EARTH SCIENCES 3.
The atmosphere keeps us
warm.
4. It has the right amount of
ingredients for life.
BRANCHES OF EARTH Including water and
carbon.
SCIENCE
ORIGIN & STRUCTURE
Branch Studies
Rocks, minerals,
OF THE EARTH (THE
Geology volcanoes, FOUR SUBSYSTEMS)
earthquakes
1. Biosphere - is made up of
Weather and
Meteorology the parts of Earth where
atmosphere
life exists-all ecosystems.
Oceans and
Oceanography marine 2. Hydrosphere - is the total
processes amount of water on a
Space, planets, planet. It includes water on
Astronomy the surface of the planet,
stars, galaxies
Environmental Human impact underground and in the air.
Science on Eart Reasons why water is
ESSENTIAL:
ALL ABOUT EARTH
It can be in any form
Earth is the only planet in (solid, liquid, gas)
the solar system known to Water has a neutral
harbor life. Earth is in the PH scale
GOLDILOCKS ZONE. Water is a good
Earth is the only place in conductor of heat &
the known universe energy
confirmed to nest life and It is a UNIVERSAL
is the only one known for SOLVENT
sure to have LIQUID Water is a high
WATER on the SURFACE. specific key
3. Geosphere - includes
Reasons why earth is a living rocks and minerals on
planet Earth.
1. It has the right distance Layers of the Earth
from the sun. Crust - thin outer
2. It is protected from harmful layer.
solar radiation by its Continental Oceanic
magnetic field. Granite Basalt
Thick Thin
Less Dense Dense
Mantle
o Largest layer LAYERS OF THE
o About 2,900 km thick ATMOSPHERE
o Contains magma.
1. Troposphere - lowest layer
o Convection currents
(clouds are present here)
occur here.
2. Stratosphere - Ozone layer
Core - made mostly of nickel
(planes can be seen here)
and iron
3. Mesosphere - coldest layer
Outer Inner Core (“Meso” means middle)
Core 4. Thermosphere - hottest
Liquid Solid layer (where the Aurora
Generates Extremely hot Borealis can be seen)
Magnetic
Field 5. Exosphere - outermost
layer (spacecrafts can be
seen here)
4. Atmosphere - the atmosphere
is a gaseous barrier that PROPERTIES OF
protects the earth. MINERALS
The
atmosphere is Minerals are:
made up of:
1. Naturally Occurring
78% nitrogen,
2. Inorganic
21% oxygen,
3. Homogenous Solid
and 1% of other
4. Definite chemical
gases.
Composition
5. Orderly crystalline
EARTH'S COMPOSITION structure
Major elements:
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Mnemonic: The Girls Can
Mnemonic: O SAF CaNa KMg Flirt And Other Queer Things
Can Do
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A mineral with high
luster is very
OF MINERALS
reflective.
1. Color 7. Tenacity
It is the most Describes the
observable minerals reaction to
characteristics of a stress.
mineral.
Minerals color may
change depending ROCKS
on the surface.
2. Streak A rock is a solid collection
Color of a mineral of mineral grains that grow
in powdered form or become cemented
3. Hardness together.
It is a measure of
the resistance of a Three kinds of rocks:
mineral (not 1. Igneous - form from cooled
specifically surface) magma. (ex: basalt,
to abrasion granite)
4. Crystal Habit 2. Sedimentary
The Formed by:
external/natural o Weathering
shape of a crystal o Erosion
or groups of o Deposition
crystals is
o Compaction
displayed/observed
o Cementation
as these crystals
grow in open (ex: Limestone,
spaces. Sandstone, Shale)
5. Diaphaneity/Amount of
Transparency 3. Metamorphic
Ability to allow light Changed by:
to pass through it. o Heat
This is affected by o Pressure
chemical makeup
(ex: Marble, Slate, Gneiss,
of the mineral
Quartzite)
shape.
6. Luster 3 factors that creates the rock
It is how light is cycle:
reflected off a
1. The movement of Plate
surface. Tectonics
2. Weathering
3. Erosion