder theorem to predict demand for 3T week. If the observe demand is 22 units, calculate the prediction
error.
3. A digital signal processing system has a transfer function with a numerator B(z) = z 2 – x – 2. Use the factor theorem
to find the zeros of the system.
2
( ) z +3 z +2
4. A signal process system has a transfer function H z = 2 . Find the zero(s) of the transfer function by
z −0.2 z +0.9
using factor theorem.
2
z −0.5 z−0.5
5. ( )
A signal process system has a transfer function z = 2 . Find the zero(s) of the transfer function by
z +1
using factor theorem.
6. A signal processing system has a transfer function with a denominator A ( z )=z 2−0.3 z−0.4 . Use factor
theorem to find the poles of the system and determine if the system is stable.
7. The denominator of signal processing system's transfer function equal to A ( z )=z 2 +1.2 z +0.35 . Use factor
theorem to determine the location of the corresponding poles and assess the stability of the system.

Exercise # 10.1
1. Without using the tables, find the values of:
(i) cos( - 1230o) (ii) tan ( - 1035o) (iii) sec (1140o)
(iv) cosec ( - +690o) (v) cot(1320o) (vi) cos( - 240o)
2. Express each of the following as a trigonometric function of an angle of positive degree measure of less than 45 0.
(i) cos 168o (ii) sin 192o (iii) cos 333o
(iv) tan 213o (v) cos (- 435o) (vi) sin 219o
(vii) tan (-597o) (viii) cos (- 111o) (ix) sin (-390o)
3. Prove the following:
(i) sin ( 180 o+ a ) sin ( 90 o−a )=−sin a cos a
 o o o o −1
(ii) sin 810 sin 630 + cos 135 sin 225 =
2
o o o o
(iii) tan150 cot330 −2 sec 135 cosec 225 =−3
o o o o
(iv) sin 210 + cos 240 + tan 225 +cot 225 =1
4. Prove that:

tan ( 180 o +a ) cot (90o −a) 2

(i) =−sec a
sin ( 360 −a ) cot(270 +a)
o o

(ii)
sin2 ( π +θ ) tan ( π23 +θ ) =cos θ
cot
3π
2
2
( 2
)
−θ cos ( π−θ ) cosec(2 π −θ)

cos ( 90o +θ ) sec (−θ ) tan ( 180 o−θ )

(iii) =−1
sec ( 360o −θ ) sin ( 180o +θ ) cot(90 o−θ)

5. Show that: sec ( 32π −θ ) sec ( 52π −θ )−tan ( 32π −θ ) tan ( 52π +θ )=1
6. If a , β , γ are the angles of a triangle ABC, then prove that:

(i) sin ( a+ β ) =sin γ (ii) sec ( a+2 β )=sec 2γ

1
(iii) cosec a= (iv) tan ( a+ β ) +tan γ=0
sin ( β+ γ )
Exercise # 10.2
1. Without using the tables, find the values of the following:
(i) sin 15o (ii) cos 15o (iii) tan 15o
(iv) sin 105o (v) cos 105o (vi) tan 105o
2. Prove that:
1
sin ( 45 +a )=
o
(i) ¿
√2
1
cos ( a+ 45 )=
o
(ii) ¿
√2
3. Prove that
(i) tan ( 45o + A ) tan( 45o ¿ ¿− A)=1 ¿ ¿

(ii) tan ( π4 −θ )+ tan ( 34π +θ )=0

sin ( θ+ )+ sin (θ+ )=cos θ
π π
(iii)
6 3
θ
sin θ−cos θ tan
2 θ
(iv) =tan
θ 2
cos θ+ sinθ tan
2
1−tanθ tan ∅ −1−tan θ tan ∅ cos(θ +∅ )
(v) = =
1+tan θ tan∅ 1+ tan θ tan ∅ cos(θ−∅ )
4. Show that: cos ( a+ β ) cos ( a−β )=cos 2 a−sin2 β=cos 2 β−sin 2 a
sin ( a+ β ) +sin ( a−β )
5. Show that: =tan a
cos ( a+ β ) +cos (a−β )
6. Show that:

