Control of Safety Hazards

Dr. Mahmoud M. Nassar

Palestine Polytechnic University
Spring – 2025/2026
Summary of Topics Covered

Workplace and Welfare Movement and Vehicles

Safety measures for movement of people and vehicles in the workplace,
Comprehensive coverage of workplace requirements including maintenance,
including designated routes, barriers, driver requirements, and vehicle
ventilation, temperature control, lighting, cleanliness, space requirements, safe
maintenance protocols.
floors, traffic routes, and essential welfare facilities.

Driving for Work Fire Safety

Evaluation of work-related road safety including driver competency, training Complete fire safety management including risk assessment, fire triangle
requirements, fitness and health standards, vehicle safety, and journey planning principles, prevention strategies, emergency planning, fire fighting equipment,
considerations. and general precautions.

Electricity and Equipment Work Equipment and Handling

Electrical hazard identification, system safety checks, visual inspection
Safe use of work equipment including machinery guarding, mobile equipment,
procedures, testing requirements, and emergency response for electric shock
hand tools, maintenance procedures, manual handling techniques, and risk
incidents.
reduction strategies.

Additional Topics: Slips and trips prevention, working at height safety requirements, and confined space entry protocols.

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The Workplace and Basic Welfare - Overview

Fundamental Principle:
A place of work should be clean , comfortable , and safe . Workplace regulations apply to most workplaces and establish
minimum standards for health, safety, and welfare.

Maintenance Ventilation Temperature

Proper upkeep of workplace and equipment Fresh or purified air supply Comfortable working conditions

Lighting Cleanliness Space

Adequate natural and emergency lighting Regular cleaning of all surfaces Sufficient room for comfortable work

Additional Requirements: Well-designed workstations, safe floors, fall

Key Focus Areas: Thirteen essential elements must be addressed to
protection, suitable windows, safe traffic routes, safe escalators, and
achieve a clean, comfortable, and safe workplace environment.
good welfare facilities.

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Workplace Requirements - Maintenance and Ventilation

1 Maintenance 2 Ventilation

Core Requirement Core Requirement

The workplace and equipment should be properly maintained to ensure safe There should be a sufficient quantity of fresh or purified air to ventilate enclosed
operation and prevent deterioration that could create hazards. workplaces effectively.

Why It Matters Purpose

Regular maintenance prevents equipment failure, reduces accident risks, extends Proper ventilation removes stale air, controls humidity, eliminates contaminants,
equipment life, and ensures continued safe working conditions. and maintains air quality for worker health and comfort.

Documentation Implementation
Maintain records of all maintenance activities, including dates, work performed, Use natural ventilation where possible. Where insufficient, install mechanical
and next scheduled maintenance. ventilation systems. Regularly maintain ventilation equipment.

Integration: Maintenance and ventilation systems work together - poorly maintained ventilation cannot provide adequate air quality, while inadequate ventilation can accelerate
equipment deterioration.

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Workplace Requirements - Temperature and Lighting

3 Temperature Control 4 Lighting

Standard Requirement Natural Lighting

If a room is used for more than short periods, a comfortable temperature (normally In all workplaces there should be good natural lighting, wherever possible . Natural
20°C/60.8°F) should be maintained during working hours. light is preferred for worker well-being and energy efficiency.

Monitoring Emergency Lighting

A thermometer should be available for staff to check temperature. This empowers Emergency lighting should be provided where failure of normal lighting would
workers to verify conditions and report concerns. cause danger, ensuring safe evacuation.

Special Conditions Safety Requirements

Where uncomfortable conditions cannot be avoided (e.g., cold stores), access to a Lighting should be sufficient for safe movement. Staircases should be shadow-free.
rest room should be made available for workers to warm up. Dazzling lights and glare must be avoided to prevent eye strain and accidents.

Temperature Note: The 20°C/60.8°F standard applies to sedentary work. Physical work Lighting Quality: Good lighting reduces eye strain, prevents accidents, and improves
may require lower temperatures for comfort. productivity and worker satisfaction.

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Workplace Requirements - Cleanliness and Space

5 Cleanliness 6 Space

Scope Minimum Standard

Workplaces including walls, floors, and ceilings as well as furnishings should There should be enough floor area, height and unoccupied space for people
be kept clean. to feel comfortable. Allow at least 11 cubic metres per person .

Standard Height Calculation

The standard of cleanliness should be appropriate to what is going on in the Any height above 3 metres is discounted when calculating the 11 cubic metres
room - higher standards for food preparation than storage areas. per person requirement.

Waste Management Movement Space

Waste materials should be stored in appropriate receptacles and removed When furniture is in the room, there must still be enough space left for people
regularly to prevent accumulation and hazards. to move around easily and safely.

Space Calculation Example: For a room 4m × 5m with 4m ceiling height: Total calculated volume = 60 cubic metres. Maximum occupancy = 60 ÷ 11 = 5 people
(approximately).

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Workplace Requirements - Workstations and Floors

7 Well-Designed Workstations 8 Safe Floors

Suitability Environmental Suitability

Workstations should be suitable for the worker and the work being performed. Floors should be suitable for their environment - non-slip in wet areas, durable
One size does not fit all. in heavy traffic zones.

Seating Surface Condition

Good seating must be provided for any work done sitting down. Chairs should Floors should not be so uneven or slippery as to present risk. Regular inspection
be adjustable and provide proper support. and maintenance required.

Workspace Special Environments

There should be enough space around the workstation for people to work safely Floors especially important if outside or in wet conditions. Arrangements needed
without obstruction or risk of collision. for removal of spillage and obstructions.

Ergonomic Design: Proper workstation design reduces musculoskeletal disorders and Floor Safety: Floor-related accidents are among the most common workplace
improves productivity. injuries - proper floor maintenance is essential.

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Workplace Requirements - Danger of Falling

9 Danger of falling

Housekeeping and Flooring

Floors and walkways should be clean, dry, and free from obstacles. Spills must be
cleaned immediately, and cables or clutter should not obstruct movement paths.
Surfaces should be even and non-slip, with damaged flooring repaired promptly.

Lighting and Visibility

Adequate lighting must be provided in all work areas, especially walkways and
stairs. Poor visibility increases the likelihood of missteps, trips, and falls.

Access and Personal Safety

Safe access should be ensured for all work areas, including stairs, ramps, and
platforms. Handrails or guardrails must be used where there is a risk of falling from
height. Workers should wear appropriate non-slip footwear suitable for the work
environment.

Ergonomic Design: Preventing falls requires both a safe environment and safe worker
behavior. If either one is poorly designed or managed, the risk of injury increases
quickly.

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Workplace Requirements - Windows and Traffic Routes

10 Suitable Windows 11 Safe Traffic Routes

Safety Material Organisation

Windows and glazed doors should be of safety material where danger could occur : Safe routes should be organised for pedestrians and vehicles in workplaces.
• Below shoulder level in doors
• Below waist level in windows
Separation
Where practicable, pedestrian and vehicle routes should be kept separate to minimise
Marking Requirements collision risks.
Large areas of glass that someone could walk into should be clearly marked to prevent
collisions.
Marking and Signage
Routes should be clearly marked with appropriate signs, markings, and crossing points
Safe Cleaning where necessary.
Provision should be made for safe window cleaning, for example: tilt and turn windows,
fixing points for harnesses.

Safety Priority: Both window safety and traffic route management are critical for preventing serious injuries - window collisions and vehicle-pedestrian accidents can cause severe harm.

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Well marked passageway in large factory with crossing point.

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Workplace Requirements - Escalators and Welfare Facilities

12 Safe Escalators and Moving Roadways 13 Good Welfare Facilities

Functionality Importance
These must function safely at all times. Regular maintenance and inspection Good welfare facilities are essential for worker health, comfort, and dignity.
essential.

