“ Module -mr * Boslean Apebyr 4 Logie Gietes Loge gates one the bake elements -that “make upa Difres System» Legfe a ore used to defign Ate Brews Heve fo gabes Peoriorms — Some fons on .one or move Jeske -fuirelfon and used to profle “the ontpab Leste Cakes i) —+— Posie Grates Universal Specfob Grotes Gakes AND . : fe oR te XNoR Nov NoR * Basie Grobes : Bas Ss b AND Gote : 7 AND Gate SI perform > product " cporedion Symbol : ‘fp A 1 ye AB ea Ye Truth Table for AND Gobe . oO © scanned with OKEN Scanner@® oR - Gates OR Grate fill perform — Suramalfon of fnpuks Symtol % A+B Yp > % Uriyersol Groen: \ , eal tre Yels ty © NAND Goke: TR A,B ote “HE Yes al output & yn AB miso? A Ye — Ye 8 “Touth- Table : @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner®@ ‘wor" Grodes TR A,a one the Ys then the 7 oted fs ys ee Sjecat Gols © vor Cole: TP Aye we the fnpds “thee “he ae wit be fy. ABB’ Y= AT+AG outpat S] ® xvor Geke: IF Ae we “the Gp chen he wy y ip ee 6 j © scanned with OKEN ScannerBewlean, Abebra : Botean Abebra % «system 4 mathonaKead Josie, ule set | acs and theovems whch ane ated to defn and Smt “ke Jesfe Sreuffe- : ; Dif al systems or Aorvuths that function Stk the allah Sppals « Ww These Dijftes siprols are the desrete bynes oS have on too inp’ § 6 er | Fuolomertell Pishulates af Giclean Ayer; “The fostutates 9 —nathernaeal asaumpfon from ubich WH Ge poss?ble flaws and prcporties gQ- cthe system. Bose Laws and “Theorems : from the bagic +o deduce the theorems © ‘And’ Law ; AO = Ael Aue MA " oF FO ® “or’ Law: Ato =A Atle | Atha ke. A+R = | © “Wr Law: “PIA ~6 then B= 1 TH A= them 2 =0 a. © scanned with OKEN Scanner® Commutalive Los Law : §, Av@ = B41 A TAB = OA Proofs LMB~ Bd T, AGB A] @]AxB| 6+A A} a) A-B[ GA olo ° ° ojo ° ° oj}. ' ! ort ° ° Vo \ \ ']° ° ° ric 1 1 Wa ( I tr LNS= ANS Luss= RUS ® Acsocioliy ee8ve Low : An (etc) = COTS H AB = (Ar8)E Leeks can be done y osiog touth table ag above] © Tierfeve boo : ee 4, A (4c) = ABSAS ¥ A+ (Bc) > (A+B): (A+) L prosfs can be done by ong ctond, foutk- fable Nhe abe @ Tdempoted Law: G Ata aA x Arh =A a “Rakes tus 2 @+A)-I fale Lis = AA se AAO = (ath) sk) e Garay 7 ~ AAS AD = ARERR HAREAR aad) ~ Aba AK 2 Ac Ado = Ris nt Ae eNs © scanned with OKEN Scannerdeny sel Nal taro; §, AtozA Gi Avo = 0 MW Adi et wove a | ‘ Loy. | Porites Sets 4, Atoe A 7 | Las = AtO = Gre) a) | =(Ae0) CAFR) ~ARAAR Gor ~ Ato A bets = RNs HW Avie | as = Aa FAT): | QOH) (ASR) TAA + ARH Ad L Adon Ata = Ath \ WT RAS A-O=0 Lie = A'O , =(A0) 40 =Ar)e@-A) = (Bad) CAN R) Cot) (04 A =A) GQ) Ca) CR) = AU)GAA) =A) =o = Qus fVayer Liss Avy “Ato, =(A1)+ CAB) = (ASA) CARA) CIA) (18 x TAtAE A ACVCO CI) RS © © scanned with OKEN Scanner© Absovptfon Lav : §, ANB = A f fi, Ascaaa) =A Proofs: § AsAB =A % A CA+O) 2A Lns “2 A+AB Lis = A-A+e) = AUB) Peet] AK 4AB = AW) = AFAG ao =A (i486) =Ris ars =RHS LHS AsR = 040 ~ O+1 = D @HS) tase @ =@ =) =0-A =(Rus) [ @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner® Las 4 Dually | The palnciple ity “heovem says heck) shonlng Sh a boolean sietalon 1 YDd can efve ansthey te boolean orclalh by i Chenging each OR ign to an Any Syn a Chong each AND afin to an og aaa % lompementing any Oo preening fn the — exprerhon Example + Dad gf sretetfon Beslean Caged Function: Boolean eprcattons ane conslowcted bs comeeting the balean constants aed vawiables Sty the Boolean opeatfans: We Wwe bolean expressions to descrfbe Boolean -Puncifong Tr He Bockan -functfon the Votables — one ‘tn & complemented OF an uncomemented — form. a yafable fn athe; a complemented or an untenplemented form Re cated “Paral appeared efthe- Each occwnence “These Boolean funclfons ane ape fn 9 forms 1 Sam ge Patodud ‘Tern C Sop) 2. Raoduct Sum “Teem Choe) a A, Be, AD product Ew fau,ecd) ~ A+ Be 4 ach Pes MBE, DT ane the » Sop Menaly Fore) « (O+d) + CasB Hc) 89D | par Nae one Sum Terms Spo BD Ac ane the Steals @| © scanned with OKEN Scanner“The er Gems) um and pooduct ane is - duct Fovm Cs0P) + / @ Su g Produc dated Ream the aymbolfe orepresentalfone ate oR and AND Panelfons by + and + vrespectfvely ~ Bam t Ex. fta;Qcd = Ase + ABE LI a) Rreduct Sum For cos) ¢ + eee gq tum oy aor a tum terms “anped tngether - Ex Peaacy = (A+B) * CB+eD tT. 1 reduc “Terms, prteduct Aum Terms Conversions + oe & sop © Standard S0P SCanorfead SOP [ MinvTerm Concnfeak 0) ° ; a pos OP standord pas savers Fas/ Paxieren Canonfeall oe © ol srsoppOvenfeas sop / minTerm Candee : ae a : I Find the misding fterals fn each product 4even fren sop > expression, 2"AWD'fng the product tevm wih * Fitetoh “and 4's camplement- & Expand the expreafon by applifag — Dhatafeadfve Law ant ae axang.e the Rrerals Wi the forme wd 4 Reduce the expretifon by Eiscanding siepented probit terms 9 f ay [Ata =A} | ® © scanned with OKEN Scanner fin oR” tng a eeCanoaicah Ex: Conver the given expresfon nto Abend Sop form => $0A,8,69 = ACH+AB +ac Solufon : SS Step: Find the efscing — WHerala fin each moda Tern eae d P(ABe) = Ae + AB + Be J \ Lk thee Morals ne thy Skep2: aoe the product term fherall wr ohtey oan and 1s Complem ent FNGC) — ACH (FG) + ABCE+E? + Ber CAA Y Mot a8, Sm s6 in. Fremal ant Ga Complements steps’ Espand the fore St apelyitg distofbufive Law and alto ne covang the ~ produ terms Payecd = ACB LACE HAR + ABE + BCA + BCA After me- axsan ging ; a PAB) = ABC HABE + ABcs ABE + ABC +A Be step ts Deca the »epeated — Product terms fcyOe) = ABC + ABC + ABT + ABc Ateps: ° . ~~ finah + Sop / Canonical S0P/ Minterm Canonfeal b : w Age + FO Scape) = Age + ATS + ABE Hoe @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner(Q) fos on) $-f0s > Canosa sop / Max Tom Casorfeat eps P Ficd the rfesSing Flory mh gives Pos a Pe Sum tom tn the espersfon 2 or ting -the sum town Stk eos goo 9 VFrerd and Tals Complement 3: Eupind tre expenson ard ye—-arvienge the Rorals 4 Reduce the ~ exprrensfon 4 ae ony [A+R = 4] ovntng ttre d%tofbullve aco fn he aur -touns, deccokig eepedted tum terms Ex: Covet the ger expmaiion who Gace fos oven Fae gy > CRAY) RH 2) C2) Sudfions, Step: Find the miading Stteral, fy each = Rum “Term Fcwyy,2) ~ Ger) Cet 2) - C2) J, y y Ln d 2 — ovfesiog Bera fw> . Steps ~oning the um tem obit ontop co tag. Seals and TS Complemedt frayed = larp +c25)| : [ore + (yg i]: lxt+ yj + 25] a foative See ateps: Expand the terme by senting elstofbutive, ee ae © scanned with OKEN ScannerJougir) eee > Cra gz) Cary 12) CBayie cx+grz) [+ [ape cys 2) cy12 0g +2) | > (angie) CIGAR) CRrys 2) ryt) ae Cotys 2) Cag 2) (mH 2) (mrgte ) + Sepa: Diccord the: nepeded Bum ctorms feay2 = Ga gre) (arg e) Hayrey CO*Gr2) @igrz) Caryt®) Steps: Find = S-fos fx vey, fouy,2) = Gugt >) cur gt) CB ty 42 BtF+e Geryte) Cury +2) & M= Notalfons s pastes orig Each ndidual term Jin atardoad Sop mintern and each fndividuoh tev in -Standand Hasevm - b rfinterms — and eer The encept terms a wy jo wntsielce ve converient shorthand Yotdong fe express — Sepfeal fancfons: Rom 2s cabled Pos f4 Glted > Mouchewms — allbcas Q Mintom — > Paodact term Gm) Cm) TH Mrowbs one 9b, < then fitter 1> self term O—> Gmplement term @® MaxTewm —5 Sum Term CM) Th Krew we a, be then Masher = atbre i- Compleunent- ‘Perm © —4elf tevm eB © scanned with OKEN Scanner = abeMites and Mazlerms for thee veofabler 3 ee ee cae oS aN IDekmat | M&ntevm Denomfnalfon Maxterm | Denerinatfon ef | Number | tnt) ag. Yofeler | cent) oe | oO 000 (Mm) abe 000 (Mo) Q+bte | | oo1 (m) abe oct (mM) |ato+e | 2 oro (m)| wbe O10 (M2) | ayb+e 3 O11 Cm) | Ahe Of! (m3) | ate+e | A 100 (m)| abe [00 (m4) a+hre = for (m)| abe 101 (M5) | K+S6+e, 6 bo my] abe (10 (%) | atetre | al ryt my) abe (uy OM) | atbre | [Ener | | : j Each minterm {y stepnesented b “imp and each maaterm 3 presented bY “Smev where the. subscript “7! ts tke decimal — number eqyivatent — of tre nabenal Srcrey—nnber Example: at f£A,6,0) = FEE + FBc + AC + ABE ~ 000 + 00) ‘Fon + “Ile = ne mM my time of LG = CAF BHT) + CAFEHT)* (A4B 4) = © o| 2 2 (lea a Ma OG =TMC' 36) ey © scanned with OKEN ScannerMore examples — 9 fom yey = Sm 12,5) ~ Z Cimo, ty, m3, me) = 2 (000 00) 610 for) RGF Ge + RYT ape @ Lac = TM (1 2) =o CMa, ma) =" (001 ovo) = (A484T)+ (A484) Comereions : Se a “SOP —> fos @ Pos > Sop 2, t ) Conversion Sop = ~ 9 phos gq _ser 7 £95: @ J) Pong 2) = Z Cm, m 1%) Ghien Fewer % Gi fatermns Etum qd prodets fora] So Neo the (esi Maxterms Sil be the 104i te A dun form. a en ° Missing teyms arte Ma, Ma,M4,Me M4 Since - the Verfabla one 3 (¥y/2) Now Peay 2) = = (mem me ~ TW Cia, Marg, me My) © TF (O10 on too Ho 1H) . Grgta) (ages) (tyra) & a (X++5) © scanned with OKEN Scanner@ Conversion Pes—2 SP: ay] a Ree : J, Femgy2) = ames phy) Given furor 2s fn Maxtems [prod gf Sums] So Noo the mbeding Minterms cf be dhe um of prolucts {sop} ited Terms ante Not ablea Mo, MH, Ma, mMerme, me