(i) sin2 α + ( β2 )−sin (α − β2 )¿ sin 2 a . sin β

2

2 2 2
(ii) sin α + sin β +cos (α + β)+2 sin α . sin β . cos ( α + β )=1
tan a +tan β sin(a+ β)
(iii) =
tan a−tan β sin(a−β )
7. Show that:
1+tan α tan β 1+cot α tan β
(i) cot ( a−β )= (ii) sin ( a+ β ) =
sec α sec β cosec α sec β
cot α cot β +1 tan α + tan β sin (a+ β )
(iii) cot ( a−β )= (iv) =
cot β −cot α tan α −tan β sin(a−β )
cot α cot β−1
(v) cot ( a+ β )=
cot α +cot β
24 20 π π 333
8. If sin a= ∧cos β = , where 0< a ∧0< β . Show that sin ( a−β )= .
25 29 2 2 725
−8 −4 3π 3π
9. If sin a= ∧cos β= , where <a <2 π ∧π < β< . Find
17 5 2 2
(i) sin(a+ β ) (ii) cos (a+ β) (iii) tan(a+ β)
(iv) sin ( a−β ) (v) cos ( a−β ) (vi) tan ( a−β )
In which quadrants do the terminal sides of the angles of measures ( a+ β )∧(a−β ) lie?
10. Find sin ( a+ β ) ∧cos ( a+ β ) , given that:
3 5
(i) tan a= , cos β= and neither the terminal side of the angle of measure α nor that of β is in the quadrant
4 13
I.
−15 −7
(ii) tan a= ,sin β= and neither the terminal side of the angle of measure α nor that of β is in the
8 25
quadrant IV.
o o
cos 19 + sin19 o
11. Prove that o o
=tan64 .
cos 19 −sin 19
12. Prove that: cos ( 60o +θ ) cos ( 60o−θ ) +sin(60o ¿ ¿ ¿ +θ)sin(60 o ¿−θ)=cos ⁡2θ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

13. If α , β , γ are the angles of a triangle ABC, show that:

a β γ a β γ
cot +cot cot =cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
14. If α + β+ γ =180o show that:
cot a cot β +cot β cot γ + cot γ cot a=1
15. Express the following in the form r sin ( θ+∅ )∨r sin ( θ−∅ )where terminal sides of the angles of measures θ and ∅
are in the first quadrant:
(i) 24 sin θ+ 7 cos θ (ii) 12 sin θ−5 cos θ (iii) sin θ−cos θ
 sin θ+ √ cos θ
1 3
(iv) 8 sin θ−6 cos θ (v) (vi) 13 sin θ−84 cos θ
2 2
Exercise # 10.3
1. Find the values of sin 2 a , cos 2 a∧tan 2 awhen:
3 4 π
(i) sin a= (ii) cos a= , where 0< a<
5 5 2
2. Prove the following identities:
sin 2 a
(i) cot a−tan a=2 cot 2 a (ii) =tan a
1+ cos 2 a
1−cos a α cosa−sin a
(iii) =tan (iv) =sec 2 a−tan 2 a
sin a 2 cos a+ sin a
a a
sin + cos
(v)
√ 1+ sin a = 2 2
(vi)
cosec θ+2 cosec 2θ
=cot
θ
√1−sin a sin a −cos a sec θ 2
2 2
2 sinθ sin 2 θ
(vii) 1+ tan a tan 2 a=sec 2 a (viii) =tan 2θ tan θ
cot θ+cos 3 θ
sin 3θ cos 3θ cos 3 θ sin 3 θ
(ix) − =2 (x) + =4 cos 2 θ
sinθ cos θ cos θ sin θ
θ θ
tan + cot
2 2 sin 3θ cos 3 θ
(xi) =sec θ (xii) + =2 cot 2 θ
θ θ cos θ sin θ
cot −tan
2 2

(xiii)
3+cos 4 θ 1
= ¿
1−cos 4 θ 2
(xiv)
1+sin 2θ
1−sin 2 θ
=tan
2 π
4 ( )
+θ

2 π 23π 25π 27π

(xv) cos +cos + cos + cos =2
8 8 8 8
3. Show that: 2 cos θ=√ 2+ √ 2+2 cos 4 θ .
4. Reduce sin 4 θ to an expression involving only function of multiples of θ , raised to the first power.
4. Find the value of sin θ∧cos θ without using table of calculator, when θ is:
(i) 18o (ii) 36o (iii) 54o (v) 72o
1
5. Hence prove that: cos 36o cos 72o cos 108o cos 144o ¿
16
Exercise # 10.4
1. Express the following products as sums or differences:
(i) 2 sin 3 θ cos θ (ii) 2 cos 5 θ sin 3 θ
(iii) sin 5 θ cos 2 θ (iv) 2 sin 7 θ sin 2θ
(v) cos ( x + y ) sin(x− y) (vi) cos ( 2 x 30o ) cos (2 x−30o ¿ ¿)¿ ¿
sin( x+ 45 ¿ ) sin( x−45 ¿ )¿ ¿
o o o o
(vii) sin 12 sin 46 (viii)
2. Express the following sums or differences as product:
(i) sin 5 θ+sin 3 θ (ii) sin 8 θ−sin 4 θ
(iii) cos 6 θ +cos 3 θ (iv) cos 7 θ−cos 7 θ
 (v) o
cos 12 + cos 48 ❑
o
(vi) sin ( x +30o ) + sin(x−30 o ¿ ¿)¿ ¿
sin( x+ 45 ¿ ) sin( x−45 ¿ )¿ ¿
o o o o
(vii) sin 12 sin 46 (viii)
3. Prove the following identities:
sin 3 x−sin x sin 8 x +sin 2 x
(i) =cot 2 x (ii) +tan 5 x
cos x−cos 3 x cot 8 x+ cos 2 x
o o
sin A−sin B A−B A+ B sin 80 + sin 40
(iii) =tan cot (iv) =√ 3
sin A +sin B 2 2 o
cos 80 + cos 40
o

