Electricity – energy resulting from moving charged particles (electrons) through conductors
2 main types of electricity
1. Static Electricity (charge build up) – built electric charge on surface of object (ex.
Balloon and hair)
2. Current Electricity (flow charge) – AC & DC, electric charge through conductor
AC (Alternating Current – electrons pabalik balik sa wire
DC (Direct Current – stored energy voltage, amperes, batteries)
Flow of Electricity
- Difference in electric potential / voltage measured in volts (V) “dumadaloy”
- Strength of the flow amperes (A) “nagtutulak”
- Resistance to that flow measured in ohms (Ohm) “hinder flow”
Basic Components
1. Power Source – batteries and generator (powered by fuels)
2. Conductor – copper wire
3. Load – output, consumes electricity (ex. Light bulb)
4. Switch – controls flow of electricity
Charge – fundamental property of matter that causes to experience a force in an
electric and magnetic field (positive and negative charge)
Current(I) – flow measured in A. can be AC or DC
Voltage (V) – force pushes electric charge through conductor. Determine how much
potential difference is available to drive the current.
Ressitance(R) – opposition to the flow of electric current
Power (P) – rate which electrical energy is used/produced in circuit (W) watts
P = IV
Units:
Ampere (A) – 1A = 1C/s
Voltage (V) – 1V is the potential difference that push 1A of current through resistance of
one ohm
Ohm (ohm) – electrical
Coulomb © - unit of electric charge C = 6.242 * 10 ^ 18 electrons
Circuit – complete closed loop which electric current flow. Consist of power source,
conductor, load, switch
Conductor – material that allow electric charge to flow to it easily (copper and
aluminum)
Insulator – material that resist flow of electric current ( glass, rubber, plastic)
Capasitance – ability of a system to store electric charge, measured in farad (F)
Inductance (L) – ability of conductor to resist charges in current, measured in Henries
(H)
Alternating current (AC) – type of electric current (Devices : home appliances)
Direct current (DC) – unidirectional flow of charge (Devices : laptop, phone flashlight)
Short circuit – circuit is unintentionally bypassed excesive current flow, cause or
damage overheating. (pag nagdikit yung positive and negative may possibility mag short
circuit)
Grounding – connecting part of electrical system to the earth for safe path for excess
electric charges
Fuse – safety device to protect circuits from excessive current. Metal wires that melts
when current exceeds a safe level
Resistor – component that resist a current to control the amount of current passing
Ion – atom/molecule gain/lose electrons, resulting a net harge
Positive Ion (Cation) – lose electrons, becomes positively charged (ex. Na to Na^+)
Negative Ion (Anion) – gains electrons , becomes negatively charged (ex. Cl to Cl^-)
Watts – Unit of power. 1W = 1J/s
Principle of AC electricity: Volt amperes = Volt * Amperes
Power factor in percentage
P = VIpf(power factor
Convert volt amperes multiply to pf para maging watts
Hores power to watts 1hp = 746 watts
Ohms Law (1926) George Simon Ohm (German scientist)
I =R/V
Relationship between current, voltage, and resistance
High Voltage, High Current
High Resistance, Lower current
Curent: I = V / R
Advantages of 240 volts
1. Economy use smart wires
2. Lower power loss
3. Smaller percentae of power drop
Factors Affecting Electricity
1. Types of material
Copper, silver, gold (high conductors, Low resistance)
Rubber, glass, wood (High resistance, low conductors)
Resistivity: Property how strong materials oppose the flow, symbol(rho) measured in
ohm ( rho = ohm * m )
Length of Conductor : the longer the length of the conductor, the higher the resistance
Relationship is directly proportionl R = rho * length / area (higher length, higher
resistivity)
2. Cross sectional area: thickness ng wire
High cross sectional are(thicker wire), lower resistivity
Relationship is inversely proportional
3. Temperature: higher temperature, atoms conductors vibrated more leading to
slower flow
Semiconductors High temp, Low resistivity
4. Physical condition of conductors
- Purity: impurities can increase resistance
- Surface roughness : rough surface, high resistance
- Physical diformities: if conductors is bent, stretched, deformed, it can alter
structure, leading to high resistivity
Direction of current:
Conventional Current – direction of current is traditionally defined as the direction which
positive charges would flow ( positive terminal to negative terminal)
Electro flow – negative terminal to positive terminal
Instrument for measuring current – ammeter (connected in series with the circuit to
measure the flow)
Current in a circuit
Series – same current flows through all components (one path)
Parallel – current divides among different branches. Total current is sum of current in each
branch