DECENT CALIBRE HIGH SCHOOL DIJKOT
Summer Vacation Work for the Month of June
Class Four — Science Notes
Unit No. 1 (a) — Living Things & Biodiversity
Q1. What are the necessary things needed by living things? Write any three and give reasons.
Ans. All living things need food, light, water and air. All organisms need light as a source of energy. All organisms
need water for their survival.
Q2. Why is the life cycle of things also known as the circle of life?
Ans. The cycle of things is known as the circle of life because animals and plants are born, grow into adults,
reproduce, and then die. Their children continue this life cycle.
Q3. Why do we need to conserve biodiversity?
Ans. We need to conserve biodiversity because:
• It helps make clean oxygen and water.
• It helps control diseases.
• It helps control our environment.
Q4. What can you do to help conserve biodiversity? Write at least two ways.
• Practicing the three Rs: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
• Thinking before you use extra lights.
Unit No. 1 (a) — Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Q5. Difference between vertebrates and invertebrates.
Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone. Examples: Fish, Amphibians.
Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone. Examples: Insects, Bees.
Unit No. 1 (b) — Human Organs
Q1. Write the functions of the following human organs.
(i) Brain: The brain is the part of our body that controls all the other parts and functions.
(ii) Heart: Our heart is like a machine. It pumps blood to every part of our body.
(iii) Lungs: The lungs are two cone-shaped organs that fill most of the chest cavity.
Q2. Why are bones and muscles important for our body? Write two reasons.
Bones: Bones provide support and help shape our body, from our head to our toes.
Muscles: Whenever we move, we make use of our muscles. We use them to walk, run and close our eyes.
Unit No. 1 (b) — continued
Q3. Write differences between the following body organs.
Heart: Our heart is like a machine. It pumps blood to every part of our body.
Stomach: Everything we do needs energy. Energy comes from the food we eat. Our stomach helps to digest food.
Unit No. 2 (a) — Ecosystems
Q1. Define an ecosystem.
Ans. An ecosystem is formed by the interaction of living and non-living components.
Q2. Write the difference between a desert ecosystem and a river ecosystem.
Desert Ecosystem: Deserts are areas of land that are dry and covered with sand, rocks or even snow.
River Ecosystem: Rivers are flowing waters with many different micro-habitats.
Q3. Difference between biotic and abiotic components.
Biotic: The living things in an ecosystem — producers, consumers and decomposers.
Abiotic: The non-living elements of an ecosystem — temperature, water, soil.
Unit No. 2 (a) — continued
Q4. Explain the living and non-living components of grasslands.
Living components:
• Plants: grasses, herbs, shrubs.
• Animals: herbivores like cattle, antelopes, grazing insects.
Non-living components:
• Soil: the substrate that provides nutrients and physical support for plants.
• Water.
Unit No. 2 (b) — Ecosystems (Energy & Roles)
Q1. What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem?
Ans. The Sun (solar energy), which is captured by producers through photosynthesis.
Equation: Sunlight + CO■ + 6H■O → 6C■H■■O■ + 6O■
Q2. What role can you play in preserving various ecosystems? Discuss any two.
• Reduce waste, recycle to lessen pollution and protect existing habitats.
• Plant trees or protect existing vegetation to maintain producer populations and biodiversity.
Q3. Roles of Producers and Consumers in an ecosystem.
Producers: Organisms like plants and some bacteria that make their own food through photosynthesis.
Consumers: Organisms that cannot produce their own food and eat other organisms to obtain energy.
Unit No. 3 (a) — Germs & Contagious Disease
Q1. What are germs?
Ans. Germs are microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi) that can cause disease.
Q2. How are contagious diseases transmitted?
Ans. Contagious diseases are transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, through respiratory
droplets, and through contaminated food and water.
Q3. Write any three symptoms of: (i) Influenza (Flu) and (ii) Cough.
(i) Influenza (Flu): Fever, cough, nasal congestion.
(ii) Cough: Persistent coughing, chest discomfort, shortness of breath.
Q4. What are non-contagious diseases? Give two examples.
Ans. Non-contagious diseases are those which are not spread from person to person.
Examples: Diabetes, Cancer.
Unit No. 3 (b) — Healthy Living & Water
Q3. Why is drinking clean water important for healthy living?
Ans. Clean water helps maintain bodily functions, transports nutrients, removes waste, prevents dehydration and
reduces the risk of waterborne diseases.
Q4. Explain one method of water purification.
Ans. Boiling: heating water to 100°C (212°F) for several minutes kills harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
parasites), making water safe to drink.
Unit No. 5 (a) — Forms of Energy & Energy Transfers
Q1. What does energy transformation mean? Give an example.
Definition: When one form of energy changes into another form of energy, it is called energy transformation.
Example: When a toaster is plugged in, electrical energy is converted into heat energy.
Q2. Why is it important to conserve energy? Give at least 5 ways.
Ans. It is important to conserve energy because energy saves materials needed for making the same product
again.
• We should use solar heaters instead of gas heaters.
• We should dry clothes in sunlight instead of dryers.
• We should make minimum use of air conditioners.
• We should use a pressure cooker for cooking to save heat energy.
• We should use minimum water for all domestic purposes.
Q3. Explain what is kinetic energy?
Ans. All moving things have kinetic energy. Forms of energy include light, electricity, heat, sound and kinetic
energy.
Q4. Write any three uses of light energy.
• It is used to heat and light our homes.
• Plants use light energy to make food through photosynthesis.
• The biggest source of light is the Sun, whose energy is called solar energy.
Unit No. 5 (b) — Light and Sound in Everyday Life
Q1. How are shadows formed?
Ans. When anything blocks the path of light, a shadow is formed. It means when light is not allowed to pass
through an object, it makes a shadow.
Q2. Can you make shadows by using transparent objects?
Ans. No, we cannot make shadows by using clear transparent objects.
Q3. What is a sound medium?
Ans. A sound medium is any material through which sound can travel.
Examples — Gas: Air | Solid: Wood, Metal, Wall | Liquid: Water
Unit No. 5 (c) — Heat and Electricity
Q1. How is electricity used in your daily life?
Ans. Electricity is very important in our daily life. It is hard to imagine life without it — no lights, no televisions, no
computers.
Q2. What are the purposes for which you use electricity?
Motion/Power: Car, Motor, Blender, Drill.
Heating/Cooling: Oven, Iron, Refrigerator, Air conditioner.
Communication: Laptop, Radio, portable phones, TV.
Unit No. 03 (b) — Human Health
Q1. Why does our body need a balanced diet?
Ans. A balanced diet provides all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) in the right proportions,
supporting growth, energy production and proper functioning of organs and body systems.
Q3. What nutrients are specially important for children?
Key nutrients: proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin D and vitamin A. They support rapid growth, development, energy
needs and bone health.