4. Prove that:
o o o o o
(i) cos 15 +cos 105 + cos 195 +cos 160 +cos 285 =0
sin 2 θ+cos 4 θ+ sin6 θ+ sin 8 θ
(ii) =tan 5 θ
cos 2 θ+cos 4 θ+cos + θ+cos 8 θ

(iii) cos 2( π4 − a2 )−cos ( π4 + a2 )=sina 2

sin ( −θ ) sin ( +θ )= cos 2θ

π π 1
(iv)
4 4 2
sinθ+ sin 3θ +sin 5θ +sin 7 θ
(v) =tan 4 θ
cos θ+cos 3θ +cos 5 θ+cos 7 θ
5. Prove that:
o o o o 1
(i) cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80 =
16
π 2π π 4π 3
(ii) sin sin sin sin =
9 9 3 9 16
o o o o 1
(iii) sin 10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70 =
16
sin 3 θ
6. Prove that =sinθ ; deduce the value of sin 15o.
1+ 2cos 2θ
7. Prove that: tan75 o−tan15 o=2 √ 3

o o 1
8. Prove that: cos 15 −sin 15 =
√2
2 2
sin a−sin β
9. Prove that: =tan ( a+ β )
sin a cos a−sin β cos β
10. Prove that:

sin a+ sin β+sin γ −sin ( a+ β +γ )=4 sin ( a+2 β )sin ( β +2 γ ) sin ( γ +a2 )
Exercise # 11.1
1. Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or neither odd nor even.
(i) sin x
2
(ii) sin x +cos x (iii) 4 4
sin x +cos x ❑
1 sin x +sin 3 x
(iv) tan x + sec x (v) (vi)
3
cosec x cos x +cos 3 x
1 1
(vii) 3 (viii) 2
sec x+ sec x sec x+ cot x
2. Find the periods of the following functions:
 x
(i) sin 5 x (ii) cos 7 x (iii) tan3 x (iv) cot
2

(v) ( 20π x )
19 sin cosec ( )
(vi)
2x
5
(vii)
1
2
sin (
3x π
−
2 2 )
−5−3 sec (7 πx + x ) ( 30π x)
π
(viii) (ix) 12+10 tan
4

6−4 cot ( + ) 9+30 sec ( +

15 15 )
7x π x π2
(x) (xi)
4 4
Exercise # 11.2
1. Draw the graph of each of the following function for the intervals mentioned against each:
(i) y=−sin 2 x−x ∈[−π , π ] (ii) y=2cos 2 x , x ∈[−2 π , 2 π ]
x
(iii) y−tan 2 x , x ∈[−π , π ] (iv) y=tan , x ∈[−2 π ,2 π ]
2
π π
(v) y=sin x , x ∈[0 ,2 π ] (vi) y=cos x , x ∈[−π , π ]
2 2
2. On the same axes and to the same scale, draw the graphs of the following function for their complete period:
(i) y=sin x ∧ y=sin 2 x (ii) y=cos x∧ y=cos 2 x
3. Solve graphically:
(i) sin x=cos x , x ∈[0 , π ] (ii) sin x=x , , x ∈[0 , π ]
Exercise # 11.3
1. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions:
1
(i) 3−sin 3 x (ii) 3+sin 2 x (ii) +sin ( 5 x +π )
2

(iv)
3
2
+ cos x−(π
4 ) (v) 1−3 cos 2 x (vi) ( π6 )
1+2 sin x +

1 1 1
(vii) (viii) (ix)
10−2 sin 3 x 7+3 cos (−2 x ) 5−3 cos ❑(3 x −1)
2. The temperature T in a certain city varies throughout the day according to the equation

