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Networking Notes

The document outlines key components of data communication, including data representation, flow types, network types, and topologies. It details the OSI model layers, transmission media, LAN characteristics, bandwidth utilization techniques, and protocols for data link, network, transport, and application layers. Additionally, it covers error handling, addressing, routing, and security measures such as cryptography.

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5 views3 pages

Networking Notes

The document outlines key components of data communication, including data representation, flow types, network types, and topologies. It details the OSI model layers, transmission media, LAN characteristics, bandwidth utilization techniques, and protocols for data link, network, transport, and application layers. Additionally, it covers error handling, addressing, routing, and security measures such as cryptography.

Uploaded by

sukriti.patuli
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Networking Notes

1. Data Communication Components

- Representation of Data: Text, numbers, images, audio, video (binary).

- Data Flow: Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex.

- Networks: LAN, MAN, WAN.

- Connections: Point-to-point, Multipoint.

- Topologies: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Hybrid.

- Protocols: Rules for communication.

- Standards: IEEE, ISO, ITU.

2. OSI Model

1. Physical - Bits over media.

2. Data Link - Frames, MAC addressing, error detection.

3. Network - IP addressing, routing.

4. Transport - Reliable/unreliable delivery (TCP/UDP).

5. Session - Session control.

6. Presentation - Data format (encryption, compression).

7. Application - End-user protocols (HTTP, FTP).

3. Transmission Media

- Wired: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic.

- Wireless: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared.

4. LANs

- Wired LAN: Ethernet.

- Wireless LAN: Wi-Fi (802.11).

- Connecting LANs: Switches, Routers, Bridges.

- VLAN: Logical segmentation of networks.


5. Bandwidth Utilization

- Multiplexing:

- FDM - Frequency Division.

- TDM - Time Division.

- WDM - Wavelength Division.

- Spread Spectrum:

- FHSS - Frequency Hopping.

- DSSS - Direct Sequence.

6. Data Link Layer and MAC Sublayer

- Error Handling: Block Coding, Hamming Distance, CRC.

- Flow/Error Control:

- Stop-and-Wait ARQ.

- Go-Back-N ARQ.

- Selective Repeat ARQ.

- Sliding Window, Piggybacking.

- Access Protocols:

- Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA.

- CSMA/CD (Ethernet), CSMA/CA (Wi-Fi).

7. Network Layer

- Switching: Circuit, Packet, Message.

- Addressing: IPv4 (32-bit), IPv6 (128-bit).

- Address Mapping:

- ARP, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP.

- Delivery/Routing:

- RIP, OSPF, BGP.

8. Transport Layer
- Process Communication: Port numbers.

- Protocols: UDP (fast), TCP (reliable), SCTP.

- Congestion Control:

- Leaky Bucket, Token Bucket.

9. Application Layer

- Services:

- DNS, DDNS, TELNET, EMAIL, FTP.

- WWW, HTTP, SNMP, Bluetooth.

- Firewalls - Network protection.

- Cryptography:

- Encryption, Authentication, Digital Signatures.

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