Kingdom Monera (NCERT Class 11) Shape Name Memory Trick

Bacillus
─ Rod B = Bar (Rod)
## Easy Notes (Bacilli)

What is Kingdom Monera? V = Valaindha

, Comma Vibrio
(Curved)
• Bacteria are the only members of
Kingdom Monera. Spirillum
Spiral Spiral = Spirillum
(Spirilla)
• They are the most abundant
microorganisms on Earth.

• Found almost everywhere, even in Nutrition in Bacteria

extreme conditions.
1. Autotrophic Bacteria
Habitats
Make their own food.
• Soil
Types
• Water
A. Photosynthetic Autotrophs
• Air
• Use sunlight.
• Inside living organisms
• Example: Cyanobacteria
• Hot springs
B. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
• Deserts
• Obtain energy by oxidising inorganic
• Snow substances like:
• Deep oceans o Ammonia
Some bacteria are parasites. o Nitrites

o Nitrates
Shapes of Bacteria (VERY IMPORTANT) Importance
Shape Name Memory Trick • Produce ATP

• Recycle Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron

Coccus (Cocci) C = Circle
Spherical and Sulphur
2. Heterotrophic Bacteria • Have rigid cell wall

Cannot make food. • Motile forms possess flagella

They obtain food:

• From dead matter (Decomposers) Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)

• From living organisms (Parasites) Features

• Photosynthetic autotrophs

Types of Bacteria • Contain Chlorophyll a

• Can be:

1. Archaebacteria o Unicellular

Special Feature o Colonial

• Live in extreme environments. o Filamentous

Types • Live in:

Type Habitat o Freshwater

o Marine water
Halophiles Very salty places
o Land
Thermoacidophiles Hot springs
Important Points
Methanogens Marshes & ruminant gut
• Colonies surrounded by gelatinous
Important Points sheath
• Cell wall is different from other • Cause blooms in polluted water.
bacteria.
Nitrogen Fixation
• This special cell wall helps them
survive harsh conditions. Special cells:
Heterocysts
• Methanogens produce methane
(biogas) from dung. Examples:

Found in: • Nostoc

• Cow gut • Anabaena

• Buffalo gut
Chemosynthetic Bacteria

2. Eubacteria (True Bacteria) Oxidise

Features • Ammonia

• Also called True bacteria • Nitrites

 • Nitrates • Transfer DNA from one bacterium to
another.
Importance

• Produce ATP
Mycoplasma (VERY IMPORTANT NCERT)
• Recycle nutrients:
Features
o Nitrogen
• No cell wall
o Phosphorus
• Smallest living cells
o Iron
• Can survive without oxygen
o Sulphur
• Many are pathogenic in plants and
animals.
Heterotrophic Bacteria

Useful Roles
## Important Points
• Decomposers
• Kingdom Monera contains only
• Make curd bacteria.

• Produce antibiotics • Bacteria are the most abundant

microorganisms.
• Nitrogen fixation in legume roots
• Found even in extreme habitats.
Harmful Roles
• Four shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio,
Cause diseases:
Spirillum.
In humans
• Nutrition:
• Cholera
o Autotrophic
• Typhoid
o Heterotrophic
• Tetanus
• Archaebacteria live in extreme
In plants environments.

• Citrus canker • Eubacteria = True bacteria.

• Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a.

Reproduction in Bacteria • Heterocysts fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Main Method • Chemosynthetic bacteria recycle

nutrients.
• Binary Fission
• Binary fission is the main method of
During Unfavourable Conditions
reproduction.
• Form Spores
• Mycoplasma has no cell wall.
Primitive Sexual Reproduction
 • Archaebacteria have a different cell
wall from other bacteria.
## Memory Trick
• Mycoplasma completely lacks a cell
Shapes
wall.
"Cool Boys Visit School"
• Methanogens produce methane
• C → Coccus (biogas).

• B → Bacillus • Only cyanobacteria have chlorophyll

a among bacteria.
• V → Vibrio
• Nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria
• S → Spirillum occurs only in heterocysts.