T ( t )=
13
2 (
π π
)
sin t− +15 , where t is the time in hours, with t=0 corresponding to midnight.
6 9
(a) Find the maximum and minimum temperature during the day.
(b) Find the temperature at t = 9 hours (9:00 a.m.).
3. A man on the top of a 100 in high light-house is in line with two ships on the same side of it, whose angles of
depression from the man are 17° and 19° respectively. Find the distance between the ships.
4. P and Q are two points in line with a tree. If the distance between P and Q be 30 m and the angles of elevation of the top of the
tree at P and Q are 12° and 15° respectively, find the height of the tree.
5. A giant Ferris wheel has a diameter of 60 feet. The lowest point of the wheel is located 6 feet above the ground. The wheel completes
one full revolution every 80 seconds.
(a) Model an equation that represent the height h(t) of a rider on the Ferris wheel at any given time 1.
(b) Find the maximum height of the rider.
(c) Find the height of the rider from the ground after 35 seconds.
6. A child is playing on a swing in a playground. The height h(t) of the swing seat above the ground (in metres)
at time t (in seconds) is modeled by the function: h ( t )=1.5+1.2 sin(3 πt)
(a) What is the maximum height reached by the swing seat?
(b) What is the minimum height reached by the swing seat?
(c) How long does it take for the swing to complete one full back-and-forth motion (Period)?
(d) At what time(s) does the swing seat first reach a height of 2.12 metres?
7. A carnival ride consists of a vertical wheel with a diameter of 40 feet. The centre of the wheel is 28 feet above
the ground. The wheel rotates at a constant speed and takes 120 seconds to make one complete revolution.
Model an equation that describes the height h(t) of a rider on the wheel as a function of time t. How high is the
rider from the ground after 90 seconds? At what times will the rider be 36 feet above the ground?
8. Suppose the temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit of Lahore city in a month of December throughout) the day

can be modeled by the equation: T =64+ 8 sin ( 12π (t−8)), where r is the time in hours. The temperature
oscillates 8 degrees above and below an average temperature of 64 degrees.
(a) Find the temperature at 1=9 hours?
(b) At what time the temperature will be maximum?
(c) Calculate the maximum temperature.
9. Suppose the population of a coastal city follows a sinusoidal pattern due to seasonal migration. The
population of the city over the course of a year can be modeled by the equation

P ( t ) =70000+10000 cos ( π6 t− π2 ) , P (t) is the time in months, with t = 0 corresponding to January 1').
where I denoted the months in a year
(a) Find the population of the city at t = 7 months.
(b) Find the maximum population.
Exercise # 12.1
1. Find the limit of the following sequences if exists:
2n+ 3 2n+ 3 5n
2
(i) a n= (ii) b n= 2 (iii) c n=
n+1 n +1 2 n+3
2
n −3 n+1
(iv) d n= 2
2 n +n+ 4
2. Evaluate each limit by using theorems of limits:

lim √ x 2 + x +4
2
(i) lim (2 x+ 4)❑ (ii) lim (3 x −2 x+ 4) (iii)
x →3 x →1 x →3

(iv) lim √ x 2 +4 ❑ (v) lim ( √ x 3+ 1¿ −√ x 2 +5)¿

x →2 x →2

( )
3
2 x +5 x
(iv) lim ❑
x→−2 3 x−2
3. Evaluate each limit by using algebraic techniques:

( ) ( )
3 2 3
x −x x −5 x+6 x −8
(i) lim (ii) lim 2 (ii) lim 2
x→−1 x +1 x →3 x −2 x −3 x→+2 x −5 x +6
 ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 4
x −3 x +3 x−1 x −6 x + 12 x−8 x −1
(iv) lim 3 (v) lim 3 (vi) lim 2
x →1 x −x x →2 x −2 x−3 x →1 x −3 x+2

(√ x ❑−2
) ( ) ( )
3 n
(vii) lim (viii) lim √ x+ 4−√ x (ix) lim
x −a
x →2 x+2−√ 6−x h→ 0 x x →a
m
x −a
m

4. Evaluate the following limits:

( ) ( ) ( 1−cos
sin θ )
o
sin 5 x sin x θ
(i) lim (ii) lim (iii) lim
x →0 x ¿ x θ→0

( ) ( )
sin x−cos x tan x−1
(iv)
lim
x→
π
4 x−
π
4
(v) lim
x →0
( cos ax−cos bx
cos cx cos dx ) (vi)
lim
x→
π
4 x−
π
4
2 x
x −x lox x +3 log x−9 x (2 −1)
(vii) lim (ix) lim
x →3 x−3 x →0 1−cos x
5. Express each limit in terms of e.