Components
Safety Devices Includes: toilets, washing facilities, drinking water, rest areas, changing facilities.
Appropriate safety devices must be installed and maintained to prevent
accidents.
Detailed Coverage
Comprehensive welfare requirements detailed in subsequent section.
Emergency Controls
Emergency stop controls should be provided, clearly marked, and easily
accessible.

Escalator Safety: Escalators and moving walkways require particular attention due to their mechanical nature and the potential for serious injury if they malfunction or are misused.

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Access and Egress

Fundamental Requirement:

There should be a safe way to get to and from places of work and areas like toilets and washing areas. This is essential for both normal operations and
emergency evacuation.

Basic Requirements Space Considerations

Floors, corridors and stairs free of obstructions Vehicle movements along routes

Well lit with suitable, properly maintained even surfaces Roadways, furniture or other equipment placement
Not slippery - appropriate surface for conditions Emissions from boilers or process equipment

Sufficient space to get in and out safely Weather conditions for outdoor routes

Weather Protection Safety Features Route Separation

Outdoor routes need to be properly drained or Safe glazing in doors/partitions, handrails on open Safe routes for pedestrians and vehicles should be
treated when icy and swept regularly. edges, good drainage in wet processes. kept separate where practicable.

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Maintenance and Cleanliness

Core Principle:
The workplace and equipment should be maintained so that it works efficiently and is kept in good repair for reasons of safety. Proper maintenance
is a legal and moral obligation.

Maintenance System Requirements Maintenance Contracts

Systematic Approach Specialist Equipment
Where necessary, there should be a system of maintenance for equipment For things like fire extinguishers and gas boilers, maintenance contracts will be
and other devices. needed .

Documentation Qualified Personnel

The system should provide records of work carried out and suitable forward Specialist equipment requires qualified technicians for safe maintenance.
dates for routine work.
Regular Servicing
Contracts ensure regular professional servicing and compliance with safety
Examples of Equipment
Emergency lighting, fire alarms, fences, anchorage points for safety harnesses. standards.

Key Insight: Preventive maintenance is always more cost-effective than reactive repairs, and significantly reduces accident risks.

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Poor Housekeeping Hazards

Impact of Poor Housekeeping:

Poor housekeeping can create hazards through multiple pathways and is a significant contributory factor in many incidents .

Dirty and Untidy Workplaces

Overcrowding
Dirty, unhygienic and untidy workplaces create unpleasant conditions and health
Areas being too small and overcrowded increases accident risks and stress.
hazards.

Health Consequences
Obstructions Poor housekeeping can be a factor in the spread of infection or harm from toxic
Hitting or tripping over obstructions in the workplace causes immediate physical
chemical effects.
injuries.

Blocked Exits Accidents and Ill Health

Blocking fire exit routes and doorways creates life-threatening evacuation
Poor housekeeping causes accidents and/or ill health through multiple pathways.
hazards.

Prevention: Regular inspections, high standards, effective cleaning, and rubbish removal are all needed to prevent or rectify poor housekeeping.

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Poor housekeeping and waste collection.

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Cleanliness Standards and Floor Safety

Cleanliness Standards Floor Safety

Scope
Workplaces including walls, floors, ceilings and furnishings should be kept
Environmental Suitability
Floors should be suitable for their environment especially if outside or in wet
clean.
conditions.

Decoration
Properly decorated as necessary to maintain appearance and hygiene. Surface Condition
They should not be so uneven or slippery as to present risk.

Waste Management
Waste materials should be stored in receptacles and removed regularly. Spillage Management
Arrangements should be made for the removal of spillage and obstructions
as soon as possible.
Appropriate Standards
The standard should be appropriate to what is going on in the room .
Prevention Strategy
Regular inspections, high standards, effective cleaning and rubbish removal
prevent poor housekeeping.

Best Practice: Establish cleaning schedules, assign responsibilities, provide appropriate cleaning equipment, and conduct regular inspections to maintain standards.

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Welfare Facilities - Basic Requirements

Fundamental Principle:
Basic welfare facilities are essential for worker health, dignity, and comfort. These facilities support personal hygiene and provide necessary rest
and refreshment.

Toilets Soap and Towels

Clean, well-ventilated toilets which should, in most cases, be separate for male
Soap and clean towels or hand dryer for proper hand washing and drying.
and female . For females, means of disposing of sanitary dressings must be
provided.

Skin Care
Wash Basins
Skin cleansers with nail brushes, barrier creams and skin conditioning cream
Wash basins with hot and cold running water must be provided for personal where necessary for work involving substances that affect skin.
hygiene.

Drying Facilities
Showers Drying facilities for wet clothes with lockers or hanging space for clothing.
Clothing accommodation required where wet outdoor clothing can dry out
Showers for dirty work where workers become substantially soiled.
during working day.

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Washbasin with hot water, soap and dryer.

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Welfare Facilities - Additional Requirements

Changing Facilities Smoking Restrictions

Changing facilities where special clothing is worn, providing privacy Smoking is now forbidden in the workplace and in enclosed public
and convenience for workers. spaces to protect health and reduce fire risks.

Drinking Water
Special Facilities
Clean drinking water supply with cups required. Non-drinking water
Rest facilities for pregnant women and nursing mothers to provide
supplies should be clearly marked to prevent accidental
comfort and privacy.
consumption.

Rest Facilities Facility Numbers

Rest facilities including facilities for preparing and eating food. Should
The number of facilities required depends on the number of people
include food storage arrangements and safe methods of heating
at work. Detailed guidance available on toilet and washbasin ratios
food.
for different workforce sizes.

Worker Welfare: Good welfare facilities demonstrate employer commitment to worker wellbeing, improve morale, and support health and
productivity.

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Toilets used by each gender
Total Workers (per Notes / Cultural
Men: Toilets Women: Toilets
gender) Considerations
Small staff, separate
1 – 15 1 1
entrances
Ensure privacy and
16 – 35 2 2
lockable doors
Allow space for ablution if
36 – 55 3 3
near prayer area
Maintain dignity, clean
56 – 80 4 4
regularly
Separate washing areas
81 – 110 5 5
recommended

Consider slightly higher

111 – 150 6 6
than minimum for comfort

Add extra for peak times

>150 +1 per 40 men +1 per 40 women
and prayer needs

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Movement of People and Vehicles - Overview

Vehicle Hazards at Work:

There are several ways in which vehicles are a hazard at work. Understanding these hazards is essential for implementing
effective control measures.

Being Hit by a Vehicle Injury or Damage While Driving

Pedestrians struck by vehicles suffer severe injuries. This is one of the Drivers can cause injury or damage through unsafe operation,
most serious workplace vehicle hazards. speeding, or inattention.

Loading and Unloading Refuelling

Loading and unloading operations present risks from falling objects, Refuelling presents fire and explosion risks, particularly with
vehicle movement, and manual handling. flammable materials.

Priority Action: Vehicle-related incidents are among the most common causes of workplace fatalities. Comprehensive control measures are
essential.

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Vehicle Safety Precautions - Part 1

1 Separation of People and Vehicles 4 Minimise Reversing

Keep vehicles and people apart wherever possible by using separate entrances Minimise the need for reversing and include alarms and CCTV on large vehicles
and barriers to make designated walkways. to improve visibility.

2 Designated Traffic Routes 5 Pedestrian Visibility

Set up designated traffic routes with appropriate signs and where appropriate Ensure pedestrians have good visibility with good lighting and mirrors on blind
one-way systems to control vehicle movement. corners.

3 Driver Vision 6 Trained and Authorised Drivers

Ensure drivers have good eyesight and their vision is not obscured by poor Ensure only trained and authorised drivers operate vehicles to ensure
lighting, blind corners or large loads. competence and accountability.

Safety Hierarchy: Separation is the most effective control. Where separation is not possible, use barriers, signage, and traffic management systems.

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Vehicle Safety Precautions - Part 2

7 Passenger Safety 10 Loading and Unloading

Not carrying passengers on vehicles unless there are properly fitted Only carry out loading and unloading in suitable locations with
seats with appropriate restraints. appropriate equipment. Take care over access to vehicles and where
forklift trucks are being used.