Archaebacteria ## Formula / Rules

"HTM" Bacterial Nutrition
• H → Halophiles (Salt) Autotrophs
• T → Thermoacidophiles (Hot)
• Photosynthetic
• M → Methanogens (Methane) • Chemosynthetic

Heterotrophs
Useful Bacteria • Saprophytic (Decomposers)
"CAN" • Parasitic
• C → Curd

• A → Antibiotics Reproduction
• N → Nitrogen fixation
Binary Fission → Main method

Unfavourable condition → Spore formation

Heterocysts DNA transfer → Primitive sexual
"Heterocyst Helps Nitrogen." reproduction

Mycoplasma ## Exam Tips

"My Cell Missing!" Students often forget:

No Cell Wall
• Monera contains only bacteria.

• Archaebacteria ≠ Eubacteria
## Exceptions (different cell wall).

• Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a.

 • Heterocysts fix nitrogen. • Archaebacteria include halophiles,
thermoacidophiles and methanogens.
• Methanogens produce biogas.
• Eubacteria have a rigid cell wall;
• Mycoplasma has no cell wall and is
motile forms possess flagella.
the smallest living cell.
• Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a,
• Binary fission is the main mode of
often have gelatinous sheaths, and fix
reproduction.
nitrogen using heterocysts (e.g.,
Nostoc, Anabaena).

## 30-Second Revision • Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidise

inorganic substances and recycle
• Monera = Bacteria only. nutrients.
• Shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, • Heterotrophic bacteria are
Spirillum. decomposers and also help in curd
• Nutrition: making, antibiotic production and
nitrogen fixation; some cause
o Photosynthetic diseases.
o Chemosynthetic • Reproduction is mainly by binary
o Heterotrophic fission; spores form in unfavourable
conditions; DNA transfer is a primitive
• Archaebacteria live in extreme sexual process.
habitats.
• Mycoplasma is the smallest living cell,
• Eubacteria = True bacteria. lacks a cell wall, and can survive
• Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a and without oxygen.
heterocysts.

• Reproduction: Binary fission.

## Expected Exam Questions
• Mycoplasma has no cell wall.
1. Define Kingdom Monera.

2. Draw or list the four shapes of

## 1-Minute Revision bacteria with examples.

• Kingdom Monera includes only 3. Differentiate Archaebacteria and

bacteria. Eubacteria.

• Bacteria occur everywhere, including 4. What are cyanobacteria? Mention

extreme environments. their importance.

• Four shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio 5. What is a heterocyst? State its

and Spirillum. function.

• Nutrition: autotrophic 6. Explain chemosynthetic autotrophic

(photosynthetic, chemosynthetic) or bacteria and their importance.
heterotrophic.
 7. Mention the useful and harmful roles 4. Slime moulds
of bacteria.
5. Protozoans
8. Explain the reproduction in bacteria.

9. Write a short note on Mycoplasma.

1. Chrysophytes
10. Name the three types of
Includes:
Archaebacteria with their habitats.
• Diatoms
11. Why are methanogens important?
• Golden algae (Desmids)
12. Differentiate photosynthetic and
chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria. Habitat

Kingdom Protista (NCERT Class 11) • Fresh water

• Marine water

## Easy Notes Features

What is Kingdom Protista? • Microscopic

• Protista includes all single-celled • Float in water (Plankton)

eukaryotes.
• Mostly photosynthetic
• Mostly aquatic (live in water).
Diatoms (VERY IMPORTANT)
• They act as a link between plants,
• Cell wall has two overlapping shells
animals and fungi.
(like a soap box).
• Cells have:
• Cell wall contains silica.
o True nucleus
• Silica wall is indestructible.
o Membrane-bound organelles
Diatomaceous Earth
• Some possess flagella or cilia.
Dead diatom walls accumulate to form:
• Reproduction:
Diatomaceous earth
o Asexual
Uses
o Sexual (cell fusion → zygote
• Polishing
formation)
• Filtration of oils

• Filtration of syrups
Groups of Protista
Importance
There are 5 major groups:
• Chief producers of oceans
1. Chrysophytes

2. Dinoflagellates
2. Dinoflagellates
3. Euglenoids
Habitat Cell Covering

• Mostly marine • No cell wall

Nutrition • Have Pellicle

• Photosynthetic Pellicle makes the body:

Pigments • Flexible

Can appear: Flagella

• Yellow • Two

• Green o One short

• Brown o One long

• Blue Nutrition

• Red In sunlight
Photosynthetic
Cell Wall
Without sunlight
• Made of stiff cellulose plates
Heterotrophic (feeds on smaller
Flagella organisms)
• Two flagella This is called mixotrophic nutrition.
o One longitudinal Pigments
o One transverse Same as higher plants.
Red Tide (VERY IMPORTANT) Example
Example: • Euglena
Gonyaulax

Rapid multiplication causes:

4. Slime Moulds
Red Tide
Nutrition
Effect
• Saprophytic
• Release toxins
Food
• Kill fishes and other marine animals
Feed on:

• Decaying leaves
3. Euglenoids
• Twigs
Habitat
• Organic matter
• Fresh water
Under Favourable Conditions
• Stagnant water
Form: Parasitic Example
Plasmodium
• Entamoeba
Under Unfavourable Conditions

Form:
B. Flagellated Protozoans
Fruiting bodies
Features
These produce:
Spores • Have flagella

Spores • Free-living or parasitic

• Thick walls Disease

• Very resistant • Sleeping sickness

• Survive for many years Example

• Dispersed by air • Trypanosoma

5. Protozoans C. Ciliated Protozoans

General Features Features

• Heterotrophic • Aquatic

• Predators or parasites • Thousands of cilia

• Primitive relatives of animals Feeding

Food enters through:

Gullet
Types of Protozoans
Example

• Paramoecium
A. Amoeboid Protozoans

Habitat
D. Sporozoans
• Fresh water
Feature
• Sea water
• Infectious spore-like stage
• Moist soil
Example
Movement
• Plasmodium
• Pseudopodia (False feet)
Disease
Marine Forms
Malaria
• Silica shells
## Important Points • E → Euglenoids

• Protista includes all unicellular • S → Slime moulds

eukaryotes.
• P → Protozoans
• Mostly aquatic.

• Have true nucleus and membrane-

Protozoan Types
bound organelles.
"All Friends Come Smiling"
• Reproduce by asexual and sexual
methods. • A → Amoeboid

• Diatoms have silica cell walls. • F → Flagellated

• Diatomaceous earth is used in • C → Ciliated

polishing and filtration.
• S → Sporozoans
• Diatoms are the chief producers in
oceans.
Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates have two flagella and
cellulose plates. "Diatoms = Diamonds"
Strong silica walls.
• Red tide is caused by Gonyaulax.

• Euglenoids have pellicle instead of a

cell wall. Red Tide

• Euglena is photosynthetic in light and "Gonya = Gone Fish"

heterotrophic in darkness. Gonyaulax causes red tide, killing fishes.
• Slime moulds form plasmodium and
resistant spores.
Euglena
• Protozoans are heterotrophic.
"Sun = Plant, No Sun = Animal"
• Amoeba moves using pseudopodia. Photosynthetic in light, heterotrophic in
• Trypanosoma causes sleeping darkness.
sickness.

• Plasmodium causes malaria. ## Exceptions

• Euglenoids have no cell wall; they

## Memory Trick possess a pellicle.

Five Groups of Protista • Diatom cell walls are made of silica

and remain indestructible.
"Cool Dogs Eat Soft Pizza"
• Slime mould spores are highly
• C → Chrysophytes resistant and survive for years.
• D → Dinoflagellates
 • Only Sporozoans have an infectious • Trypanosoma causes sleeping
spore-like stage. sickness.

• Euglena can switch between • Amoeba moves by pseudopodia.

autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Paramoecium feeds through the
nutrition.
gullet.

## Formula / Rules
## 30-Second Revision
Protista
• Protista = unicellular eukaryotes.
Unicellular + Eukaryotic + Mostly Aquatic
• Five groups:

o Chrysophytes
Euglena
o Dinoflagellates
Light → Photosynthetic
o Euglenoids
No Light → Heterotrophic
o Slime moulds

o Protozoans
Slime Mould
• Diatoms → Silica walls →
Favourable → Plasmodium Diatomaceous earth.
Unfavourable → Fruiting body → Spores • Gonyaulax → Red tide.

• Euglena → Pellicle + Mixotrophic.

## Exam Tips • Amoeba → Pseudopodia.

Students often forget: • Trypanosoma → Sleeping sickness.

• Protista = only unicellular • Plasmodium → Malaria.

eukaryotes.