( ) ( ) ( )
n n
1 1 1
(i) lim 1+ (ii) lim 1+ 2
(iii) lim 1−
n →+∞ n n →+∞ n n →+∞ n

lim (1+ ) ( )
n n 2
1 4 x
(iv) (v) lim 1+ (vi) lim ( 1+ 3 x )
n →+∞ 3n n →+∞ n x →0

( )
1 ax bx x
e −e x
lim ( 1+2 x )
2
(vii) 2 x
(viii) lim (ix) lim
x →0 x →0 abx x→ ∞ 1+ x
1 1
e x −1 e x −1 e −e
x 2
(x) lim 1
, x< 0 (xi) lim 1
, x> 0 (x) lim
x →0 x →0 x →2 x−2
e +1x
e +1
x

Exercise # 12.2
1. Determine the left hand limit and the right hand limit and then, find limit of the following functions when
x→c .
2
x −9
(i) 2
f ( x )=2 x + x−5 , c=1 (ii) f (x) , c=−3
x−3
(iii) f ( x )=| x−5|, c=5
2. Discuss the continuity of f(x) at x = c.

{
3 x−1 if x <1
(i) f ( x )= { 2 x+ 5if x ≤ 2
4 x +1if x>2
, c=2 (ii) f ( x )= 4 if x=1 , c=2 , c=1
2 x if x >1

{
3 x if x ≤−2
3. If f ( x ) = x −1 if −2< x< 2 , discuss continuity at x = 2 and x = - 2 .
2

3 if x ≥ 2

4. If ( x )= {x+c +22 xx >−1

≤−1
find “c” so that lim f (x) exists.
x→−1

5. Find the values of m and n, so that given function f is continuous at x = 3.

{
mxif x< 3
(i) f ( x )= n if x=3
−2 x+ 9 if x> 3
(ii) f ( x )= {
mx if x <3
x 2 if x ≥ 3
6. f ( x )=
{ √ 2 x +5− √ x +7
x−2
k ,x ≠2
, x ≠ 2 find value of k so that f is continuous x = 2.

7. Given the function f ( x )= {−x

2 x+ 3 , x ≤1
+4 , x >1
discuss limit and continuity at x = 1

Exercise # 12.3
1. A substance decays exponentially following the formula A ( t )= A e−1.1 t , where A0 is the initial amount. Find
the limit of A ( t ) as t → ∞ .
100,000
2. A town's population is modeled by P ( t ) = −0.5 t . What is the long-term populations as t → ∞ .
1+ 9 e
500 t
3. A company's weekly sales (in thousands) follow the function S ( t )= . What is the limit of S ( t ) as t → ∞
t +10
and what does it represent?
1000
4. Signal strength S(d) at a distance d from a tower is modeled as S ( d )= 2
.
d
(i) What is the signal strength at d= 10?
(ii) What happens to signal strength as d → ∞ ?
5. A stock price grows according to the function P ( t ) =50 e0.05 t .
(i) Find the limit of P ( t ) as t → ∞
(ii) Calculate the price after 10 years.
6. The factory's cost function is given as:

C ( x )= {1210+500
x+300
if
if
x ≤ 100
x>100
Is the cost function at x = 100?
0.03 t
7. Inflation is modeled by l ( t )=l o e ,where I o is the initial price index and t is the number of years.
(i) Find the inflation rate after 5 years if I 0=100.
(ii) What is the expected price index after 10 years?
8. The cost to produce x units is:

C ( x )= {56 xx +20 if
+10 if
x ≤ 10
x>10
Is the cost function continuous at x = 10?
Exercise # 13.1
1. Find by definition, the derivatives w.r.t. of the following functions defined as:
1
(i) 2x2 + 1 (ii)2− √ x (iii) (iv) x (x−3)
√x
dy
2. Find from first principle and find gradient of the curve at the given point:
dx
1
(i) √ x+ 2 at x=6 (ii) at=xa
√ x +a
 2
3. Find the derivative of x 3 at x = 8 from the first principle.

4. Find from first principle, the derivatives of the following expressions vv.r.t. their respective independent
variables:
(i) ( 3 x−2 )2 (ii) ( 2 t +3 )5 (iii) ( aw=b )7
5. Find the gradient and equation of the tangent line for y=3 x 2−4 x +1 at x=2.
6. For the function f ( x )=2 x 3 + x , calculate the equation of the tangent line at x = - 1.
7. Find the co-ordinates of the point of tangency and the equation of the tangent line for
3
f ( x )=x −2 x +1 at x=1.
8. Find the gradient of the curve f ( x )=3 x 2 +2 x at x =1.
9. Find the gradient and an equation of tangent line to the graph of f ( x )= √ x at x = 9.
10. The position of a car after t hours is given by: s ( t )=2 t 3−3 t 2 +t (in kilometers)
(i) Find the average velocity over the interval [1, 4]
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocity at t = 2.
11. A stone is thrown upwards and its height. after I seconds is given by:
2
s ( t )=−16 t +32 t+ 10 (in feet), Find the instantaneous velocity at = 1
12. The outdoor temperature (in °C) over time is modeled by:
2
T ( t )=−t +12t +10 , where r is the time in hours. Find the instantaneous rate of change at t=2.
Exercise # 13.2
1. Differentiate rw.r.t ‘x’.
−3 3 2 x−3
(i) 4
x +2 x + x
3 2
(ii) x +2 x− +3 (iii)
2 2 x+1
3

