Circulation

Human Heart
Cardiac cycle and and phases of heartbeat
Difference and functions in blood vessels
(Arteries , Vein, Capillaries )
Lymphatic System (Nodes, vessels ,and organs )
Name the Device
Sphygmomanometer Instrument
measuring blood pressure

Normal Blood Pressure is 120/80

mmHg
Systolic means Heart muscle contraction (TOP)
120
Diastolic heart muscle relax (Bottom)
80
• Father of Circulatory System William Harvey( who
successfully explained.
• An average adult human has about 4.5 to 5.7 liters
(roughly 9 to 12 pints) of blood.
• This generally makes up about 7% to 8% of a person's
total body weight.
• Heart is beating approximately 100,000 times a day.
• Beats 72 times per minute
• (1 Systole +1 Diastole = Single Cardiac cycle
• (it runs 72 cycles per minute).0.8 per Seconds
• Sex: Adult males typically have higher blood volumes
(around 5 to 5.6 liters)
• Compared to adult females (around 4.3 to 4.5 liters)
• Study of blood is called as Hematology
• Formation of blood is termed as Hematopoiesis
(Bone marrow) Pelvis (hip bones) Ribs
• Spine (vertebrae) Sternum (breastbone)
• Blood-forming cells in the bone marrow are known
as Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs).
• Blood is connective Tissue (RBCs, WBCs , Platelets)
• The body produce 2 million RBCs every second.
• It is a vast network of the heart, blood, and over
60,000 miles of blood vessels that sustains your
body's cells by pumping blood and nutrients
nonstop.
Introduction of Circulatory System.
• Human Circulatory System
• The human circulatory system consists of a
• Network of Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

• Pumping Organ (Heart)

• Pumping Fluid (Blood)
• (flow from Heart to Tissues )
• (Artery Renal Hepatic, Carotid , Coronary , Optic )
• ( Tissues to Heart ) Vein
Pulmonary Circuit (Heart to Lungs )

Systematic Circuit (Heart To Body)

(Tissues)
 Functions of Circulatory System.
• Transports
• Respiratory Gases (CO2 and O2)
• Nutrients and Minerals (Digestive System Glucose
, A.A , Vitamins )
• Metabolic Waste (Toxics)
• (Urea/Creatinine) to Kidney
• Lactic Acid (Anaerobic Respiration) to Liver
• Hormones (Endocrine)
• Water and H+
• Antibodies and Immune cells
 Heart (Cardiac Muscles ) (Cardiology)
Cardiac muscles are involuntary branched
• Pumping Organ (Most powerful organ)
• Enclosed in Pericardium Membrane (Pericardial
fluid prevent heart from over extension)
• Double Pump (Circuit)
• Located in Chest (Thoracic Region) Slightly to left lung
• (Heart to Lungs (Deoxygenated Blood for Picking O2)
• (Lungs to Heart (Oxygenated Blood to Whole body tissues).
• Conical Shape (Raddish in Colour)
• Size about Fist (300 g to 350 g)
• 04 chambers in Human /Birds (2 in Fishes)
• 2 Upper chambers (Atrium/auricle Thin walled )
• 2 Lower chambers (Ventricle) Thick walled
• Outer Fibrous Pericardium
• The tough, thick outer layer. It anchors the heart and the
roots of the major blood vessels.
• (Heart +Major Heart Vessels (like the aorta and vena
cava).
• physical trauma and infections spreading from the lungs,
• The inner serous membrane
• Of the heart is known as the visceral pericardium, or
epicardium. It is the inner layer of the serous pericardium
that is in direct contact with the heart muscle
 On the basis of function Pericardium
is further divided into 3 layers
• (Pericardium (Epicardium) outermost)
• protect the heart, reduce friction during
contractions by secreting lubricating fluid,
• (Myocardium Middle layer)
• The myocardium is the thick, middle muscular layer
of the heart wall. Its primary function is to contract
and relax rhythmically to pump blood out of the
heart and throughout the entire circulatory system
• (Endocardium innermost)
• it support valves /prevent blood clotting.
 1. Walls b/w Atrium and Ventricle (AV Septum)
separate right and left sides
2. Ventricles separated by inter-ventricular septum
3. Atrium separated by Inter-Artium Septum

2
Right Side of Heart (Lungs) Left Side of Heart (Body Tissues)
 Carotid
Brachiocephalic Arteries
Artery left arises
First and largest from the
branch of the
aortic arch
aortic arch
Right side of the Head and
head, neck, and brain (both
right arm left and right
sides).
 Cardiac Cycle (0.8 Second)
• The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of the
event that occurs from the beginning of the
one the heart beat to the next.
• It includes both contraction and relaxation of
atria and ventricle.
• Contraction (Systole)
• Diastole (Relaxation)
 Duration of the Cardiac cycle
• At the average heart rate of 72 beats /minute
• Each cycle lasts 0.8 seconds.
• Atrial systole 0.1 Sec.
• Ventricular Systole 0.3 Sec.
• Joint Diastole (Resting phase) 0.4 Sec
 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• 1 Atrial Systole (0.1)