• Diatoms have silica walls.

## 1-Minute Revision
• Diatomaceous earth is used for
• Protista includes all unicellular
polishing and filtration.
eukaryotes and is mostly aquatic.
• Diatoms are the chief producers in
• Chrysophytes include diatoms and
oceans.
desmids; diatoms have silica walls and
• Dinoflagellates have two flagella. form diatomaceous earth, and are the
chief producers in oceans.
• Gonyaulax causes red tide.
• Dinoflagellates are marine,
• Pellicle replaces the cell wall in
photosynthetic, have cellulose plates
Euglena.
and two flagella; Gonyaulax causes
• Plasmodium causes malaria. red tides.
 • Euglenoids have a pellicle instead of a • Malaria
cell wall, possess two flagella, and are
• Sleeping sickness
photosynthetic in sunlight but
heterotrophic in the dark. 13. Differentiate Euglena and Diatoms.

• Slime moulds are saprophytes that 14. Differentiate Amoeboid and Ciliated
form plasmodium in favourable protozoans.
conditions and fruiting bodies with
Kingdom Fungi (NCERT Class 11)
resistant spores in unfavourable
conditions.

• Protozoans are heterotrophs and ## Easy Notes

include amoeboid (pseudopodia),
flagellated (Trypanosoma), ciliated What are Fungi?
(Paramoecium), and sporozoans • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms
(Plasmodium). (cannot make their own food).

• They are found everywhere

(cosmopolitan).
## Expected Exam Questions
• Grow best in warm and humid places.
1. Define Kingdom Protista.
• Found in air, water, soil, plants and
2. List the five major groups of Protista.
animals.
3. Write a short note on Chrysophytes
Examples
(Diatoms).
• Mushroom
4. What is diatomaceous earth?
Mention its uses. • Bread mould (Rhizopus)
5. Why are diatoms called the chief
• Yeast (Saccharomyces)
producers of oceans?
• Penicillium → Antibiotic
6. Explain the features of
Dinoflagellates. • Puccinia → Wheat rust disease

7. What is red tide? Name the organism • Albugo → White rust of mustard
responsible.

8. Write the characteristics of

Euglenoids. Structure of Fungi

9. Why is Euglena called mixotrophic? • Except yeast, all fungi are

multicellular and filamentous.
10. Explain the life cycle changes in Slime
moulds. • Body consists of hyphae (thread-like
structures).
11. Differentiate the four types of
Protozoans. • Network of hyphae = Mycelium.

12. Name the organisms that cause: Types of Hyphae

Type Feature

Coenocytic No septa (cross walls), 3. Sexual Reproduction

hyphae multinucleate Sexual spores:

Septate hyphae Have septa (cross walls) • Oospores

Cell Wall • Ascospores

• Made of Chitin + Polysaccharides • Basidiospores

These spores are produced in fruiting bodies.

Nutrition in Fungi

Type Meaning Sexual Reproduction Steps (VERY

IMPORTANT)
Saprophytes Feed on dead organic matter
Step 1
Parasites Feed on living organisms Plasmogamy
Live together with other Fusion of cytoplasm.
Symbionts
organisms Step 2

Important Symbiosis Karyogamy

• Lichen = Fungus + Alga Fusion of nuclei.

• Mycorrhiza = Fungus + Plant roots Step 3

Meiosis
Produces haploid spores.
Reproduction in Fungi

1. Vegetative Reproduction
Dikaryotic Stage (NCERT Favourite)
• Fragmentation
In Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
• Fission
Sequence:
• Budding
n + n → Dikaryon → Karyogamy → 2n →
Meiosis → n spores
2. Asexual Reproduction Remember:
Spore Feature • Dikaryotic stage = Two nuclei per cell

Conidia Non-motile • Called Dikaryophase

Produced inside
Sporangiospores
sporangium Classification of Fungi

Zoospores Motile
1. Phycomycetes • Parasites

Habitat • Decomposers

• Aquatic • Coprophilous (grow on dung)