( )
2
( 1+ √ x ) (x −x 2 ) 1
(iv) (v) √ x− (vi) (x−5)(3−x)
x
√x
2

(vii)
( x 2+1 ) (viii)
x +1
2
(ix)
2 x−1
x −1
2 2
x −3 √ x 2 +1
(x)
√ a−x
a+ x
3
(xi)
√ x 2 +1
√ x 2−1
dy ( √ x+ 1 ) (x 2 −1)
2. Find if y= ,(x ≠ 1)
dx 1
2
x −1
3
( √ x +1 ) (x −1)
2
3. Differentiate 3 1
with respect to x.
2 2
x −x
1 dy
4. If y= √ y − , show that 2 x + y=2 √ x
√x dx
dy
5. If y=x 4+ 2 x 2 +2 , prove that =4 x √ y−1
dx
Exercise # 13.3
1. A car's position at time I is given by s ( t ) 5 t 3 −3 t 2 +t . Find the velocity by differentiating the position function
with respect to time.
2
2. Structural stress on a bridge is modeled by the function S ( x )=100−5 x ,where x
is the distance from the center of- the bridge. Calculate the rate of change of stress at that point.
3. A company's revenue function is given by R ( x )=1000 x−10 x 2, where is the number of units produced. The
cost function is C (x)=300 x +2000.
(i) Find the profit function. P(x)
(ii) Determine the marginal profit when x = 15.
4. An investment grows according to the function A(t)=10000 ( 1+0.05 t )3 where A(t) is the value of the
investment and t is the time in years.
(i) Find the rate of change of the investment after 8 years.
(ii) What is the investment value after 8 years?
5. The position of a particle moving along a line is given by s ( t )=5 t 3=5t 3−12 t 2+8 y ,where s(t ) is the
position in meters and t is the time in seconds.
(i) Determine the velocity of the particle at t = 4 seconds
(ii) Find the acceleration at t = 4 seconds
(ii) When is the particle at rest?
6. The position of a car traveling along a straight highway is given by x (t )=30 t 2−4 t 3 , where x (t) is the
distance traveled in kilometres and t is the time in hours.
(i) Find the car's velocity at I = 3 hours_
(ii) Determine the car's acceleration at t = 3 hours
7. The stress on a beam under a varying load is given by S(x )=400 x — x 3, where S(x ) is the stress in pascals
(Pa) and x is the distance from the fixed end in metres. Calculate the rate of change of stress at 6 meters.
8. The cost C (r ) to construct a cylindrical tank depends on the radius of the base, and given by
2 150000
C ( r )=8000 π r + , where the first term represents the cost of the base and the second term represents
r
the cost of the walls_ Determine the rate of change of the cost at r =4 metres.