8 Correct Vehicle Selection

11 Refuelling Safety
Ensure the correct vehicle is selected for the job and terrain to match
capabilities with requirements. Take proper precautions against fire when refuelling using flammable
gases or liquids. No smoking, proper ventilation, spill containment.

9 Vehicle Maintenance

Keep vehicles properly maintained with regular inspections,

servicing, and repairs to ensure safe operation.

Maintenance Importance: Well-maintained vehicles are safer, more reliable, and less likely to break down or cause accidents.

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Vehicle Safety Precautions - Part 3

12 Speed Limits 14 Battery Recharging Safety

Battery recharging gives off highly flammable hydrogen gases , which
Have sensible speed limits appropriate for the workplace
should be properly ventilated to the outside. This is particularly
environment and vehicle type.
important when banks of forklift trucks are being re-charged in the
same area.

13 Speed Reduction Measures

Perhaps introducing speed reducing road humps or other traffic

calming measures in appropriate areas.

Critical Warning: Hydrogen gas from battery charging is highly explosive. Proper ventilation is not optional - it is essential for preventing serious
explosions.

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Shutting off a footpath to protect workers and the public. Separate doors for vehicles and pedestrians

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Driving for Work - Introduction

The Scale of the Problem:

Up to a third of all road traffic accidents involve somebody who is at work at the time.

Legal Responsibilities Scope of Application

Common Misconception Covered

Some employers believe compliance with road traffic law (valid vehicle certificates, All work-related driving activities including deliveries, site visits, client meetings,
driver licences) is enough. transporting goods or equipment.

Reality Not Covered

Health and safety law applies to on-the-road work activities as it does to all work Health and safety law does not apply to commuting, unless the employee is travelling
activities. from home to a location which is not their usual place of work.

Requirement
Risks should be managed effectively within a health and safety management system.

Serious Case Example: A young driver paralysed when a light truck turned over was awarded significant compensation. The driver had been working excessive hours, demonstrating
serious work-related fatigue. This illustrates employer liability for work-related road safety.

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Driving for Work - The Driver: Competency

Competency Assessment:

Ensuring drivers are competent is fundamental to work-related road safety. The following considerations should be used to check competency.

Basic Competency Company Policy

Is the driver competent, experienced and capable of doing the work safely? When the driver is at work, is he or she aware of company policy on work-related
road safety?
Is the driver's licence valid for the type of vehicle to be driven?

Is the vehicle suitable for the task or restricted by the driver's licence? Are written instructions and guidance available?

Recruitment Procedures Standards and Monitoring

Does recruitment procedure include appropriate pre-appointment checks? Has the company specified and monitored the standards of skill and expertise
required for the circumstances for the job?
Is the driving licence checked for validity on recruitment and periodically
thereafter?

Best Practice: Regular licence checks, driver assessments, and clear policies help ensure only competent drivers operate company vehicles.

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Driving for Work - The Driver: Training

Training Requirements:

Proper training ensures drivers have the knowledge and skills to operate vehicles safely. Consider these training elements:

Basic Training Vehicle Knowledge Emergency Procedures

• Are drivers properly trained? • Routine safety checks (lights, tyres)
• What to do if vehicle breaks down • Ensure driver's safety
• Do drivers need additional training? • Adjust safety equipment correctly
in emergencies • Know how to raise alarm
• Does company provide induction training? • Use anti-lock brakes (ABS) properly
• Are high-risk drivers given priority? • Ensure safe load distribution

Documentation Fatigue Awareness Vehicle Dimensions

• Is there a handbook for drivers? • Are drivers aware of fatigue dangers? • Do drivers know vehicle height?
• Clear written instructions • Recognise signs of tiredness • Both laden and empty heights
• Accessible guidance materials • Know when to stop and rest • Critical for bridges, tunnels

Training Priority: Drivers whose work exposes them to the highest risk should be given priority in training programmes.

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Driving for Work - The Driver: Fitness and Health

Health and Fitness Requirements Medication and Impairment

Basic Standard Medication Policy

The driver's level of health and fitness should be sufficient for safe driving . Poor Staff should not drive, or undertake other duties, while taking a course of
health can impair judgment, reaction time, and driving ability. medicine that might impair their judgement.

Heavy Goods Vehicles Common Impairing Medications

Drivers of heavy goods vehicles must have the appropriate medical certificate. • Sedatives and tranquillisers
Regular medical examinations are mandatory. • Some antihistamines
• Pain medications
• Some antidepressants
High-Risk Drivers
Drivers who are most at risk should also undergo regular medicals to ensure
continued fitness for duty. Employer Responsibility
Employers should have policies requiring drivers to report medications that may
affect driving ability.

Medical Fitness: Regular health assessments help identify conditions that could affect driving safety, protecting both the driver and others on the road.

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Driving for Work - The Vehicle

Vehicle Safety Standard:

Are vehicles maintained in a safe and fit condition? There will need to be comprehensive maintenance and safety systems in place.

Maintenance Driver Checks Load Limits

Maintenance arrangements to acceptable standards Basic safety checks for drivers before each journey Method ensuring vehicle does not exceed maximum load
weight

Load Security Safety Equipment Restraints

Reliable methods to secure goods and equipment in transit Checks ensuring safety equipment in good working order Checks on seatbelts and head restraints - fitted correctly
and functioning

Driver Reporting: Drivers need to know what action to take if they consider their vehicle is unsafe. Clear reporting procedures must be established.

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Driving for Work - The Journey

Journey Planning:
Has enough time been allowed to complete the driving job safely? Journey planning is critical for managing fatigue and reducing
pressure on drivers.

Company Pressure
Realistic Scheduling
Are drivers put under pressure by company policy? Are they encouraged to take
A realistic schedule would take into account the type and condition of the road
unnecessary risks, for example exceeding safe speeds because of agreed arrival
and allow the driver rest breaks.
times?

Driver Work Limits Overnight Stays

A non-vocational driver should not be expected to drive and work for longer than Is it possible for the driver to make an overnight stay? This may be preferable to
a professional driver. completing a long road journey at the end of the working day.

Rest Breaks Irregular Hours

The recommendation is for a 15-minute break every two hours of driving. Are staff aware that working irregular hours can add to the dangers of driving?
They need to be advised of the dangers of driving home when excessively tired.

Journey Management: Proper journey planning reduces accidents, improves driver wellbeing, and demonstrates employer duty of care.

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Fire Safety - Introduction

The Fire Threat:

Fire kills from the effects of smoke and heat. It is one of the biggest single threats to any business. Whatever the nature of the
business, you should be aware of how to prevent fire.

Prevention Priority Legal Framework

Business Protection
Fire Safety Order
Taking the right precautions will help to ensure the business doesn't go up in
smoke. Enforcing Fire Safety Requirements in Commercial and Public Buildings
Life Safety
Fire safety measures protect lives - employees, visitors, and emergency
Responsible Person
responders. Any person with some level of control in premises must take reasonable steps
to reduce fire risk.
Property Protection
Prevention protects buildings, equipment, stock, and business continuity.
Key Duty
Make sure people can safely escape if there is a fire.

Comprehensive Coverage: Fire safety applies to virtually all premises and covers nearly every type of building, structure and open space.

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Fire Safety - Scope and Application

Where the Order Applies Where the Order Does NOT Apply
The order applies to virtually all premises and covers nearly every
type of building, structure and open space: Private Homes
People's private homes, including individual flats in a block or
• Offices and shops • Care premises
house, are not covered by the order.
• Community halls • Places of worship

• Shared residential areas • Pubs, clubs, restaurants Domestic Premises

Purely domestic premises are excluded, though other housing
• Schools, sports centres • Tents and marquees
laws may apply to shared areas.
• Hotels and hostels • Factories, warehouses

Wide Coverage: The order's broad application means most workplaces and public buildings must comply with fire safety requirements.

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Fire Safety - Main Requirements

What You Must Do:

The responsible person has specific legal duties to ensure fire safety in premises.