Sine, the ole 3 (4%, y,2) ip Noo fexjy2) = IT (Ma,Ms) at a Cm, my, sme me m_)- 2% C000 00) of (oo Wo 1) PeRPe + Rye + aRy age Ay e+ aye e Examples: 5 Fx. bie the Pos. for tthe — follacing sp FaA@c) = ATE + RB + Hee +ABE + ABT + HOc Sater Given” L a) _ Pajecd. = FBS + RBC MARC TABS HABE + AB ' = 000 oD! eu 100 no ny i a) © = Complement Term Ho J's 4 ¢€ 7) Le self term = (mo my my | Me™) =7 CMMs) = WT (O00 1o}) > os 2h Term Y= Complement Fever = @r@+c)- (Car+erz)y ® © scanned with OKEN Scannerdojicat Exprerlon Represnhalon Fron) Touth ‘Table: Nee op / pos We — knocs thet Jofcak expression can be A represented fn the foul table, form T+ & possible to caffe Jagfe eqaressfon fp §, Standard Sop -fovm : fi Standord — pos covveapondi +o a given % The logic Exprersion form chow Table» covrespoeding ‘to a given howe Touth fab can be often nh a Standard sum of — products form cof — one. prneduct steven for fch Smpd— Cominalfon that pooduces an fotpt =i] H# Functor adpd = | then sP form = 1 Complement term = 0 [@sori] form ° * “The Jefe Expression correspond tow given tout table can be cosfithen fae a thandornd porodac qt aume — fore ey cso, she tum tem for tach Fp Coctfinoll rat a =o] Ve on ~ pdces an otp =o TH fanfion outpat = oO thea aafterm = 0 Complement fevm = | L® pos) -foven Exomle Truttr Table —_ @Q. © scanned with OKEN ScannerConkdor the » following “Truth Table 02 vote beth” Sum g Rrodud- form ond a product gf Aum “Term, ie) oO ° ° ee ee dhe Tet Tate Agee fo the Answer | Ke Whecever the oufpd funcfon =) then , 2 ude for A Standard Suen ge predate form) by tally othe corresponding: Sept Combination. : oo = Fee | oa Lt. core A cApOcc) = ABE + Jac + ABE = ™ +My akom, = Bim (23/6) | + Whereva the otpet function =0 , then ee hn form ao Standard - product Qf Sams form, by tales the corvexgonshey Topd- comtfnalfon Pos 000 = A+ Bt+C D= self term Oot = Atetr \= Com _ Yoo = K+ ere ae yor = +847 Wh 2 Reber taped = As ore): CAretE)* oe «CR¢G4T) = Ar +z ) > Mo My Me my G) TM Cont by 1) © scanned with OKEN Scanner° MiBaalfon of Aefe farcfon Lely eden Theorems We know that boolean fundfons can be stealfyed by tpyfe ges The’ sinphReatfon G Boclean funclon &s Veo Ymnportant as fF Saves cthe hardware srequived and Hhice “he cot gf dehgn pede Goolean Fanctfon. Ths Empl atfon aS be done y of ge Hoe! and Laws 4 Boslean afgebva. Me coftl tue podtutaer, aacotms and -theovems Whe Batefoetive Rowe, absorpifen Law , “ond Lar “notttas ete - - Ex: | ' — £cA,8, cd, ©) = AB FARc +46 CDHE) = AQ UtcHDTE) . fe asic = AB CL), Bae ky = AG ; Ema Pexyyz) = XY AK 2 + XYE + Rye ' = ky (1t2) bry + ye (easy a =] KY bxy?d tye = XY 4 2) eR YZ [eae = xy t+ kyz = y (@k =) SLAFNB = A] “ty Gne)e¥2) = V(X +2CK#R) ie ~¥ (X+2) Ask ~\} © scanned with OKEN ScannerFag LApBred = ACH © CA4TB) Ace Acs hac De DictPeuttve Lao] = Ace ee i AeA= Wh] COA+ RB) = eCanne ane) fi Ate = A - ¢CA+ ocaad ) > ¢CA+GB) Exsas fewy 2) = 2. 