• Moist places Mycelium

• Decaying wood • Septate

• Plant parasites • Branched

Mycelium Asexual Spores

• Aseptate • Conidia

• Coenocytic • Produced externally on

conidiophores
Asexual Spores
Sexual Spores
• Zoospores (motile)
• Ascospores
• Aplanospores (non-motile)
• Produced inside asci
Produced inside sporangium.
Asci together form Ascocarp.
Sexual Reproduction
Examples
• Forms zygospore
• Penicillium
Gametes may be:
• Aspergillus
• Isogamous
• Claviceps
• Anisogamous
• Neurospora
• Oogamous
• Yeast (Saccharomyces)
Examples
Extra Points
• Mucor
• Neurospora → Genetics &
• Rhizopus
biochemical studies
• Albugo
• Morels & Truffles → Edible delicacies

2. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)

3. Basidiomycetes
Features
Common Forms
• Mostly multicellular
• Mushrooms
• Yeast is unicellular
• Puffballs
Lifestyle
• Bracket fungi
• Saprophytes
Habitat • Basidiomycetes

• Soil Mycelium

• Logs • Septate

• Tree stumps • Branched

• Plant parasites Reproduction

Mycelium • Only by Conidia

• Septate Importance

• Branched • Decomposers

Asexual Reproduction • Mineral cycling

• Generally absent • Some are parasites

• Fragmentation common Examples

Special Point • Alternaria

• No sex organs • Colletotrichum

Plasmogamy occurs by fusion of vegetative • Trichoderma

cells.

Sexual Spores
## Important Points
• Basidiospores
• Fungi are heterotrophic.
• Produced externally on Basidium
• Cell wall = Chitin + Polysaccharides.
Basidia together form Basidiocarp.
• Yeast is unicellular.
Examples
• Hyphae → Mycelium.
• Agaricus
• Lichen = Fungus + Alga.
• Puccinia
• Mycorrhiza = Fungus + Plant root.
• Ustilago
• Plasmogamy → Karyogamy →
Meiosis.
4. Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) • Dikaryotic stage (n+n) occurs in
Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes.
Why called Imperfect?
• Conidia are produced externally.
Only asexual stage is known.
• Ascospores are produced inside asci.
When sexual stage is discovered,
they are shifted to: • Basidiospores are produced outside
basidium.
• Ascomycetes
• Zoospores are motile.
 • Aplanospores are non-motile. • Conidia → On Conidiophore (outside)

• Deuteromycetes = Only asexual stage • Ascospores → In Asci

known.
• Basidiospores → On Basidium

## Memory Trick
## Exceptions
Nutrition
• Yeast is the only unicellular fungus
"SPS" (NCERT exception).

• S → Saprophyte • Basidiomycetes generally lack asexual

spores.
• P → Parasite
• Deuteromycetes have only asexual
• S → Symbiont
reproduction until the sexual stage is
discovered.

Sexual Cycle • Dikaryotic stage occurs only in

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
PKM

• P → Plasmogamy
## Formula / Rules
• K → Karyogamy
Hyphae → Mycelium
• M → Meiosis
Sexual Cycle

Plasmogamy → Karyogamy → Meiosis

Fungal Classes
Dikaryotic Sequence
"Please Ask Before Deciding"
n → n+n → 2n → n
• P → Phycomycetes

• A → Ascomycetes
## Exam Tips
• B → Basidiomycetes
Students often forget:
• D → Deuteromycetes
• Chitin in fungal cell wall.

• Yeast is unicellular.
Spores
• Conidia = external, Ascospores =
"Zoo Moves, Apla Doesn't"
inside asci, Basidiospores = outside
• Zoospore → Motile basidium.

• Aplanospore → Non-motile • Zoospores are motile.

• Phycomycetes have aseptate

coenocytic mycelium.
Where are spores produced?
 • Basidiomycetes lack sex organs. • Asexual spores: conidia,
sporangiospores, zoospores.
• Deuteromycetes are called imperfect
fungi. • Sexual spores: oospores, ascospores,
basidiospores.

• Sexual cycle: plasmogamy →

## 30-Second Revision
karyogamy → meiosis.
• Fungi are heterotrophic.
• Dikaryotic stage (n+n) occurs in
• Cell wall = Chitin. Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes.

• Body = Hyphae → Mycelium. • Phycomycetes: aseptate, coenocytic,

zoospores/aplanospores.
• Nutrition: Saprophyte, Parasite,
Symbiont. • Ascomycetes: conidia, asci, ascocarps.