1 Fire Risk Assessment 4 Dangerous Materials

Carry out a fire-risk assessment identifying any possible dangers and risks in your Make sure there is protection if flammable or explosive materials are used or stored.
premises.

5 Emergency Planning
2 Identify People at Risk
Make a plan to deal with any emergency. Keep a record of your findings.
Think about who may be especially at risk, including vulnerable individuals.

6 Regular Review
3 Reduce Risks
Review your findings if things change - premises use, occupancy, processes.
Get rid of or reduce the risk from fire and take precautions to deal with any possible fire
risks left.

Documentation: Keeping records of your fire risk assessment and actions taken is essential for demonstrating compliance.

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Fire Safety - Responsible Persons

Who Is Responsible?

Under the order, anyone who has control of premises or anyone who has a degree of control over certain areas or systems may be a 'responsible person'.

The Employer The Occupier

The employer for those parts of premises staff may go to. Employers have primary Such as self-employed people or voluntary organisations if they have any control
responsibility for employee safety. over premises or activities.

Managing Agent or Owner Any Other Person

For shared parts of premises or shared fire safety equipment such as fire-warning Any other person who has some control over a part of the premises may share
systems or sprinklers. responsibility.

Shared Responsibility: Although in many premises the responsible person will be Enforcement: Fire safety is normally enforced by the local Fire and Rescue
obvious, there may be times when a number of people have some responsibility. Authority who can inspect premises and require improvements.

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Fire Triangle

Understanding Fire:
In order for fire to occur, three ingredients need to be present .
Understanding the fire triangle is fundamental to fire prevention.

Oxygen Fuel Ignition Source

Present in the air Flammable gases Hot surfaces

From oxidizing substances Flammable liquids Electrical equipment

Flammable solids Naked flame, smoking materials

Essential for combustion to occur

Materials that can burn Heat energy to start fire

Key Principle: Take away any one of these three ingredients and fire does not occur. The risk of fire is greatly reduced by basic good sense and good housekeeping.
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Fire Risk Assessment - Overview

Legal Requirement:

The responsible person must carry out a fire risk assessment and a record must be kept of significant findings (if five or more people are employed).

Special Considerations Five-Step Approach

Vulnerable Persons 1 Identify fire hazards

Must pay particular attention to those at special risk, such as people with
disabilities and those with special needs. 2 Identify people at risk

Dangerous Substances 3 Evaluate, remove or reduce risk

Must include consideration of any dangerous substance likely to be on the
premises.
4 Record, plan, instruct, train

5 Review

Documentation: A simple plan can help you record dangers, people at risk, and actions taken. This documentation is essential for compliance and review.

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Five steps in fire risk assessment.
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Fire Risk Assessment - Step 1: Identify Hazards

Objective:
You need to identify in line with the fire triangle - sources of ignition, fuel, and oxygen.

Sources of Ignition Sources of Fuel Sources of Oxygen

Naked Flames Built-up Waste Air Conditioning

Accumulated rubbish and combustible
Open flames from heating, cooking, or Ventilation systems that can spread fire
materials
processes
Oxygen Supplies
Display Materials
Medicinal or commercial oxygen stored
Heaters Cardboard, paper, packaging materials
on site
Portable and fixed heating equipment
Textiles and Products Openings
Fabrics, overstocked products,
Commercial Processes Doors, windows, vents that feed fire
furnishings
Industrial equipment that generates heat

Thorough Inspection: Walk through your premises systematically, looking for all three elements of the fire triangle in every area.

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Fire Risk Assessment - Step 2: Identify People at Risk

Objective:
You will need to identify those people who may be especially at risk. Consider all people in and around the premises, with particular attention to
vulnerable groups.

People Near Fire Dangers Elderly and Disabled

People working near to fire dangers are at increased risk due to proximity to potential The elderly or infirm and people who are disabled may require special evacuation
ignition sources or fuel. arrangements and assistance.

Isolated Workers All Occupants

People working alone or in isolated areas such as roof spaces or storerooms may not be Remember to consider all people in and around the premises, including employees,
able to raise alarm quickly. visitors, contractors, and members of the public.

Children and Parents Personal Emergency Evacuation Plans

Children or parents with babies may need additional assistance and time to evacuate
For people with specific needs, develop individual evacuation plans that address their
safely.
particular requirements.

Priority Focus: Those at special risk need particular attention in your fire safety planning. Their safety may require additional measures beyond standard provisions.

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Fire Risk Assessment - Step 3: Evaluate and Reduce Risk

Objective:
Evaluate the level of risk in your premises. You should remove or reduce any fire hazards where possible and reduce any risks you have identified.

Replace Materials Assess Remaining Risk

Replace highly flammable materials with less flammable ones where possible without When you have reduced the risk as far as possible, you must assess any risk that is left
compromising operations. and decide whether there are any further measures you need to take.

Separate Hazards Evacuation Capability

Look at each part of the premises and decide how quickly people would react to a
Make sure you separate flammable materials from sources of ignition through physical
warning of fire.
distance or barriers.

Seek Expert Advice

Smoking Policy If you are in any doubt or your premises provide care or sleeping facilities, you should
Have a non-smoking or safe-smoking policy to eliminate a major source of ignition. read more detailed guidance or get expert advice.

Hierarchy of Controls: First eliminate hazards, then substitute less dangerous materials, then implement engineering controls, then administrative controls, and finally PPE as last resort.

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Fire Risk Assessment - Fire Exits and Other Considerations

Suitable Fire Exit Doors Other Things to Consider

Ease of Use Emergency Lighting

Whether you need emergency lighting to illuminate escape routes if normal lighting
You should be able to use fire exit doors and any doors on the escape routes
fails.
without a key and without any specialist knowledge .

Fire Safety Signs

Public Premises Suitable fire-safety signs in all but the smallest premises to guide people to exits.
In premises used by the public or large numbers of people, you may need push
(panic) bars or push pads.
Training
Training for your staff or anyone else you may reasonably expect to help in a fire.
Maintenance
All fire exit doors must be regularly maintained and kept clear of obstructions.
Management System
A management system to make sure that you maintain your fire safety systems.

Small Premises: Some very small and simple premises may be able to satisfy all these steps without difficulty. However, you should still be able to show that you have carried out all the steps.

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Fire Risk Assessment - Step 4: Record, Plan, Instruct and Train

Objective:
In this step you should record, plan, instruct, inform and train. Documentation and preparation are essential for effective fire
safety management.

Recording Instructions
You will need to record the dangers and people you have identified as
You will need to give staff, and occasionally others such as guests or
especially at risk in steps 1 and 2. You should also record what you did
volunteer stewards, clear instructions on what to do in case of fire.
about it in step 3.

Training
Emergency Plan
All employees should receive enough information and training about
You will also need to make an emergency plan, tailored to your
the risks in the premises. Some, such as fire marshals, will need more
premises. It should include the action that you need to take in a fire in
thorough training.
your premises or any premises nearby.

Documentation: A simple plan can help you achieve proper Training Levels: All staff need basic awareness. Fire marshals need
recording. Include diagrams showing escape routes, assembly detailed training on evacuation procedures and equipment use.
points, and location of fire fighting equipment.

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Before fire risk assessment. After fire risk assessment.

51
Fire Risk Assessment - Step 5: Review

Objective:

You should make sure your fire-risk assessment is up to date. Regular review ensures continued effectiveness of your fire safety measures.

When to Review Significant Changes

Suspect Invalidity Material Changes

If you store more materials which can catch fire easily
You will need to re-examine your fire-risk assessment if you suspect it is no
longer valid.
Operational Changes
A new night shift starting

Near Misses
Occupancy Changes
You may have a situation which could easily have resulted in a serious fire -
A change in the type or number of people using your premises
often referred to as a 'near miss'.

Continuous Process: Fire risk assessment is not a one-time activity. Regular review ensures your fire safety measures remain appropriate and effective as circumstances change.