20 bate Wh H Ky eee tye Cxba) Levee 21] ~ ay eee + ye taly i ~ xy Cltz) +e City) ~ oy tae be t+a at 7 £8.) = Gee) Grc) = AR 4ACHAG + Bc ye Disefoutive bow] he AcrAB 4 Bc ACIEC) AB HBC fe 13 Aa hoe 0c = ACW) +8 Sree) = A+B ® © scanned with OKEN ScannerExe: forays Aes da sae = LAsAn ay \ = ACB £48) fe leas] > ACarB) = ACY an Ea y ' fang) = xy ue tye = xyte!) a Ee tates w ayzd age) + x2! + ge . Sy oc vagal ngs = gece ao! (ry ) © ¥ 2) + mal ‘oz g2t xe! Eg LAB) = Act .c CAA 8) can ee = poe ACF ABS a her Roe : ye e ¢ Che F8) Jao® o=Are] oC Ard) @ © scanned with OKEN ScannerDelpy Lefie Coes _ovoy heyfe Soke: ih te oe The mabe op a Lfrd /sofic Eveubl “he ect clectownie gate oe tne Yel & able to cpetabe on a number bineay fophs order to perform a parffeetan Legfced Panchen - “The tyres 4 gee ovellable ote Nor, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR 4 XNoR « the basic element« Eu: Given Angfeok fancfon £OA,8,0> = AG + Bey BEF AB Yo Aarece ee +08 . Fiven Segfeos Fanctfon 7 fon) = CA+B)* (AFB) b © scanned with OKEN Scanner—_— | ON ee to th Poltocst Ex Limplement- the Aor Civesit- < o = og faundfon Vy \ 1 foxjy2) i ime rege ay > a ot dye ow try \ re | Jala ayz-acy yo my at agPermg Be ute tre Baden Expnerion to the Stoney dogic cet = (= © scanned with OKEN ScannerReatigain Lee fureliins fro Usiyersal Gaber: pees Teter ce ac The Boolean bra ts ed to express the ode gay combfnatforah ~ nekwork, such nehoovk fs — Smplemented by os dagle ge: Cand, 0, NOT x08, xNoR), Each Beste gate can be ©“ aeplaced by udvowel gates Caan § Noe) Wor qewawd — | Nee of Nor eae j oe on Gut mepiveh Nov (2) 4 \ Any CAB) 2 3 oR (ANB ) 3 a yor (AB4K8) a = xwor (ABIRE FS a 4, Timplemestatfon of ott_othey Grater Sth Wand" Grate ce sree gTEOPTSEESEEPSEEIP/SGSH Ee Babe foun aa | NAND- etme Reaction. | Liplementalfon Qk he Gdhex afte “NOR” Gate. a _—_ Ry abso know ad \NoR~ nor. Peakigclfon. | ean ee teed The above tak Tate 2% cleanly tenga the No 4 WAND ou and Nov NOK gete replied to ‘implement con sealigatfon at at othey gates b CAuD, OF, NOT, KOR & XNOR) , INe o need 40 stemembey he enk prodit each gate alto. then A,B ane the too Veo then nd gate “ofl produc ke, of ate hu prods AB Nor grt Al produce F , KOR gas EN poroduce AT + Fa dad KNOR gate ofl prdluce Ae +ag- We ned to get the same prodicks —usftin warp and wot geter alo. @) © scanned with OKEN ScannerNana - nana — Realifedfoo © Implementing ‘NoT!' Gate wt | NAND Gate A x —c[)>— Tivetter @ Topeneriog ‘pnd’ Gute ett 2 MAND Gbes - ' op » 4B | = 2 =D Dead) 4 9g Taplementy “ OR’ Gebe SH 3 NAN Graber A 4 y-(Q-@) = Ase ® Tnpieweatng Kor Gote Slh 4NAND Gateg a 508) . & pe 2 Rae —_—a (a Se? 7 » aS eee ° ia ] =ROiKT| By © scanned with OKEN ScannerSing Pealfon ¥ (Rede) ce +A8)) > Gene) + (B00) “(Gs is) + @® - fa) ~@ =a ~ Geis) + (a -Ae) : - A(A+B) + BCA +8) SAR +A +184 OR Y= Ao +ne yY = AWB © Toplemedng KOR Gide —— ,—. =. | yew Ve (jw. © #83), YD =n] Y= GAB) + Fay Y= A@+aa Simp? £ ebion -> Ge © scanned with OKEN ScannerSieg eakon Y= (A f6) » @ fed 2(1+0)* (+08) fm 2h4+6) = (Rane) (B+ AG) x t @ 1 Distatdfive Lao Loerie CEmcees) PE OBIS | ~ G48) (B44) = Ane Te + C8 AAS [pa od = OFAG + AG VY. AE +AG e 12. . i Nor Now Reat%abfon : © Trpemenfng \wor'! Gide oft) WOR Gike, elnverter Mr 2 Nok Graber & ee ye OD Sknp\tBeakion Y = Cire) ~G=:A © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Any! Gute - wth 3 NOR Gates ® Tenplementog x = Me & yn. (Chute >" Sotelo y .Gi+e) Ase) Areas =D" ® ot (8+i8). = BAB) SPronid ee mpliFicHon, ye (7 ae) ~ © 40) = Rhee) + © (A+) Ate 2 Ree Ba+ 6a fe Distefative bas] ® ) [. Ree > Kee] | © scanned with OKEN Scanner© Aplemetfog xor Gate lh ee PO — ee (ene s > (a+ BO a . oe (e468) y (Go Fey + (8+ Cine) ——" >, Snr = (hu fee) + OHO) We ARE ~ (5. Ow ) + BHO) 2G -4 2 Bars) + BCA) = AR TASH AB BB “Aw xO - For he © scanned with OKEN ScannerExample + | Corstaud- the boolean expression LOK) = Ber re — Wht NAND— NAND — Cmplementalfon julfon + Sotuffon steph! Consul th Basi, fe gabey Creat to the tan e fe day if given boolean, exprrersfon y: obey Aor gee eae - AND 08 Trotter gae_] Given Boolean fanctfon £(M6) = Bere steps Repce at the Aor’ gotes cats Reprue ott the Ao gate. tr eapfivcent Ro: of Nok Grates : (AND = 3 Nog lop = 2 Nop (Wor = 1 oR B Do c —— > > -——_ 5 —D- @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner: slep 3: Obcerve «the = teadtanl «= NOR Nop Cheap and remove ete e == — ot the aigle ne fvetters — catfch one covtey Connected ; DP a ¢ ———1 “Sp ~——1o_}7 Bkpt: Rewartucs the sealant eR Nak FmplemectoHfon gf he Roa and Sop the — exprenfon , a a ayxt* ») SS 7 yf e+e + G4) 7 sf (Ce ine 23-8) EO )+4 (HS es ¥Y = Behe cc catich Ee eget to the given > bootean eetpoewion, An othe question >) © scanned with OKEN ScannerConstud “the Gevlean Exprenton fea) = (h4 8) (B+e) ke ONAND — Realfyalfon, strep. Contoucd the Bate Doc eft to the iven Boolean Expat esfion by or gues Given boolean -fanctfon f(Ae) =Ch+@), (8c) — : a =e ye G+®: (84c) =p step? Replace ar the Aor gre Str [Link]- ro a NAND. gre J AND = 2NAND Joe = 3NAnp ° LL @ © scanned with OKEN ScannerSheps, Obsewe the steauthant— NAN D— Naw Cocett , and stemove. ath he Single Tre Sverborg a one. soley aovmected , steps, Reconstr The sealant WAND — AD Feplemenbatfon of need ° el Seo cand Stop te Ww —pe— £ == y = (R48) +c) & < step: Repke am the AOT gate UStth- equifvalent— Ho of Noe gate: |NoT= | NoT land = 2 NOR . Pps — © scanned with OKEN Scanner’ Stp3. observe dh Whe mtesutlaml OR semore au “the file Mae Galerkin, otf om softy Connected , a 2D. —) aa, a Steer, Reconstouck “the tenuttant NOR — won Fenpleweated fon qu Be Fact and Fone the expsexsfon, > Nop cine and “Demerger's Law “Ge - Cre ¥+G rs) Cexcy fh . — cohfch fh Spit to the Fe Crotean Pandton tence WOR — NOL Tinen Vent K Done, “Tevetsfon © scanned with OKEN Scanner