• Reproduction: • Basidiomycetes: basidium,

basidiocarp, no sex organs.
o Vegetative
• Deuteromycetes: only asexual stage
o Asexual (Conidia, known.
Sporangiospores, Zoospores)

o Sexual (Oospores, Ascospores,

Basidiospores) ## Expected Exam Questions

• Sexual cycle: 1. Define hyphae and mycelium.

Plasmogamy → Karyogamy →
2. What is the cell wall of fungi made
Meiosis
of?
• Classes:
3. Differentiate saprophytes, parasites
Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes,
and symbionts.
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes.
4. Explain the sexual reproduction in
fungi.
## 1-Minute Revision
5. What is dikaryophase? In which fungi
• Fungi are heterotrophic and prefer is it found?
warm, humid places.
6. Differentiate plasmogamy, karyogamy
• Yeast is unicellular; all other fungi are and meiosis.
filamentous.
7. Compare Phycomycetes,
• Hyphae form mycelium; cell wall Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and
contains chitin. Deuteromycetes.

• Nutrition: saprophytes, parasites, 8. Differentiate zoospores and

symbionts (lichen & mycorrhiza). aplanospores.

• Vegetative reproduction: 9. Differentiate ascospores,

fragmentation, fission, budding. basidiospores and conidia.
 10. Why are Deuteromycetes called
imperfect fungi?
Major Groups of Plantae
11. Write the economic importance of
1. Algae
fungi with examples.
2. Bryophytes
12. Give one example each of
Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, 3. Pteridophytes
Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.
4. Gymnosperms
Kingdom Plantae & Kingdom Animalia
5. Angiosperms
(NCERT Class 11)

Alternation of Generations (VERY

Kingdom Plantae IMPORTANT)
Easy Notes Plants have two phases in their life cycle:
What is Kingdom Plantae?
Phase Chromosome Number
• Includes all eukaryotic, chlorophyll-
containing plants. Sporophyte Diploid (2n)

• Most plants are autotrophic (make Gametophyte Haploid (n)

their own food by photosynthesis).
These two phases alternate during the life
Exceptions cycle.

Some plants are partially heterotrophic: This is called Alternation of Generations.

• Insectivorous plants → trap insects
for nutrients.
Important Points (Plantae)
• Parasitic plants → obtain food from
other plants. • Plants are eukaryotic.

Examples • Contain chlorophyll.

• Bladderwort → Insectivorous • Cell wall is made of cellulose.

• Venus Flytrap → Insectivorous • Chloroplasts are present.

• Cuscuta → Parasitic plant • Five major groups: Algae, Bryophytes,

Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms,
Angiosperms.
Plant Cell Features • Life cycle shows Alternation of
• Eukaryotic cells Generations.

• Chloroplasts present • Sporophyte = 2n, Gametophyte = n.

• Cell wall made of cellulose

Memory Trick (Plantae)
Groups What is Kingdom Animalia?

"All Boys Play Good Cricket" • Includes multicellular eukaryotic

organisms.
• A → Algae
• Cells do not have a cell wall.
• B → Bryophytes
• Animals are heterotrophic.
• P → Pteridophytes

• G → Gymnosperms
Nutrition
• C → Angiosperms
• Depend directly or indirectly on
Alternation
plants for food.
"S = Strong = 2n"
• Food is digested in an internal cavity.
• Sporophyte = 2n
• Nutrition is Holozoic (ingestion of
• Gametophyte = n food).

Exceptions (Plantae) Food Storage

• Bladderwort and Venus Flytrap are Animals store food as:

insectivorous.
• Glycogen
• Cuscuta is a parasitic plant.
• Fat
• Not all plants are completely
autotrophic.
Growth

• Follow a definite growth pattern.

Exam Tips (Plantae)
• Adults have a fixed shape and size.
Students often forget:

• Cell wall = Cellulose.

Other Features
• Chloroplasts are present.
• Well-developed sensory organs.
• Sporophyte = Diploid (2n).
• Well-developed neuromotor system.
• Gametophyte = Haploid (n).
• Most animals show locomotion
• Alternation of generations is a (movement).
favorite NCERT question.

Important Points (Animalia)

Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular eukaryotes.
Easy Notes
• No cell wall.
 • Heterotrophic.

