Skillful-2 Listening & Speaking
Listening for examples
. مثال میدهند، گویندهها برای اینکه حرفشان را قویتر کنند،در صحبتهای انگلیسی
:عباراتی که برای مثال استفاده میشود
= برای مثالFor example
مثال/ = برای مثالFor instance
= مثلlike
مثل/ = مانندsuch as
برای روشن ساختن/ = برای توضیح دادنTo illustrate
.He is very hardworking. To illustrate, he studies five hours every day
Collocations
.یعنی کلمههایی که معموًال با هم استفاده میشوند
verb + noun
1. care for + others
2. do + community service
3. donate + money / clothing / time
4. give + time / money
5. make + a difference
6. take + a break / a call
Discourse markers
کلمات یا عبارتهایی که جمالت و نظرها را به هم وصل میکنند
1. Also – همچنین/ همچنان
Example:
I like this phone. Also, it is cheap.
2. . In addition / Additionally – عالوه بر این
Example: The hotel is clean. In addition, it is very comfortable.
3. Another reason is – دلیل دیگر این است
Example:
I like this city. Another reason is the weather.
4. Plus – همچنان/ عالوه بر آن
Example:
The game is fun. Plus, it has a great story.
5. Furthermore – همچنان/ عالوه بر این
Example:
This car is fast. Furthermore, it is very safe.
6. What’s more – عالوه بر آن
Example:
The house is big. What’s more, it is cheap.
7. Besides – عالوه بر این
I don’t want that phone. Besides, it is too expensive.
Discourse marker + comma + sentence
Another reason is درباره
.معموًال بعد از آن کاما نمیآید چون خودش بخشی از جمله است
Vocabulary Development
Suffixes: -ful and -less ()پسوندها
Meaning of Suffixes
✔ -ful
Means: full of / having something
👉 برخوردار از/ پر از/ دارای
✔ -less
Means: without / having no
👉 فاقد/ بدون
Words with -ful
Word Meaning
beautiful زیبا
stressful پر از استرس
truthful راستگو
wonderful فوقالعاده
/ ترسناک
fearful
ترسیده
hopeful امیدوار
painful دردناک
useful مفید
/ قوی
powerful
قدرتمند
helpful کمککننده
harmful مضر
Words with -less
Word Meaning
jobless بیکار
بسیار ارزشمند
priceless
)(بیقیمت
worthless بیارزش
hopeless ناامید
painless بدون درد
useless بیفایده
powerless بیقدرت
helpless بیکمک/ بیچاره
harmless بیضرر
Important Pairs (-ful vs -less)
-ful -less
hopeful ()امیدوار hopeless ()ناامید
useful ()مفید useless ()بیفایده
powerless (
powerful ()قوی
)ضعیف
helpful (
helpless ()بیچاره
)کمککننده
painless ( بدون
painful ()دردناک
)درد
Quick Exam Rules
✔ -ful = full of something
✔ -less = without something
Examples in Sentences
She is a beautiful girl.
This tool is very useful.
He feels hopeless after the exam.
The medicine made the injection painless.
Easy Memory Trick
FUL = Full
LESS = Lost / Nothing
Example:
hopeful → full of hope
hopeless → no hope
Grammar: Present Perfect Tense ()زمان حال کامل
Definition
Present Perfect Tense is used to show an action that happened at an unspecified time in
the past and still has a connection to the present.
در زبان دری:
زمان حال کامل برای بیان عملی استفاده میشود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده اما زمان
دقیق آن مهم نیست و نتیجه آن هنوز مهم است.
Structure
✔ Positive Sentence
Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3)
I have eaten.
He has finished his work.
✔ Negative Sentence
Subject + have/has + not + V3
I have not eaten.
She has not finished her work.
✔ Question
Have/Has + subject + V3?
Have you eaten?
Has he finished his work?
Usage 1: Unspecified Time in the Past
We use Present Perfect when the exact time is NOT important or NOT mentioned.
Examples:
I have seen that movie.
She has visited Dubai.
They have finished their homework.
👉 We do NOT say the exact time (yesterday, last year, etc.)
Common Time Markers (Adverbs)
These adverbs are often used with Present Perfect:
Adverb Meaning
ever تا حاال
never هرگز
just همین حاال
already قبًال
yet هنوز (در
Adverb Meaning
)منفی/سوال
recently اخیرًا
so far تا حاال
before قبًال
Placement of Adverbs
1. Ever / Never
👉 Before main verb (V3)
I have never seen this place.
Have you ever visited Paris?
2. Just / Already
👉 Between have/has and V3
She has just finished her work.
They have already eaten.
3. Yet
👉 At the end of the sentence (usually negative/question)
I have not finished my homework yet.
Have you finished your homework yet?
4. Recently / So far / Before
👉 Usually at the end or beginning
I have seen him recently.
So far, we have completed two lessons.
Key Examples
I have just finished my homework.
She has already left the house.
They have never been to Afghanistan.
Have you ever seen snow?
I have not received the message yet.
Quick Exam Summary
Structure:
✔ Have/Has + V3
Use:
✔ Unspecified time in the past
✔ Result is important now
Adverbs:
ever, never
just, already
yet
recently, so far
Important Rule
❌ We do NOT mention exact time:
yesterday ✖
last year ✖
in 2010 ✖
✔ We only use general time:
ever, never, just, already, yet
Exam Definition
Present Perfect Tense shows an action that happened at an unspecified time in the
past and has a connection with the present.