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Friction

Friction is a force opposing relative motion between surfaces, categorized into static, kinetic, rolling, and fluid friction. Key laws include that friction is independent of contact area and proportional to normal reaction, with kinetic friction being less than maximum static friction. While friction has advantages like enabling movement and grip, it also causes wear and energy loss, and can be reduced through methods like lubrication and polishing.

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4 views5 pages

Friction

Friction is a force opposing relative motion between surfaces, categorized into static, kinetic, rolling, and fluid friction. Key laws include that friction is independent of contact area and proportional to normal reaction, with kinetic friction being less than maximum static friction. While friction has advantages like enabling movement and grip, it also causes wear and energy loss, and can be reduced through methods like lubrication and polishing.

Uploaded by

panchipurity132006
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FRICTION — Complete Notes

1. What is Friction?

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion (or tendency of


motion) between two surfaces in contact.

 Acts parallel to the surface

 Opposes motion or attempted motion

 Always acts in the opposite direction of motion

2. Types of Friction

(a) Static Friction

 Acts when the object is at rest

 Prevents motion from starting

 Self-adjusting force
0 ≤ f s ≤ f s , max

 Maximum static friction:


f s , max =μs N

(b) Kinetic (Sliding) Friction

 Acts when the object is moving

 Constant in magnitude
f k =μk N

 Always:
μk < μ s

(c) Rolling Friction

 Acts when an object rolls (like wheels)

 Much smaller than sliding friction


(d) Fluid Friction (Drag)

 Acts in fluids (air, water)

 Depends on speed, shape, viscosity

3. Laws of Friction (Dry Friction)

1. Friction is independent of contact area

2. Friction is proportional to normal reaction:


f∝N

3. Depends on nature of surfaces

4. Kinetic friction is less than maximum static friction

4. Limiting Friction

 The maximum static friction before motion begins


f limiting =μs N

5. Coefficient of Friction
f
μ=
N
Types:

 μs → Static coefficient

 μk → Kinetic coefficient

Properties:

 Dimensionless

 Depends on materials

6. Angle of Friction (θ)


Angle between normal reaction (N) and resultant force (R)
tan ⁡θ=μ

7. Angle of Repose (α)

 Angle at which object just begins to slide


tan ⁡α =μ

So:
α =θ

8. Direction of Friction

 Always opposes relative motion

 Not always opposite to applied force

 Must analyze carefully in problems

9. Free Body Diagram (FBD) Tips

 Always draw:

o Normal force (N)

o Weight (mg)

o Friction (f)

o Applied forces

 Choose correct direction of friction based on motion tendency

10. Advantages of Friction

 Enables walking

 Helps in gripping

 Allows writing

 Necessary for brakes


11. Disadvantages of Friction

 Causes wear and tear

 Produces heat (energy loss)

 Reduces efficiency

12. Methods to Reduce Friction

 Lubrication (oil, grease)

 Polishing surfaces

 Using ball bearings

 Streamlining (for fluids)

13. Methods to Increase Friction

 Roughening surfaces

 Using rubber (high μ)

 Increasing normal force

14. Important Graphs

(a) Static Region:

 Friction increases with applied force until maximum

(b) After Motion:

 Drops to kinetic friction (constant)

15. Key Comparison

Propert Static Kinetic


y Friction Friction

Motion No motion Motion


Propert Static Kinetic
y Friction Friction

present

Value Variable Constant

Formula ≤ μₛN μₖN

Magnitud
Larger Smaller
e

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