• Nutrition is holozoic. 30-Second Revision

• Food is digested internally. Plantae

• Store food as glycogen or fat. • Eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing.
• Most animals can move. • Cell wall = Cellulose.
• Higher animals have advanced • Five groups: Algae, Bryophytes,
nervous and sensory systems. Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms,
Angiosperms.

• Alternation of generations:
Memory Trick (Animalia)
o Sporophyte = 2n
Animal Characteristics
o Gametophyte = n
"HING-FL"
Animalia
• H → Heterotrophic
• Multicellular eukaryotes.
• I → Internal digestion
• No cell wall.
• N → No cell wall
• Heterotrophic.
• G → Glycogen storage
• Holozoic nutrition.
• F → Fixed body shape
• Food stored as glycogen/fat.
• L → Locomotion
• Most show locomotion.

Exceptions (Animalia)
1-Minute Revision
• Most animals can move (locomotion),
but not all animals are highly mobile • Kingdom Plantae includes all
throughout life. eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing
plants. Cell walls are made of cellulose
and chloroplasts are present.
Exam Tips (Animalia)
• Some plants are partially
Students often confuse: heterotrophic, such as insectivorous
plants (Bladderwort, Venus Flytrap)
• Plants → Cellulose cell wall and the parasitic plant Cuscuta.
• Animals → No cell wall
• Plantae consists of Algae, Bryophytes,
• Plants store food mainly as starch Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
(general biology), whereas animals Angiosperms.
store food as glycogen/fat. • Plants exhibit alternation of
• Nutrition in animals = Holozoic. generations between the diploid
 sporophyte (2n) and the haploid Feature Plantae Animalia
gametophyte (n).
Present
• Kingdom Animalia consists of Cell wall Absent
(Cellulose)
multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes without a cell wall. Chlorophyll Present Absent
• Animals digest food internally, follow Mostly Heterotrophic
holozoic nutrition, store food as Nutrition
Autotrophic (Holozoic)
glycogen or fat, have a definite body
form, and most are capable of Mainly starch
Food
locomotion with well-developed (general Glycogen/Fat
storage
sensory and neuromotor systems. biology)

Generally
Locomotion Usually present
absent
Expected Exam Questions

1. Define Kingdom Plantae. Alternation of No alternation

Life cycle
generations of generations
2. Why are Bladderwort and Venus
Flytrap called insectivorous plants? Viruses, Viroids, Prions & Lichens (NCERT
Class 11)
3. Why is Cuscuta called a parasitic
plant?

4. List the five major groups of Plantae. ## Easy Notes

5. Explain alternation of generations. What are Viruses?

6. Differentiate sporophyte and • Viruses are acellular (non-cellular)

gametophyte. organisms.

7. Write the main characteristics of • They are not included in Whittaker's

Kingdom Animalia. Five Kingdom Classification.

8. What is holozoic nutrition? • They are not considered truly living

because they lack cell structure.
9. Where do animals store their food
reserves? • Outside a host cell, they remain inert
and can even form crystals.
10. Differentiate Kingdom Plantae and
Kingdom Animalia. • Inside a living cell, they become active
and replicate using the host's
machinery.
NCERT Comparison: Plantae vs Animalia
Viruses are called obligate parasites
Feature Plantae Animalia because they cannot live or reproduce
without a host.
Cell type Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Discovery of Viruses (VERY IMPORTANT) Virus Genetic Material

Scientist Contribution Mostly Single-stranded RNA

Plant viruses
(ssRNA)
Discovered virus causing
Dmitri
tobacco mosaic disease; Animal viruses ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA
Ivanowsky
showed it passed through
(1892)
bacteria-proof filters. Usually Double-stranded
Bacteriophages
DNA (dsDNA)
M.W. Named it Virus and called it
Beijerinck Contagium vivum fluidum
(1898) (infectious living fluid).
Diseases Caused by Viruses
Crystallised viruses; proved Humans
W.M. Stanley
they are mainly made of
(1935) • Common cold
proteins.
• Influenza (Flu)

• Mumps
Structure of Virus
• Smallpox
A virus has 2 main parts:
• Herpes
1. Genetic Material
• AIDS
2. Protein Coat (Capsid)
Plants
Capsid
• Mosaic disease
• Protective protein covering.
• Leaf rolling
• Made of Capsomeres (protein
subunits). • Leaf curling

Arrangement of Capsomeres • Yellowing

• Helical

• Polyhedral Viroids

Features

Genetic Material in Viruses • Smaller than viruses.