• Atria contact pushing blood into Ventricle

• Atrioventricle Valves remain open
• (Right Tri cuspid + Left Bi Cuspid)
• Semilunar valve remain closed
 2. Ventricular Systole (0.3)
• Ventricle contract ,Increase pressure
• AV Valves Closed
• (First Heart produced sound LUB)
• Semilunar valve Open
• Blood flow to Aorta and Pulmonary artery
Joint Diastole (Resting phase) 0.4 Sec
• Ventricles Relax , pressure drops
• Semilunar valves Closed (DUB)
• AV valves open ,
• Ventricles fill the blood passively from Atrium
• LUB (Closure of AV valve during Ventricular Systole)
• DUB (Closure of Semilunar valve during Ventricular
Diastole)
•
 S.A Node and A.V Node
• S.A (Saino atrial Node ) Pace maker
• A region of heart called as SAN Which maintains
the hearts pumping rhythms by setting the rate at
which all cardaic muscles cells contract.
• It is composed of specialized muscle tissue
• Located in the walls of right Atrium
• Near the point where Superior Vena Cava enters heart
• SA node generate electrical impluse much like
produced by nerve cell
• Impulse from SA node spread rapidly through the
walls of atria making them contract in unison
(Simultaneously).
• Impulses also pass to an other region of
specialized muscles tissue a relay point is called
Atrioventricular (AV Node )
• Location right Atrium and right ventricle
• Here impulse delay for about 0.1 sc. Which
ensure that the atria will contract first and
empty completely before ventricle contract
 (Bundle of His)/ Prunkinji fibers
• AV Node excitation travels all parts of the
ventricles through two bundles of Specialized
muscle fiber of Atrioventricular bundle
(Bundle of His) in venticular septum .
• Then to the walls of ventricles through
network of fibers called as Prunkinji fibers
Difference between Arteries /Veins
and Blood capillaries
 Artery Vs Vein
1. Carry Oxygenated 1. Carry deoxygenated
blood from blood
2. Heart to body parts. 2. From body tissue to
3. High Blood pressure Heart.
(No Valves Except 3. Low Blood pressure
Pulmonary and (with Valves to back flow of
Aortic) blood)
4. Thick ,Elastic , 4. Thin, less elastic
 5. Difference 5. Difference
3 layers 3 layers
1. (Tunica Externa 1. (Tunica Externa
(Fibrous connective
tissues with collagen 2. Tunica media
fibers) 3. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media (Thinner then arteries
(Smooth muscles and with only Smooth muscle
elastic fibers ) ,
3. Tunica interna
(Squamous
endothelium)
6. Lumen size is Narrow 6. Lumen size is Wide
7. High Elastic 7. Less elastic
8. Deep inside body 8. Closer to skin surface
 Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is a vital network of
vessels, tissues, and organs that transport a
colorless fluid called lymph throughout the
body.
• It serves three primary functions:
• maintaining fluid balance by draining excess
tissue fluid.
• supporting the immune system by filtering
out pathogens .
• and absorbing dietary fats.
 Lymphatic System Major Components

• Lymph Vessels

Lymph Node • Lymph

• Lymph Organs
 Components of Lymphatic System
1. Lymph
• The fluid passes from the capillary into the
intracellular space (Tissue fluid ).
• A clear, watery fluid that originates as blood plasma
leaking into bodily tissues.
• It carries away cellular waste, bacteria, and damaged
cells.
• About 85% fluid returns into the blood at venous end
of capillary.
• 15% of the tissue fluid drain into lymph capillaries as
lymph along with WBCs , cell debris ,microorganisms
like bacteria are transported back to the heart
through lymphatic system.
 Composition of Lymph
• 1. Liquid Matrix
• Water: Makes up about 95% of the total volume of
lymph.
• Electrolytes & Minerals: Includes salts, sodium,
and potassium, which mirror the composition of
blood plasma.
• Nutrients: Contains glucose, amino acids, and
oxygen utilized by tissue cells.
• Plasma Proteins: Carries about 75-100 grams of
protein per day that seeped out from blood
capillaries
Things not to be escaped from blood during
filtration ,RBCS , Platelets, Large Plasma Proteins:
albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins remain within
the blood vessels.
 2. Lymphatic Vessels
• These are a branching network
of thin-walled, valve-equipped
tubes that transport lymph in
one way direction (a fluid
containing infection-fighting
white blood cells, waste
products, and dietary fats) from
your body's tissues back into
your bloodstream.
 • Lymph Nodes(Organ)
• Small, bean-shaped organs that act as security
checkpoints, filtering lymph to destroy harmful
substances like bacteria and cancer cells.
• Lymphoid Tissue is specialized connective tissue
(WBcs ,Lymphocytes )
• Lymphoid Organs:
• Several organs in the body are considered
lymphoid or lymphatic organs because of their
role in producing lymphocytes.(infection-fighting
white blood cells)
• These include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus,
tonsils, lymph nodes, and other tissues.
 Role of lymph vessels in villi
• The small intestine is richly supplied with lymph
capillaries .
• After absorbing digested fats , intestinal cells
release fat, globules into the interstitial fluid .
• These globules are too large to diffuse into blood
capillaries.
• But can move easily through the opening b/w
lymph capillaries cells.
• These fat globules may make up 1% of lymphatic
fluid
Spleen (Graveyard (RBCs) of the body)
• The spleen is located in the left side of
abdominal cavity , b/w the stomach and
diaphragm.
• It filters blood exposing it to macrophages and
lymphocytes that destroy foreign particles
and aged blood cells.
 Functions of Lymphatic System
• Immunity: Lymph nodes and organs house
immune cells that identify and destroy viruses
and abnormal cells.
• Fluid Balance: It recovers roughly 3 liters of fluid
daily that seeps out of the blood circulatory
system, returning it to the blood to maintain
blood volume and blood pressure.
• Fat Absorption: Specialized lymph vessels in the
small intestine absorb dietary fats and fat-
soluble vitamins, delivering them directly to the
bloodstream.