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Solutions Chapter Keywords Formulas Summary

The document provides an overview of solutions, including key concepts such as solute, solvent, types of solutions, and concentration terms. It outlines important laws like Henry's and Raoult's, as well as colligative properties and their formulas. Additionally, it discusses the implications of ideal and non-ideal solutions, abnormal molar mass, and applications like reverse osmosis.

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2 views2 pages

Solutions Chapter Keywords Formulas Summary

The document provides an overview of solutions, including key concepts such as solute, solvent, types of solutions, and concentration terms. It outlines important laws like Henry's and Raoult's, as well as colligative properties and their formulas. Additionally, it discusses the implications of ideal and non-ideal solutions, abnormal molar mass, and applications like reverse osmosis.

Uploaded by

yobaha8852
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solutions – Important Keywords, Formulas &

Summary

Important Keywords

• Solution

• Solute and Solvent

• Types of Solutions (Solid, Liquid, Gaseous)

• Concentration Terms (Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality, Mass %)

• Solubility

• Henry’s Law

• Raoult’s Law

• Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions

• Positive and Negative Deviations

• Azeotropes (Minimum & Maximum Boiling)

• Colligative Properties

• Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

• Elevation of Boiling Point

• Depression of Freezing Point

• Osmotic Pressure

• Reverse Osmosis

• Abnormal Molar Mass

• van’t Hoff Factor (i)

• Association and Dissociation of Solutes

Important Formulas

• Mole Fraction (xi) = ni / Σni

• Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in litres

• Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg

• Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100

• Raoult’s Law: p1 = x1 p1°

• Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure: (p1° − p1) / p1° = x2

• Total Vapour Pressure (Ideal Solution): ptotal = p1°x1 + p2°x2

• Henry’s Law: p = KH x
• Elevation of Boiling Point: ∆Tb = Kb m

• Depression of Freezing Point: ∆Tf = Kf m

• Osmotic Pressure: π = nRT / V

• With van’t Hoff factor: ∆Tb = iKb m

• ∆Tf = iKf m

• π = i nRT / V

• van’t Hoff factor: i = Observed colligative property / Calculated property

Chapter Summary

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solutions may be classified as


solid, liquid or gaseous depending on the physical states of solute and solvent. The concentration of
solutions can be expressed in different ways such as mole fraction, molarity, molality and mass
percentage. Solubility depends on the nature of solute and solvent, temperature and pressure.
Dissolution of gases in liquids follows Henry’s Law, which states that solubility is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Raoult’s Law explains the lowering of vapour
pressure when a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent. Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s Law over
the entire concentration range, while non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations.
Large deviations lead to the formation of azeotropes. Colligative properties depend only on the
number of solute particles and not on their nature. These include lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure. These properties are
used to determine molar mass of solutes. When solutes dissociate or associate in solution,
abnormal molar mass is observed. This effect is explained using the van’t Hoff factor (i). Reverse
osmosis is an important application of osmotic pressure and is widely used in water purification and
desalination.

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