Very Important Rule • Made of only RNA.

A virus contains either DNA or RNA. • No protein coat (capsid).

Never both together. • Cause diseases mainly in plants.

Types of Viral Genetic Material Prions

Features
 • Made of only proteins.

• No DNA or RNA. ## Memory Trick

• Cause brain diseases in animals and Virus Discoverers

humans.
"I Be Stan"

• I → Ivanowsky
Lichens
• Be → Beijerinck
What are Lichens?
• Stan → Stanley
A symbiotic association between:

• Alga (makes food by photosynthesis)

Virus Structure
• Fungus (provides water, minerals and
"CP"
protection)
• C → Capsid
Importance
• P → Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• Grow even on rocks and tree bark.

• Very sensitive to air pollution.

Viroid vs Virus vs Prion
• Used as indicators of pollution.
"VIP"

• Viroid → RNA Only

## Important Points
• Virus → DNA or RNA + Protein Coat
• Viruses are acellular.
• Prion → Protein Only
• They are living only inside a host cell.

• They are non-living outside the host.

Lichen
• Viruses are obligate parasites.
"AF"
• Virus = Nucleoprotein.
• A → Alga → Food
• Capsid is made of capsomeres.
• F → Fungus → Water & Protection
• Virus contains either DNA or RNA
(never both).

• Plant viruses → ssRNA. ## Exceptions

• Animal viruses → RNA or DNA. • Viruses are not placed in the Five
Kingdom Classification.
• Bacteriophages → dsDNA.
• Viruses contain either DNA or RNA,
• Viroids = RNA only.
never both.
• Prions = Protein only.
• Viroids lack a protein coat.
• Lichen = Alga + Fungus.
 • Prions lack nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). • Viruses are non-cellular and obligate
parasites.
• Bacteriophages usually contain
double-stranded DNA. • Outside host → Inert.

• Inside host → Active.

## Formula / Rules • Virus = DNA or RNA + Capsid.

Virus • Plant virus → ssRNA.

Genetic Material + Capsid • Bacteriophage → dsDNA.

• Viroid = RNA only.

Genetic Material Rule • Prion = Protein only.

DNA OR RNA • Lichen = Alga + Fungus.

Never both together.

## 1-Minute Revision
Lichen
• Viruses are acellular organisms that
Alga + Fungus = Lichen are inert outside a host cell but
become active inside it. They are
obligate parasites.
## Exam Tips
• Important scientists: Ivanowsky
Students often forget: (tobacco mosaic disease), Beijerinck
(named virus), Stanley (crystallised
• Viruses are acellular.
viruses).
• They are obligate parasites. • A virus is a nucleoprotein consisting
• Capsid = protein coat. of genetic material and a protein coat
(capsid) made of capsomeres.
• Capsomeres form the capsid.
• Viruses contain either DNA or RNA,
• Virus has either DNA or RNA, never never both.
both.
• Plant viruses usually have ssRNA;
• Viroids = RNA only. bacteriophages usually have dsDNA.
• Prions = Protein only. • Viral diseases include influenza,
• Lichens = Alga + Fungus. mumps, smallpox, herpes, AIDS, and
plant mosaic disease.
• Bacteriophages infect bacteria and
usually have dsDNA. • Viroids contain only RNA, Prions
contain only protein, and Lichens are
a symbiotic association of an alga and
## 30-Second Revision a fungus.
## Expected Exam Questions

1. Why are viruses not included in the

Five Kingdom Classification?

2. Why are viruses called obligate

parasites?

3. Explain the structure of a virus.

4. Differentiate virus, viroid and prion.

5. Write the contributions of Ivanowsky,

Beijerinck and Stanley.

6. What is a capsid? What are

capsomeres?

7. State the rule regarding the genetic

material of viruses.

8. Differentiate plant viruses, animal

viruses, and bacteriophages based on
genetic material.

9. List diseases caused by viruses in

humans and plants.

10. What are lichens? Explain their

symbiotic relationship and
importance.

11. Why are lichens considered

indicators of air pollution?

12. Define viroids and prions with one

characteristic each.