9TH MATHEMATICS DEFINITIONS

According to ALP Syllabus 2025

1. Rational and Irrational Numbers:

• Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be written in the form p/q (where q ≠ 0). Example:
22/7.

• Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be written in the form p/q. Example: √2, √3.

2. Is Zero a Rational Number?: Yes, zero is a rational number because it can be written in p/q
form, such as 0/1.

3. Surds: An irrational radical with a rational radicand (the value under the radical sign).
Example: √2, √3.

4. Parts of a Logarithm: A logarithm has two parts: 1. Characteristic (the integral part) and 2.
Mantissa (the decimal part).

5. Types of Logarithms:
• Common Logarithm: A logarithm with base 10.

• Natural Logarithm: A logarithm with base e (e ≈ 2.71828).

• Anti-Logarithm: The inverse process of finding a logarithm.

6. Set: A collection of well-defined and distinct objects or elements. Example: Set of natural
numbers.

7. Describing a Set: There are three methods: 1. Descriptive form, 2. Tabular form, and 3. Set-
builder notation.

8. Set Operations: There are four main operations: 1. Union, 2. Intersection, 3. Difference, and
4. Complement.

9. Union and Intersection:

• Union (A ∪ B): A set containing all elements from both sets.

• Intersection (A ∩ B): A set containing only the elements common to both sets.

10. Difference of Sets (A - B): A set containing elements of A that are not in B.

11. De Morgan’s Laws:

• (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'

• (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'

12. Set with no Proper Subset: Yes, the empty set (∅) has no proper subset.
13. Power Set (P(A)): A set containing all possible subsets of a given set A.

14. Trichotomy Property: For any two real numbers a and b, exactly one is true: a > b, a = b, or a
< b.

15. Disjoint Sets: Two sets whose intersection is an empty set.

16. Ordered Pair: Writing two numbers x and y in the form (x, y).

17. Linear Equation: An equation of the form ax + b = 0, where a ≠ 0.

18. Angle: A figure formed by two rays meeting at a common vertex.

19. Types of Angles: 1. Acute, 2. Obtuse, 3. Right, 4. Straight, 5. Reflex, and 6. Complete
rotation.

20. Co-terminal Angles: Angles in standard position that share the same initial and terminal
sides.

21. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides: c² = a² + b².

22. Trigonometric Functions: Functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent.

23. Circle: The locus of a point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point (center).

24. Parallel Lines: Lines that remain at a constant distance from each other and never meet.

25. Isosceles Triangle: A triangle where two sides are equal in length.

26. Triangles by Sides: 1. Scalene (no sides equal), 2. Isosceles (two sides equal), and 3.
Equilateral (all sides equal).

27. Triangles by Angles: 1. Acute-angled (all angles < 90°), 2. Obtuse-angled (one angle > 90°),
and 3. Right-angled (one angle = 90°).

28. Perpendicular Bisector: A line that intersects a segment at 90° and divides it into two equal
parts.

29. Median of a Triangle: A line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.

30. Point of Concurrency: The single point where three or more lines intersect.

31. Circumcenter: The point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
intersect.

32. In-Center: The point where the internal angle bisectors of a triangle meet.

33. Orthocenter: The point where the three altitudes of a triangle intersect.

34. Centroid: The point where the three medians of a triangle meet.

35. Measures of Central Tendency: 1. Arithmetic Mean, 2. Median, 3. Mode, and 4. Weighted
Mean.
36. Mean, Median, and Mode:
• Arithmetic Mean (X̄): The sum of values divided by the total number of values.

• Median (X̃): The middle value of a sorted data set.

• Mode (X̂): The value that appears most frequently.

37. Probability and Experiment:

• Probability: The likelihood of a specific event occurring.

• Experiment: A process that produces observable results.

38. Outcomes: The results of an experiment.

39. Favorable Outcome: An outcome that matches a desired event.

40. Sample Space (S): The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

41. Event: A subset of the sample space.

42. Types of Events: 1. Certain, 2. Impossible, 3. Likely, 4. Unlikely, and 5. Equally Likely.

43. Certain vs. Impossible Events:

• Certain: An event that will definitely happen (Probability = 1).

• Impossible: An event that cannot happen (Probability = 0).

44. Likely vs. Unlikely Events: Likely events have a high probability (≈ 75%), while unlikely
events have a low probability (≈ 25%).

45. Relative Frequency: How often an event occurs relative to the total number of trials.

46. Frequency Distribution: A table showing the frequency of data points in specific intervals.

47. Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set.

48. Histogram: A graph consisting of adjacent rectangles representing frequency.

49. Histogram vs. Bar Chart: In a histogram, bars are adjacent; in a bar chart, there are gaps
between bars.

50. Grouped vs. Ungrouped Data: Grouped data is organized into classes; ungrouped data is
raw, unorganized data.

51. Continuous vs. Discrete Data: Continuous data can take any value in a range; discrete data
takes specific, distinct values.

52. LCM and HCF Relationship: Product = HCF × LCM.

53. Formula for Arithmetic Mean (Direct Method): X̄ = ∑x / n.

54. Formula for Arithmetic Mean (Short Method): X̄ = A + ∑D / n.

55. Grouped Arithmetic Mean (Direct): X̄ = ∑fx / ∑f.

56. Grouped Arithmetic Mean (Short): X̄ = A + ∑fD / ∑f.

57. Median (Odd n): X̃ = value of ((n+1)/2)th item.

58. Median (Even n): X̃ = 1/2[value of (n/2)th + ((n+2)/2)th items].

59. Grouped Median Formula: X̃ = l + h/f(n/2 - c).

60. Grouped Mode Formula: X̂ = l + (fm - f1)/((fm - f1) + (fm - f2)) × h.

61. Arc Length and Sector Area: l = rθ and A = 1/2 r²θ.

62. Distance and Midpoint Formulas:

• Distance: d = √((x2 - x1)² + (y2 - y1)²)

• Midpoint: M = ((x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2)

63. Trigonometric Identities:

• sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

• 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ

• 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ

Source: Translated and formatted from 9th Mathematics Definition Urdu Medium by Al Haseeb Science Academy.