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Fire Safety - Rubbish and Smoking

Rubbish Management Smoking Controls

Removal Major Fire Risk

Rubbish should be removed from the premises and into appropriate bins (with lids on) A carelessly discarded cigarette end is still one of the most frequent fire starters.
as quickly and as frequently as possible.

Rubbish Connection
Fire Hazards Getting rid of rubbish will help to reduce fires caused by smoking materials.
Accumulated rubbish provides fuel for fires and can block escape routes. Regular
removal is essential.
Outdoor Restrictions
Do not allow smoking outside in areas where goods or rubbish are stored, or in areas of
Incinerator Safety
high risk.
Never leave a fire, even in an incinerator, unattended. Make sure it is properly
extinguished before it is left.
Indoor Ban
Smoking has been banned inside buildings and many company vehicles to protect
health and reduce fire risk.

Combined Risk: Smoking materials and accumulated rubbish together create a significant fire hazard. Both must be properly managed.

53
Fire Safety - Heaters and Dangerous Substances

Heater Safety Dangerous Substances

Risk Recognition Storage Requirements

Heaters, especially portable ones, can be dangerous. They are a significant source of If you use any dangerous chemicals (paints, adhesives), keep them in a separate fire
ignition. resistant storeroom well away from any source of heat .

Positioning Explosion Risk

All heaters should be sited well away from anything that can catch fire . Aerosols, gas cartridges and cylinders can explode and start fires if they are
exposed to heat.

Clearance
Do not site them near walls and/or ceilings, which may be made of, or covered in, Manufacturer Instructions
combustible materials. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions, paying special attention to storage
recommendations.

Stability
Segregation
Portable heaters should be positioned to minimise risk of being knocked over, pulled
Keep incompatible substances separated. Store in original containers with proper
over or tripped over.
labelling.

Prohibited Uses
Never stand books or papers on them or drape clothes over them - this may cause
overheating and fire.

Critical Controls: Both heaters and dangerous substances require careful management. Proper storage, positioning, and adherence to manufacturer instructions are essential.
54
Fire Safety - General Precautions

Good Sense Fire Safety Precautions:

There are a number of other good sense fire safety precautions you can take to protect your premises and people.

Exit Provision Exit Accessibility Door Management

Provide enough adequately signed exits for everyone to get Fire escape doors should open easily from inside whenever Never wedge fire doors open - they stop smoke and flames
out easily anyone is on the premises from spreading

Alarm Testing Extinguishers Signage

Check fire alarm regularly. Can it be heard everywhere? Does Provide enough properly serviced fire extinguishers of the Ensure running person signs and direction arrows correctly
everyone know what it is? right type deployed

Awareness Instructions Training

Ensure everyone knows what to do in the event of a fire Display clear instructions in popular places and have fire drills Ensure everyone knows how to raise the alarm and how to
regularly use the extinguishers

Comprehensive Approach: Fire safety requires multiple layers of protection. Each precaution contributes to overall safety and should be implemented together.

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Fire Fighting Equipment

Equipment Provision:

Provide adequate means of fire fighting equipment. This is normally in the form of well-maintained fire extinguishers, blankets, etc. It is important to ensure that the
correct fire extinguishers are provided for the hazards present in the premises.

Extinguisher Identification
Fire extinguishers are now coloured signal red with a colour-coded label or band. These replace the differently coloured metal cylinders previously in existence.

Water (Red) AFFF Foam (Cream) Dry Powder (Blue)

For wood, paper, textile and solid material fires A multipurpose extinguisher for liquids or liquefied solids For liquid and electrical fires
DO NOT USE on liquid, electrical or metal fires DO NOT USE on electrical or metal fires DO NOT USE on metal fires

CO₂ (Black) Wet Chemical (Yellow) CO₂ Warning

For liquid and electrical fires Specially designed for high temperature cooking oils Carbon dioxide and liquefied gases can be harmful if used in
DO NOT USE on metal fires For industrial catering kitchens confined spaces. Ventilate the area as soon as the fire is
extinguished.

Right Type: Using the wrong extinguisher can be dangerous. Ensure staff are trained to identify and use the correct type for different fire classes.

58
Guide to fire extinguishers and their use.

60
Electrical Hazards

The Three Main Hazards of Electricity:

Contact with Live Parts Fire from Overheating Explosion

Direct contact with live electrical parts can
Fire from overheating or overloading Explosion from electrical sparks igniting
cause electric shock, burns, and
electrical circuits and equipment. flammable materials or gases.
electrocution.

Electricity passing through the body can cause:

• Convulsions (involuntary contractions of the muscles)

• The heart to stop beating
• Internal and external burns

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Ensuring Electrical System Safety

Low-Risk Environments:
Most of the electrical equipment used in offices and small businesses is low risk and does not need complex, frequent systems of testing but you
do need to do some kind of formal inspection.

Visual Inspection Equipment Covered

The sort of equipment we are talking about here is the type with a lead or cable and a
Usually Sufficient plug:
It is usually enough to inspect it visually, concentrating on what you can see -
Photocopiers Fax machines
damage or faults that you can put right.
Computers Kettles

Prevention
Heaters Fans
This way you will be able to prevent most electrical accidents from happening.
Televisions Desk lamps

Microwaves Vacuum cleaners

Extension leads and their sockets should also be inspected.

Common Problems: The most common problems are with leads and plugs, and sometimes with the equipment itself. The dangers are that people may suffer electric shock or that the equipment
itself will cause a fire.

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Visual Inspection Checks

What to Look For:

About 95% of electrical faults and damage can be discovered simply by looking .
You should disconnect the piece of equipment from the power supply and then look for the following:

Cable Damage Visible Wiring

Damage to the cable covering (cuts, scratches, abrasions) The coloured insulation of the internal wires showing

Plug Damage Cable Grip

The outer covering of the cable not being gripped at the point where it enters the equipment or
Damage to the plug (cracked casing, bent pins)
the plug

Non-Standard Joints Loose Components

Non standard joints such as taped joints in the cable Loose parts, loose screws

Overheating Signs Casing Damage

Overheating, shown by burn marks or stains The outer casing of the equipment being damaged

Environmental Damage
Evidence that the equipment has been used in unsuitable conditions such as a place that is wet
or very dusty

Safety First: Always disconnect equipment from power before inspection. Never attempt to repair electrical equipment unless qualified.
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Electrical Testing and Examination

When Testing is Needed:

Most portable electric equipment in small businesses is low risk and visual inspection is sufficient. However, some situations require more
thorough testing.

Initial Testing Who Can Test

Combined Test and Inspection In-House Testing

It is a good idea to start off by doing a combined test Portable Appliance Testing You can do the testing yourself, or train a member of staff, but you will need the
(PAT) and inspection just to be sure that all your equipment is safe. right equipment and the expertise to use it and interpret the results.

Hidden Faults Outside Experts

Some types of fault cannot be seen just by looking, and this especially applies to Sometimes it may be necessary to seek advice from outside expert electricians
earthing and the leads and plugs connected to earthed equipment. who will carry out a test and examination.

Installation PAT Testing Competence

Fixed wiring from meter through to socket outlets and Test equipment checks earthing, polarity, cable Ensure outside contractors have appropriate technical
light fittings terminations and suitability knowledge and experience

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Keeping Electrical Records

Documentation Benefits:

Although not a legal requirement, it is a good idea to keep written records. You will then know exactly where you are with inspections and tests and you
can prove, should you need to, that you have been complying with the law.

Installation Tests PAT Testing Records

Certificate of Compliance Log Book

For installation tests, you should obtain a certificate of compliance or test A log book should also be maintained for the results of the PAT testing.
and examination.

Tracking
Wiring Regulations Records help track equipment history, identify patterns of faults, and
Such as that laid down in the current edition of the wiring regulations. schedule future tests.

Record Contents: Records should include: date of inspection/test, equipment identification, results, action taken, name of person conducting inspection, and next test
date.