Exercise # 14.1
1. Let u = 3i + 2j – 5k, v = i – 5j – k and w = - 4i – j + 7k. Find the following:
(i) u + 2v + w (ii) v – 3w (iii) |3v + w|
2. Find the magnitude of vector v and write the direction cosines of v.
(i) v = 3i – 2j + 6k (ii) v = 4i + 4j + 2k (iii) |3v + w|
3. Find t, so that |2i + (t – 1) j + tk| = √ 13
4. Find a unit vector in the direction of v = - i + 4j – 8k .
5. If u = 2i + j – 3k, v = - j + + 4j + 2k and w = 3i – 2j + k , find a unit vector parallel to 4u – 3v + 2w .
6. Find a vector whose:
(i) magnitude is 5 is parallel to 3i + 4j - k
(ii) magnitude is 7 is parallel to -i + j - k .
7. If u = xi + 2j + 3k , v = i + yj – 3k and w = -2i – 3j represent the sides of a triangle. Find the values of x and y.
8. The position vectors of the points A,B,C and D are u = i + 2j + k, v = 7i + 8j + 4k , w = - i + k and z = i + 2j
+ 2l and z = i + 2j + 2k respectively. Show that ⃗
AB is parallel to ⃗
CD .
9. We say that two vectors v and w in space are parallel if there is scalar c such that v = cw. The vectors point in
the same direction if c > 0 and the vectors point in the opposite direction if c < 0.
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to vector v = 2i – 4j + 4k.
(b) Find the constant a so that the vectors v = i – 3j + 4k and w = ai + 9j – 12k are parallel.
(c) Find a factor of length 5 in the direction opposite that of v = i – 2i + 3k.
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors 3i – j + 4k and ai + bj – 2k are parallel.
10. A spacecraft moves from point (120, 240, - 50) to point (130, 210, 80) in kilometres. What is the magnitude of
the displacement vector in kilometers?
11. Find the direction cosines for the given vector:
(i) u = - 6i + 3j + 2k (ii) i = 4i + 2j – 5k
(iii) ⃗
PQ , where P(9, 3, 13) and Q (11, 6, 19).
12. Which of the following triple can be the direction angles of a single vector?
(i) 45o , 45o, 60o (ii) 30o , 45o, 60o (iii) 45o , 60o, 60o
Exercise # 14.2
1. Find the cosines of the angle θ between u and v.
(i) u = 2i + 3j + k, v = - i + 2j + 2k (ii) u = [-3, 2, 5], v = [1, 6, - 2]
2. If a + b + c = 0 and | a |= 3, |b|5 and |c| = 7. Find the angle between a and b.
3. If |a| = 3, |b| = 4 and |a+b| = 5. Find the angle between a and b.
4. Calculate the projection of a along b and projection of b along a when:
(i) a = 3i + 3j - k, b = i – 2j + 4k (ii) a = 4i – 2j + 3k, b = i + j + k
5. Find a real number a so that the vector u and v are perpendicular.
(i) u = ai + 3j + k, v = i – 2j + ak (ii) u = ai + 2aj – k, v = i + aj + 3k .
6. Find the number z so that the triangle with vertices A(3, 0, - 2), B (0, 3, 1) and C(1, 1,z) is a right triangle with
right at C.
1
7. If a^ and b^ are unit vector 2θ is the angle between them, show that sinθ= |a^ −b^|.
2
8. If |a + b| = |a - b|, then show that a and b are perpendicular.
9. (i) Show that the vectors 3i – 2j + k, i – 3j + 5k and 2i + j – 4k from a right triangle.
(ii) Show that the set of points P(4, - 1, 2), Q (1, 3, – 1) and R(-2, 4, 6) from a right triangle.
10. Prove that the cos ( a+ β )=cos a cos β−sin a sin β
11. Prove that in any triangle ABC.
(i) b=c cos A+ a cos C (ii) c=a cos B+b cos A
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) b =c + a −2 ca cos B (iv) c =a + b −2 ab cos C
12. Show that for any vectors a and b, ||a|- |b|| ≤ |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
13. Find the work done, if the point at which the constant force F = 2i + 5j + 3k is applied to an object, moves it
from P1 (2, -3, 1) to P(7, 5, 3)
14 A particle, acted by constant force F1 = 3i + 4j – 3k and F2 = i + 4j - k, is displaced from A(2,1,3) to B(5,4,4).
Find the work done.
15. A particles is displaced from the point A(5, -5, -7) to the point B(6, 2, -2) under the action of constant forces
defined by 10i – j + 11k, 4i + 5j + 9k and – 2i + - 9k. show that the total work done by the force is 102 units.
16. A force of magnitude 6 unit acting parallel to 4i + 3j – k displace the point of application from A(2, - 1, 3) to
B(7, 3, 2). Find the work done.
Exercise # 14.3
1. Computer the cross product a × b and u ×a. Check your answer by showing that each a and b are
perpendicular to a × b and b × a .
(i) a = 2i + j - k, b = i - j + k (ii) a = i + 3j + 2k, b = 2i – j + k
(iii) a = 2i – 2j + k, b = - i + j + 3k (iv) a = -4i + j – 2k, b = 2i + j + k
2. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b. Also find sine of the angle between them:
(i) a = i + 6j - 3k, b = 2i - j + 3k (ii) a = i - j - k, b = 2i – 3j + 4k
(iii) a = i + j + k, b = i - j - k (iv) a = 5i + j – 3k, b = -2i +4 j + k
3. Find the area of the triangle, formed by the points P, Q and R.
(i) P(2, 3, 5); Q(1, 2, 0) ; R(4, 1, 2) (ii) P(0, 0, 1) ; Q(2, - 1 , 2) ; R (- 1 , 3, 2)
4. Find the area of a parallelogram, whose vertices are:
(i) A(1, 1, 1) ; B(4, 2, 3) ; C(5, 6, 7) ; D(2, 5, 5)
(ii) A(4, 5, 6) ; B(1, 2, 3) ; C(-2, 0, 1) ; D(1, 2, 5)
5. If the cross product of the vector u = 7i – 4j + 5k and v = ai – bj + 3k is zero, then find the value of a and b.
6. Which vectors, if any, are perpendicular or parallel.
(i) u = 5i – j + k; v = j – 5k; w = - 15i + 3j – 3k
π π
(ii) u = i + 2j - k; v = - i + j + k; w = - i - πj + k
2 2
7. Use the definition of cross product, for any vectors u , v, w and scalar k, prove that:
(i) u × (-u) = 0 (ii) u×v =-v×u
(iii) u ×(kv)= (ku) × v = k (u×v) (iv) u × (v + w) = (u×v) + ( u× w)
8. Prove that: a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b) = 0
9. If a + b + c = 0 , then prove that a × b = b× c = c × a.
10. Prove that: sin ( a−β )=sin a cos β+ cos a sin β
11. Show that |a × b|2 = | a2|| b2|- (a. b)2
12. Use the definition of cross product, prove that for any vectors u and v (u + v) × (u - v) = - 2 (u × v).
13. Find the moment about the point M(1, - 3, 3) of the force represented by ⃗
AB ,where the coordinates of points
A(4, 3, -1) and B(-1, 3, 7) are given.
14. A force ⃗
F =¿6i + 4j – 4k is applied at the point A(1, -1, 2). Find the moment of the force about the point B(3,
- 2, 3).
15. Give a force F = 2i + j – 3k acting at a point A(1, -2, 1). Find the moment of ⃗
F about the point B(2, 0, -2).
16. A force F = -2i + j – 3k is applied at P(-1, -3, 2). Find its moment about the point Q(4, 2, 2).
Exercise # 14.4
1. Find the volume of parallelepiped for which the given vectors are three edges:
(i) u = 3i + 2k ; v = i + 2j + k ; w = - j + 4k (ii) u = i - 4j – k; v = i - j - 2k ; w = 2i -3j +k
 (iii) u = i – 2j + 3k ; v = 2i - j - k ; w = j + k
2. Verify that a. b × c = b. c × a = c . a × b
If a = 3i -j + 5k; b = 4i + 3k – 2k and c = 2i + 5j + k
3. Prove that the vectors i – 2j + 3k, - 2i + 3j + - 4k and i – 3j + 5k are coplanar.
4. Find the constant a such that the vectors are coplanar.
(i) i - j + k, i – 2j – 3k and 3k – aj + 5k
(ii) i -2a j - k, i – 2j + 2k and ai – 2j + k
5. Prove that the points whose position vectors are A(-6i + 3j + 2k), B(3i - 2j + 4k), C(-5i + 7j + 3k), B(-13i + 17j
- k) are coplanar.
6. (a) Find the value of:
(i) 2i × 2j . k (ii) 3j . k × i (iii) [k i j] (iv) [i i k]
(b) Prove that u.(v × w) + v .(w × u) + w. (u × v) = 3u. (v × w).
7. Find volume of tetrahedron with the vertices.
(i) (0, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1) and (5, 5, 6)
(ii) (2, 1, 8), (3, 2, 9), (2, 1, 4) and (3, 3, 10)
8. Prove that the points whose position vectors are A(3i + 2j – k), B(i - 2j – k), C(6i + 4j – 2k), D(9i + 6j – 3k)
are coplanar.
9. Prove that for any three non-zero u, v and w (u + v). [(v + w) × (w + u) = 2 [u v w]