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Electrical Test and Tag Register Template

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Electric Shock Emergency Action

Display Requirements:
All businesses need to display the electric shock placard in an area where electrical shock is possible, like the electrical switch cupboard where the
electrical consumer unit is housed.

Immediate Action Emergency Resuscitation

Switch off power

Open Airway
1
If safe to do so, turn off electricity at source Tilt head backwards, lift chin upwards

2 Call for assistance Check Breathing

Get help immediately Look, listen for breathing for 10 seconds

Remove from source If No Breathing

3 If power cannot be switched off, push or pull casualty clear using dry non-conductive
Phone for ambulance, give two breaths, check circulation
material

Check response Continue Treatment

4
If no response, open airway and remove obstructions Based on condition - rescue breathing or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) until help
arrives

Critical: Your safety first - never touch a casualty still in contact with live electricity. Use non-conductive materials (wood, plastic) to separate them from the source.

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Typical electric shock action placard.

70
Work Equipment - What Are the Risks?

Machinery Hazards:

Many serious accidents at work involve machinery. Understanding these risks is essential for proper safeguarding.

Entanglement Ejection
Hair or clothing can become entangled in moving parts, pulling the person into Parts of the machinery or work tool can be ejected at high speed.
the machinery.

Contact
Impact Contact with sharp edges, hot surfaces, or cutting tools.
People can be struck by moving parts of machinery or ejected materials.

Risk Factors
Drawing In Many things can increase the risks including wrong equipment, inadequate
controls, poor guarding, lack of maintenance, insufficient training, and missing
Parts of the body can be drawn into or trapped in machinery.
safety devices.

Prevention: Proper guarding, maintenance, training, and safe work procedures are essential for preventing machinery-related injuries.

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Work Equipment - Risk Identification

Comprehensive Assessment:
When identifying the risks, think about multiple factors that could contribute to accidents.

Work Activities Guard Design

The work being done during normal use of the equipment and also during setting-up, Guards or safety devices that are badly designed and difficult to use or are easy to defeat
maintenance, cleaning and clearing blockages. can create a false sense of security.

Who Uses Equipment Other Risk Factors

Which workers will use the equipment, including those who are inexperienced, have Other things which could cause risks like vibration, electricity, wet or cold conditions that
changed jobs or those who may have particular difficulties, for example, those with may affect equipment operation or worker capability.
language problems or impaired hearing.

Systematic Approach
Human Factors Consider all phases of equipment use, all users, environmental conditions, and potential
People who may act stupidly or carelessly or make mistakes - human error is a major human factors in your risk assessment.
contributor to accidents.

Thorough Assessment: Comprehensive risk identification is the foundation of effective safeguarding. Consider all aspects of equipment use and all potential users.

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Work Equipment - Using Machinery Safely

Safety Checklist:
Consider the following factors before and during machinery operation:

Suitability Safety Devices Instructions

Are all necessary safety devices fitted and in working
Is the equipment suitable for the task? Do you have the proper instructions for the equipment?
order?

Safe Area Lighting Ventilation

Is the area around the machine safe and level with no
Has suitable lighting been provided? Has extraction ventilation been provided where required?
obstructions?

Risk Assessment Training Supervision

Has risk assessment been done for competence/training Are machine operators trained with enough information
Are people adequately supervised?
requirements? and instruction?

Procedures Clothing PPE

Are safety instructions and procedures being used and Are operators using appropriate clothing without loose
Has necessary special PPE been supplied?
followed? items?

Additional Checks: Are safety guards being used properly? Is maintenance carried out correctly? Are hand tools used correctly and maintained?

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Work Equipment - Guarding Dangerous Parts

Safeguarding Principles:
Safeguarding the dangerous parts of machines and equipment that could cause injury is often the way in which risks are controlled.

Fixed Guards Guard Design

Always use fixed guards wherever possible, securely fixed in position with bolts or Guards must be convenient to use and not easy to defeat. If guards are difficult to use,
screws which need tools to remove them. workers may bypass them.

Interlocked Guards Material Selection

Use an interlocked guard for those parts which need regular access where a fixed guard The materials used for the guards should be thought about carefully so that they continue
would not be suitable. An interlocked guard must ensure that the machine cannot start to work correctly - plastic may be easy to see through but can easily be scratched or
before it is closed and the machine will stop if the guard is opened. damaged; wire mesh may have holes which allow access to the danger area.

Safety Devices Maintenance Access

Safety devices like photoelectric systems or automatic guards may be used instead of The guards must allow the machine to be cleaned and maintained safely. Where guards
fixed or interlocked guards on some machines like guillotines or presses. do not give proper protection use devices such as jigs, holders, push sticks.

Hierarchy: Fixed guards are preferred. Use interlocked guards where access is needed. Safety devices for specific applications. Never rely on procedures alone where guarding is possible.

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Fixed guards. Typical pedestal drill with guard.

78
Work Equipment - Safe Use of Mobile Equipment

Definition:

Mobile work equipment carries out work while travelling or travels from one work place to another, for example dumpers, tractors, trailers and fork-lift
trucks.

Falling Out Unstable Equipment Falling Objects

Anyone riding on mobile work equipment needs Equipment can roll over, especially on slopes or Objects can fall onto operators from above.
protection from falling out. uneven ground.

Protection Measures: Protection Measures: Protection Measures:

• Fit wider wheels or counterbalance
• Fit cab guard rails • Fit FOPS (Falling Object Protective Structures)
weights
• Install barriers (side, front or rear) • Fit protective cage over driver
• Fit ROPS (Roll-Over Protective Structures)
• Provide seat belts • Provide strong cab
• Provide seat belts

Passenger Restrictions: Unless it is designed to do so, do not let people ride on mobile work equipment.
In exceptional circumstances it may be permitted, but you must have sides on trailers and/or secure handholds to prevent people falling.

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Work Equipment - Safe Hand Tools

Proper Use and Maintenance:

Hand tools must be used and maintained properly. Even simple tools can cause serious injuries if misused or poorly maintained.

Chisels Files Hammers

Keep edge sharpened to correct angle Should have a proper handle Avoid split, broken or loose handles
Use wooden mallet on wood chisels Not used as a lever Check for worn or chipped heads
Don't allow cold chisel head to spread to mushroom shape Keep clean and sharp Make sure heads securely attached
Grind off sides regularly

Screwdrivers Spanners General Principles

Never use as chisels Use correct size Use right tool for the job
Never use hammers on them Avoid splayed jaws Inspect before use
Split handles can be dangerous Discard when damaged Maintain regularly
Use correct size for screw Don't use pipes as extension handles Store properly

Tool Safety: Hand tools may seem simple, but misuse or poor maintenance can cause serious injuries. Proper selection, use, and maintenance are essential.

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Work Equipment - Maintenance

Critical Importance:
Equipment maintenance is crucially important. Poorly maintained equipment can be a safety risk, cause lost time and lead to a loss of quality of
work produced.

Safety Devices Inspections

Make sure the guards and other safety devices are checked and kept in working
Inspections should be carried out by a competent person at regular intervals to
order.
make sure the equipment is safe to operate.

Vigilance
Inspection Frequency
Be alert for anyone disregarding or getting around the guards/safety devices.
The intervals between inspection will depend on the type of equipment, how
often it is used and environmental conditions.
Post-Modification Checks
Check the safety devices after any modifications to ensure they still provide
Record Keeping
adequate protection.
Keep a record of inspections made as this can provide useful information for
maintenance workers planning maintenance activities.

Key Times for Inspection: Inspections should always be carried out before the equipment is used for the first time or after major repairs.

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Work Equipment - Doing Maintenance Safely

Safe Working Practices:

Many injuries are received when maintenance work is being done. Proper control includes the following safe working practices:

Power Isolation Temperature

Where possible the power to the equipment should be switched off and ideally disconnected or Hot components should be given time to cool before maintenance begins.
have the fuses or keys removed, particularly where access to dangerous parts will be needed.

Mobile Equipment
Pressurised Systems Switch off the engine, put gearbox in neutral, apply brake and chock wheels. Remove ignition key
Isolate equipment and pipelines containing pressurised fluid, gas, steam or hazardous material. All or battery connections.
isolating valves should be locked off and the keys held securely by the person doing the work.

Flammable Materials
Physical Support
Thoroughly clean vessels that have contained flammable materials before hot work. Take expert
Parts of equipment which could fall should be chocked. Moving equipment should be allowed to
advice on filling with water or inert gas before repairing fuel tanks.
stop.

Working at Height
Make sure a safe and secure means of access is provided which is suitable for the type, duration
and frequency of the task.

Isolation is Critical: Proper isolation prevents unexpected startup or release of energy. Never assume - always verify isolation is effective before starting work.

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Manual Handling - Introduction

The Scale of the Problem:

More than a third of all over-three day injuries arise from manual handling.
It is one of the most common causes of workplace injury.

What is Manual Handling? Employer Duties

Definition
Manual handling involves lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling or 1 Avoid
Avoid the need for manual handling where there is a risk of injury, as far as
carrying a load. reasonably practicable

Common Injuries
2 Assess
Most harm involves the back but there are also many cases of Assess the risk of injury where potentially hazardous manual handling cannot be
injuries to other parts of the body such as sprains to the legs or avoided

arms.
3 Reduce
Reduce the risk of injury by using mechanical aids, team working and adequate
training

Hierarchy: First try to eliminate manual handling, then assess remaining risks, then implement controls to reduce risk.

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Guidance for manual lifting – recommended weights

87
Manual Handling - Workplace and Load Assessment

Assessment Questions:

Is it reasonably practicable to make improvements? Consider these factors:

Workplace Layout Load Characteristics Environment

• Improve flow of materials? • Lighter or less bulky? • Remove obstructions?

• Reduce twisting and stooping? • Easier to grasp? • Provide safer flooring?
• Avoid lifting from floor/shoulder? • More stable? • Avoid steps and steep ramps?
• Cut carrying distances? • Less damaging to hold? • Prevent extremes of temperature?
• Avoid repetitive handling? • Free from sharp edges? • Improve lighting?
• Vary the work for muscle rest? • Free from rough surfaces? • Less restrictive clothing/PPE?

Ergonomic Approach: Consider the task, load, environment, and individual capability when assessing manual handling risks.

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Manual Handling - Training and Technique

Training Requirements Good Lifting Technique

1 Check suitable clothing and assess load - heaviest side to body

Information Provision
Can the employer give employees more information, for example about
2 Place feet apart - bend knees
the range of tasks they are likely to be asked to deal with?

3 Firm grip - close to body, slight bending of back/hips/knees

Comprehensive Training
Can the employer provide comprehensive training in proper handling 4 Lift smoothly to knee level then waist level - no further back bending
techniques?
5 With clear visibility move forward without twisting - keep load close, turn by
moving feet

6 Set load down at waist level or to knee level then floor

Key Points: Keep the load close to the body, avoid twisting, bend knees not back, and ensure clear visibility before moving.

89
The main elements of good lifting technique.

90
Manual Handling Operations Regulations

Scope of Regulations:

The Manual Handling Operations Regulations apply to the manual handling (any transporting or supporting) of loads by human effort, as opposed to mechanical
handling.

Activities Covered Not Included

Manual Handling Includes: Excluded Activities

• Lifting, putting down What is not included is the application of human effort for purposes other than

• Pushing, pulling transporting or supporting a load, for example:

• Carrying or moving • Pulling on a rope to lash down a load
• Human effort applied directly or indirectly • Moving a machine control

Mechanical Assistance Injury Definition

Introducing mechanical assistance like a hoist or sack truck may reduce but not Injury means to any part of the body. It should take account of the physical features
eliminate manual handling, since human effort is still required to move, steady or of the load which might affect grip or cause direct injury. It does not include injury
position the load. caused by toxic or corrosive substances.

Comprehensive Coverage: The regulations cover all manual handling activities where there is a risk of injury, requiring employers to assess and control those risks.

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92
Mechanical aids to lift patients.

93
Manual Handling - Employer and Employee Duties

Employer Duties Employee Duties

1 Avoid Follow Systems

Avoid the need for hazardous manual handling, so far as is reasonably practicable. Follow appropriate systems of work laid down for their safety.

2
Assess Use Equipment
Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that can't be avoided. Make proper use of equipment provided for their safety.

3 Cooperate
Reduce
Cooperate with their employer on health and safety matters.
Reduce the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling, so far as is reasonably
practicable.

Report Hazards
Inform the employer if they identify hazardous handling activities.

Protect Others
Take care to ensure that their activities do not put others at risk.

Shared Responsibility: Both employers and employees have important roles in preventing manual handling injuries. Cooperation is essential for effective risk management.

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Slips and Trips - Introduction

The Most Common Cause:

Slips and trips are the single most common cause of injuries at work.
They account for over a third of all major injuries reported each year.

Cost to Business Prevention

Financial Impact Everyone's Responsibility

These cost employers significant amounts in lost production, investigations, hiring Everyone at work, but particularly employers, can help to reduce slip and trip
alternative staff and other costs. hazards through good health and safety management and practices.

Public Injuries Simple Solutions

Slips and trips account for over half of all reported injuries to members of the public. You will find that good solutions are simple, cheap and often give other benefits as
well.

Compensation Claims
Compensation claims brought as a result of an injury can be extremely expensive, Insurance Limitations
time consuming and damaging to business. Insurance covers only a small proportion of the total costs of slip and trip incidents.

Priority Action: Given their frequency and cost, slips and trips should be a priority for any health and safety management system.

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Slips and Trips - Working Practices

Foundation for Safety:

When dealing with slip and trip risks it is much easier if working conditions and practices are good from the start.

Floor Surfaces Traffic Routes

Use suitable non-slip and even floor surfaces appropriate for the work Plan pedestrian routes and where practical separate traffic routes to minimise
environment and conditions. conflicts between people and vehicles.

Lighting Clutter Control

Ensure lighting levels are adequate for people to see where they are going and Avoid having too much clutter, work in progress and overcrowding which can
identify potential hazards. create trip hazards.

Prevention Principle: Good design and housekeeping from the start prevents many slip and trip hazards from developing.

96
Clean carefully to prevent slips.

97
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Slips and Trips - Cleaning and Maintenance

Cleaning Maintenance
Suitable Methods Prompt Action
You must ensure that equipment used and your method of cleaning are Carry out all necessary maintenance work promptly particularly where there
suitable for the type, location and use of the surface being treated. are significant damaged areas.

Expert Advice Expert Help

You may need to get outside help or guidance from flooring manufacturers or
You may need to get advice on this from the manufacturer or supplier of the
specialists.
equipment or cleaning materials.

Warning Measures
Avoid Creating Hazards If necessary, signs and barriers should be put up to keep people away from
Take care not to create additional slip or trip hazards while cleaning and dangerous areas.
maintenance work is being done.

Record Keeping
Keep records so that the maintenance system can be checked and improved.

Training: Train workers in the correct use of any safety and cleaning equipment provided.

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Slips and Trips - Common Hazards and Actions

Spillage Trailing Cables Rubbish

Clean spills immediately. Use suitable cleaning agent Position equipment to avoid cables crossing routes. Keep areas clear. Remove rubbish and don't allow
for greasy liquids. Use signs for wet floors. Use cable covers. Restrict access. build up.

Rugs/Mats Slippery Surfaces Surface Changes

Ensure mats securely fixed with no curling edges. Assess cause and treat accordingly. Use appropriate Suitable footwear, warning signs, doormats where
cleaning methods. changes occur.

Poor Lighting Level Changes Slopes

Improve lighting levels and placement for even Improve visibility, provide hand rails, use floor
Improve lighting, add easily seen tread nosings.
coverage. markings.