10. Consider a parallelepiped determined by the vector v = 2i + 4j – 3k, v = 5i – 3j + 6k and w = 4i – 7j - 2k. If the
base of the parallelepiped is define by the vectors u and v then find the height of the parallelepiped.
11. A mechanic applies a force of 50 pounds along the positive x – axis on a wrench connected to a bolt. The
pivot point of the wrench connected to a bolt. The pivot point of the wrench is at the origin (0, 0, 0,) and the
force is applied at the point (0 ft, 2 ft, 3 ft). determine the torque produced by this force about the pivot point.
12. A drone flies from point (1, 2, 5) to point (4, 6, 9), with each unit representing a meter. What is the magnitude
of the displacement the drone experienced during this flight?
13. The vecor u = 50i + 75j + 65k shows how many belts, pants, and shirts were sold at a storer. The vector w =
1500j + 3000k shows the price (in rupees) of each item. Find u. i and explain what the result tells us in real
life.
14. A force F = (20, -10, 30)N is applied at a point P(2, -1, 4) in 3D space. The pivot point is at M(1, 2, -3).
Calculate the torque produced by this force about the pivot point M.
15. An electric shop shell three types of appliances: Fans, Heaters, and Ovens. The monthly sales quantities are
500 units of Fans, 300 units of Heaters and 200 units of Ovens. The profit per unit for each appliance is Rs.
500 for Fans, Rs 400 for Heaters, and Rs 2,000 for Ovens.
(a) Represent the monthly sales quantities and the profit per unit as vectors.
(b) Calculate the total monthly profit using vector operations.