Smoke/Steam Footwear Key Principle

Eliminate or control, improve ventilation, warn of it. Ensure suitable footwear with correct sole type. Most slip and trip hazards can be eliminated through
Provide free if required. good housekeeping, maintenance, and appropriate
footwear.

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Slips and Trips - Lighting, Floors and Obstructions

Lighting Floors Obstructions

Purpose Major Cause Poor Housekeeping

Good lighting should enable people to see Badly maintained floors are a major cause of slips Poor housekeeping resulting in equipment,
obstructions and potentially slippery areas while and trips. materials, and waste left lying around can easily go
not creating glare or dazzling people. unnoticed and cause a trip.

Regular Checks
Maintenance Floors need to be checked regularly for deposits of Keep Tidy
Replace, repair or clean lights before levels become slippery materials, loose finishes, broken surfaces Keep work areas tidy and where obstructions can't
too low for safe work. and holes, worn rugs and mats. be removed, use warning signs and/or barriers.

Critical Areas Appropriate Selection

In some places such as staircases or where levels Take care in the choice of floor if it is likely to
change it is important to have local lighting. become wet or dusty due to work processes.

Visual Cues
Variations in texture or colour can often help to
improve vision.

Combined Effect: Poor lighting, damaged floors, and obstructions together create a high-risk environment. Address all three for effective slip and trip prevention.

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Slips and Trips - Footwear

Importance of Footwear Sole Materials

Key Role High Slip Resistance

Good quality slip resistant footwear can play an important part in Microcellular urethane and rubber are far more slip resistant than PVC or

preventing slips and trips. leather.

Lower Slip Resistance

Sole Selection
PVC or leather soles provide less grip, especially on wet surfaces.
The type of flooring material and whether it is frequently wet will dictate
the type of sole material to use.

Employer Responsibility: Employers need to provide footwear free if it is necessary to protect the safety of workers. This is a legal requirement
where special protective footwear is needed.

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Working at Height - Introduction

The Most Common Cause of Fatalities:

Every year about 70 people die and nearly 4000 are seriously injured as a result of a fall from height while at work.
Falls from height are the most common cause of fatal accidents at work.

Activities Involving Work at Height

Ladders, step-ladders and

Scaffolding MEWPS (Mobile elevating work Prefabricated scaffold towers
trestles
platforms)

Work where people can fall into

Roof work Work in lift shafts Sheeting vehicles
pits

Priority: Given the severity of consequences, work at height requires the highest level of planning, control, and supervision.

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Working at Height - Regulations and Definition

Application Definition

Scope Work at Height Means:

The Regulations apply to all work at height where there is a risk of a • Work in any place, including a place at or below ground level
fall likely to cause personal injury. • Obtaining access to or egress from such place while at work,
except by a staircase in a permanent workplace
Where a person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury.
Duties
Duties on employers, the self-employed, and any person who
controls the work of others to the extent they control the work. Scope Includes:
Includes falls from relatively low platforms.
Exclusions Also covers the possibility of material and other objects falling onto
Do not apply to the provision of paid instruction or leadership in
people below.
caving or climbing by way of sport, recreation, team building or
similar activities.

Work Definition: 'Work' includes moving around at a place of work (except by a staircase in a permanent workplace) but not travel to or from a
place of work.

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Working at Height - Risk Assessment Requirements

Required Arrangements:
The Regulations require a risk assessment for all work conducted at height and arrangements to be put in place to ensure:

Planning Equipment Inspection

All work at height is properly planned and organised Equipment for work at height is appropriately inspected

Weather Fragile Surfaces

All work takes account of weather conditions that could endanger health and
The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
safety

Competence Falling Objects

Those involved are trained and competent The risks from falling objects are properly controlled

Safe Place
The place where work is done is safe

Risk Assessment Order: (a) Avoid work at height where possible, (b) Prevent falls of people and objects, (c) Mitigate consequences of a fall, (d) Give collective protective
measures precedence over personal protective measures.

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109
Working at Height - Scaffolds and Ladders
Ladders

Scaffolds Appropriate Use

Only use ladders for low risk tasks of short duration, that is less than 6 metres high, light
Safest Option work, no significant sideways or outward forces, secure handhold maintained.
Scaffolds provide the safest work platforms and must be erected and dismantled by
competent specialists.
Safer Alternatives
Use a safer alternative when possible - consider podium steps, scaffold towers, or
Inspection Requirements MEWPs.

They require inspections before use and every 7 days thereafter when in use.
Positioning
Place on a firm solid horizontal base. Lean at the correct angle - 1 metre out for every 4
Competence Essential metres up.
Only trained and competent persons should erect, alter, or dismantle scaffolds.

Security
All ladders should be secured from falling. This is done by tying at the top.

Three Point Contact

Always maintain '3 point contact' when ascending or descending - two hands one foot
or two feet one hand.

Ladder Limitations: Ladders should only be used for short-duration, low-risk work. For extended work or higher risks, use scaffolding or other suitable work platforms.
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Correct angle for ladder. Use of ladders – maintain three point contact.

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Working with step ladders.

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Working at Height - Stepladders and Roof Work

Stepladders Roof Work

Base Requirements High Risk

Use stepladders on a firm horizontal base. Ensure they are long enough for the task. Access to and work on roofs is often dangerous and requires adequate precautions
to reduce risks to acceptable levels.

Setup
Open the legs out fully. Use front-on without any side loading to upset their Strict Procedures
stability.
There should be a strict procedure for roof work, which often requires the issue of a
written safety procedure.
Handrail
They should be fitted with a top loop handrail for additional stability.
Fragile Roofs
Assume all roofs are fragile unless confirmed otherwise. Use crawling boards or
Platform Use suitable platforms.
Do not stand on the small top platform. Platforms should only be used if they are
designed for a work platform with a hand rail.
Edge Protection
Guard rails and toe boards essential for preventing falls from roof edges.

Roof Work Warning: Roof work is particularly hazardous. Never work on roofs without proper planning, equipment, and training.

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Working at Height - Specialist Access Equipment

Equipment Types:
There are many different pieces of specialist access equipment available for working at height.

Types of Equipment Safe Use Requirements

Prefabricated Scaffold Towers Careful Use

Mobile towers that can be assembled on site for temporary access. Should only be used with great care and by properly trained people.

Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs) Hiring Temptation

Powered platforms that can be raised and lowered with workers on them. This type of equipment can often be hired out and it is tempting to use the
equipment without the proper training.

Hirer Checks
Reputable hire companies will check on the level of training and experience
that hirers have before letting the equipment out.

Training Essential: Never use specialist access equipment without proper training. Incorrect use can lead to serious accidents including overturning, falls, and
entrapment.

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Confined Spaces

High Risk Activity:

Entry into confined spaces is potentially very dangerous and a special risk assessment is required.

Examples of Confined Spaces Required Precautions

Common Areas Special Training
• Tanks Workers must receive specific training for confined space entry.
• Pits
• Vats Atmosphere Testing
• Ovens Testing the atmosphere before and during entry.
• Cellars
Safe System of Work
Hazards Present Like a permit to work system with clear procedures.
There may be a lack of oxygen or dangerous gases present.

Equipment
Special tools and rescue equipment must be available.

Specialist Work: Work is covered by special regulations and should be left to specially trained people. Never enter a confined space without proper training, equipment, and rescue arrangements.

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 Key Principles of Safety Hazard Control

Systematic Risk Assessment Proper Planning and Organisation

Identify hazards, evaluate risks, and implement appropriate Ensure all work is properly planned with appropriate resources,
controls for all work activities. time, and safety measures.

Training and Competence Regular Maintenance and Inspection

Provide adequate training and ensure all workers are competent for Maintain equipment and workplace in safe condition through
their tasks. regular checks and maintenance.

Good Housekeeping Practices Suitable Protective Measures

Keep workplaces clean, tidy, and free from hazards through Provide appropriate guards, barriers, signage, and PPE where
effective housekeeping. required.

Safety is Everyone's Responsibility

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